SQL 1

CREATE TABLE Student (

sno NUMBER(3),
sname VARCHAR(50),
class VARCHAR(20),
address VARCHAR(100)
);
ALTER TABLE Student ADD (location CHAR(10));
ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY (sname VARCHAR(10), class VARCHAR(5));
create TABLE Student0(sno number(10));
DROP TABLE Student0;
desc Student;
 SQL 2
CREATE TABLE Student (
sno NUMBER(3),
sname VARCHAR(50),
class VARCHAR(20),
address VARCHAR(100)
);
INSERT INTO Student (sno, sname, class, address) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 'Class 10', '123
Main Street');
INSERT INTO Student (sno, sname, class, address) VALUES (2, 'Jane Smith', 'Class 11',
'456 Oak Avenue');
INSERT INTO Student (sno, sname, class, address) VALUES (3, 'Alice Johnson', 'Class 10',
'789 Elm Boulevard');
UPDATE Student SET sname = 'Kumar' WHERE sno = 1;
DELETE FROM Student WHERE sno = 1;
select*from student;
 SQL 3

-- Create Employees table

CREATE TABLE Employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date date
);
-- Insert sample data into Employees table
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, hire_date)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe',50000.00, to_date('2020-01-15','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, hire_date)
VALUES (2, 'Jane', 'Smith',60000.00, to_date('2019-07-20','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, hire_date)
VALUES (3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 55000.00, to_date('2021-03-10','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, hire_date)
VALUES (4, 'Bob', 'Williams',62000.00, to_date('2018-11-05','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, hire_date)
VALUES (5, 'Emily', 'Brown',58000.00, to_date( '2020-09-30','yyyy-mm-dd'));
-- Numerical functions
SELECT ROUND(15.678, 2), TRUNC(15.678) FROM dual;
-- Aggregate functions
SELECT SUM(salary), AVG(salary), MAX(salary), COUNT(*) FROM employees;
-- Character functions
SELECT UPPER(first_name) as first_name, LOWER(last_name) as
last_name,concat(CONCAT(first_name,' '), last_name)as full_name FROM employees;
-- Conversion functions
SELECT TO_CHAR(999999), TO_NUMBER('12345.67'), TO_DATE('2024-03-04',
'YYYY-MM-DD') FROM dual;
-- Date functions
SELECT SYSDATE, ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 3), MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,
hire_date), TRUNC(hire_date, 'MM') FROM employees;
 SQL 4
-- Create Employees table
CREATE TABLE Employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date DATE
);
-- Insert sample data into Employees table
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 101, 50000.00, to_date('2020-01-15','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 102, 60000.00, to_date('2019-07-20','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 101, 55000.00, to_date('2021-03-10','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(4, 'Bob', 'Williams', 103, 62000.00, to_date('2018-11-05','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(5, 'Emily', 'Brown', 102, 58000.00, to_date( '2020-09-30','yyyy-mm-dd'));
-- Create Departments table
CREATE TABLE Departments (
department_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
department_name VARCHAR(50)
);
-- Insert sample data into Departments table
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(101, 'HR');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(102, 'Finance');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(103, 'Marketing');
-- Arithmetic operators
SELECT 10 + 5 AS addition, 10 - 5 AS subtraction FROM dual;
-- Logical operators
SELECT employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name FROM Employees e
join Departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id where department_name =
'Finance' AND salary > 50000;
-- Comparison operators
SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name FROM Employees e
join Departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id WHERE hire_date >=
TO_DATE('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD');
-- Special operators
SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name FROM Employees e
join Departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id WHERE salary BETWEEN 50000
AND 100000;
-- Set operator
SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name FROM Employees e
join Departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id WHERE department_name =
'Finance'
UNION
SELECT e.employee_id,e.first_name,e.last_name,d.department_name FROM Employees e
join Departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id WHERE department_name =
'Accounting';
 SQL 5
-- Create Employees table
CREATE TABLE Employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date DATE
);
-- Insert sample data into Employees table
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 101, 50000.00, to_date('2020-01-15','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 102, 60000.00, to_date('2019-07-20','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 101, 55000.00, to_date('2021-03-10','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(4, 'Bob', 'Williams', 103, 62000.00, to_date('2018-11-05','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(5, 'Emily', 'Brown', 102, 58000.00, to_date( '2020-09-30','yyyy-mm-dd'));
-- Create Departments table
CREATE TABLE Departments (
department_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
department_name VARCHAR(50)
);
-- Insert sample data into Departments table
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(101, 'HR');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(104, 'Finance');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(103, 'Marketing');
-- Inner join
SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.first_name, departments.department_name
FROM employees INNER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id =
departments.department_id;
-- Outer joins (left, right)
SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.first_name, departments.department_name
FROM employees LEFT OUTER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id =
departments.department_id;
SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.first_name, departments.department_name
FROM employees RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id =
departments.department_id;
-- Natural join
SELECT employees.employee_id, employees.first_name, departments.department_name
FROM employees NATURAL JOIN departments;
 SQL 6
-- Create Employees table
CREATE TABLE Employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date DATE
);
-- Insert sample data into Employees table
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 101, 50000.00, to_date('2020-01-15','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 102, 60000.00, to_date('2019-07-20','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 101, 55000.00, to_date('2021-03-10','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(4, 'Bob', 'Williams', 103, 62000.00, to_date('2018-11-05','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id, salary,
hire_date)
VALUES
(5, 'Emily', 'Brown', 102, 58000.00, to_date( '2020-09-30','yyyy-mm-dd'));
-- Create Departments table
CREATE TABLE Departments (
department_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
department_name VARCHAR(50)
);
-- Insert sample data into Departments table
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(101, 'HR');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(102, 'Finance');
INSERT INTO Departments (department_id, department_name)
VALUES
(103, 'Marketing');
-- Group by & Having Clause
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY
department_id HAVING AVG(salary) > 50000;
-- Order by Clause
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY department_id ASC, salary DESC;
-- Indexing
CREATE INDEX emp_name_idx ON employees (first_name, last_name);

SQL 7
-- Create Employees table
CREATE TABLE Employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
department_id INT,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
hire_date DATE
);
-- Insert sample data into Employees table
INSERT INTO Employees
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 101, 50000.00, to_date('2020-01-15','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 102, 60000.00, to_date('2019-07-20','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES
(3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 101, 55000.00, to_date('2021-03-10','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES
(4, 'Bob', 'Williams', 103, 62000.00, to_date('2018-11-05','yyyy-mm-dd'));
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES
(5, 'Emily', 'Brown', 102, 58000.00, to_date( '2020-09-30','yyyy-mm-dd'));

-- Create salaries table

CREATE TABLE salaries (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
salary int
);
-- Insert sample data into salaries table
INSERT INTO salaries
VALUES
(1,45000);
 INSERT INTO salaries
VALUES
(2, 55000);
INSERT INTO salaries
VALUES
(3,60000);
INSERT INTO salaries
VALUES
(4,23000);
INSERT INTO salaries
VALUES
(5,26000);
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT employee_id FROM
salaries WHERE SALARY > (SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM salaries));
CREATE VIEW VIEW1 AS SELECT first_name from employees where
department_id=101;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW VIEW1
AS SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE department_id=102;
DROP VIEW VIEW1;
SQL 8

create table t0
(s_no_1 number(3) primary key);
create table t1
(s_no_1 number(3) not null,
s_no_2 number(3) unique,
s_no_3 number(3) check(s_no_3>100),
s_no_4 number(4) primary key,
s_no_5 number(3),
constraint fk_s_no_5 foreign key (s_no_5) references t0 (s_no_1)
);
 SQL 9
create table customer_test(no1 number(3), no2 number(3));
commit;
insert into customer_test values (1,2);
savepoint a;
insert into customer_test values (3,4);
savepoint b;
insert into customer_test values (5,6);
savepoint c;
insert into customer_test values (7,8);
rollback to c;