1 Basic Maths

 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
1 Binomial theorem
 (r – a)2(r + a)2 ≈ (r2 – a2)2
2 2
 (1 + x) = 1 + 2 × 1x + x
Multiplication
if x <<< 1 then
a c ac 2 5 10
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x  = , Ex.: =
b d bd 3 7 21
MR* feel Division
(Career + love)2 = Carrier + 2 love
Because carrier >>> love a/b ad , Ex.: 2/3 (2)(4) 8
  = = =
n c/d bc 3/4 (3)(3) 9
n
 x+Δx n Δx n Δx
= X 1 + = x 1 + n Addition
x x
Δ X <<<< X. a c ad ± bc
 ± =
n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx b d bd

 (1 – x)–n = 1 + nx 1 5 (1)(6) + (2)(5) 16 4

Ex.: + = = =
2 6 (2)(6) 12 3
 (1 + x)–n = 1 – nx

Q.1. The expression of gravitational potential 3 Componendo and Dividendo Theorem

GMm where, R is the radius
energy is U =–
R + h In Ratio and proportion problems. It states that
of the planet and h is the height above the for any four numbers a, b, c, and d. if;
surface. Approximate the expression by
using binomial expansion when h«R. a c
=
b d
Sol. GMm GMm Then,
U =–
R + h = – R (1 + h/R)
For h«R a + b c + d
=
a – b c – d
–1 h
(1 + h/R) ≈ 1 –
R
4 AP series
Therefore,

GMm h Next term = Previous term + Common

U ≈– 1–
R R difference

a , a + d , a+2d , a + 3d , a + 4d.....
2 Important formulae Common difference
th
d = n term– (n–1)th term
 (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
Ex: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, .....
 (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
  d = 5 – 2 = 3
nth term; Q.2. Find the sum of given infinite series

no. of (i) 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , ....

2 4 8 16
term
an = a + (n-1) d
(ii) 1, - 1 , 1 ,-1 , 1 , - 1 , ....
Common 2 4 8 16 32
^ th
n 1st
diff.
term term 1
Sol. (i) r = 1/4 = 1 , 1
Sum = = = 2
1/2 2 1-1 1/2
 For last term, an = l 2
1 , 1 2
Sum of n term; (ii) r =- Sum= = 31 =
2 1--1 2 3
2
no. of terms.
n 6 Quadratic equation
 Sn = 2 2a + (n-1) d

n st th
� Sn = 2 (1 term + n term)
a, b, &
ax2 + bx + c = 0 c are constant
NOTE:-
in which a can not be
 n = no. of terms not last term. zero
st
 Sum of 1 n-natural numbers
- b b2-4ac
n(n+1) X =
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + n = 2a.
2
 Sum of Squares of 1st n-natural numbers -b
Sum of roots, x1 + x2 =
a
2 2 2 2 2
n (n+1) (2n+1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..... + n = c
6 Products of roots, x1·x2=
st a
 Sum of Cubes of 1 n-natural numbers
2
n(n + 1) Q.3. Find roots of equation x2 – 5x + 6 = 0; find
=
2 value of a, b & c by comparing with ax2 +
bx + c = 0
5 GP series Sol. a = 1, b = –5 & c = 6
- (-5) (-5)2- 4×1×6
Next term = Previous term × Common ratio X =
2×1
a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , ar4
X1 = 5 + 1 = 3 (Taking + sign)
Ex: 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, so on 2
Common ratio; X2 = 2 (Taking – sign)
th
n term Q.4. x2 – 4x = 0; then find roots of equation.
r= th
(n-1) term Sol.
th
n term; x2 = 4x
x = 4 wrong
Tn = arn-1,

Sum of infinites terms; x(x - 4) = 0

a , valid when r < 1. x = 0 ; x = 4 correct
s∞ =
1-r

2
Physics
Q.5. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0; then find roots. MR* ka tadka
2
Sol. x – 3x – x + 3 = 0 log → Concept of Power

x(x-3) –1 (x – 3) = 0 Power
23 = 8 log 28 = 3
(x - 3) (x – 1) = 0 Base ↑Result

x = 3, x = 1 Base wahi rahega (Power Result

interchange hoga)
7 Logarithms
8 Exponents
logy x = log x on the base y
A quantity multiplied by itself one or more
loge x = 2.303 log10 x times is indicated by an exponent. The
exponent, shown as a superscript, denotes
Properties of Logarithms
how many times the multiplication occurs, for
example:
 loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
x = x1
x x · x = x2
 log = log x – log y x · x · x = x3
y
x · x · x · x = x4 ...... so on
1
 logy x =
logx y The concept of exponents with a few examples
are shown in table:
1
 logex1/n = loge x
n Base
x2 x3 x4
n x
 logex = n logex
1 12 = 1 13 = 1 14 = 1
 logba × loga b = 1 2
2
2 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16
2
 logaa = 1 3 3 = 9 33 = 27 34 = 81
2
4 4 = 16 43 = 64 44 = 256
Some numerical value of Logarithms
2
5 5 = 25 53 = 125 54 = 625
 loge1 = 0 6
2
6 = 36 63 = 216 64 = 1296
2
 log102 = 0.30 7 7 = 49 73 = 343 74 = 2401
2
8 8 = 64 83 = 512 84 = 4096
 log101 = 0 2
9 9 = 81 93 = 729 94 = 6561
 log103 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5 10
2 3 4
10 = 100 10 = 1000 10 = 10000
 loge(sin90°) = 0
Rule of Exponents
 log105 + log1020 = 2
 If Power of any non-zero number is zero then
log103 result will be one.
 log23 = 48
=
log102 30 Ex: 8° = 1
 Negative Property of exponent (x is non zero
 Concept of Anti-log number)
log ex = Y 1
1 = x-n
By taking Anti-log xn = n
x–n x
(convert into concept of power)
1
x = e
y
3
= 10-3
10

3
Basic Maths
Product Property of Exponent
9 Square root
n m n+m
x x = x
A square root represents a quantity that, when
3 4 7
Ex: 10 × 10 = 10 multiplied by itself, gives the original number. It
Division Property
is indicated by the radical symbol ( ) or by an
xn 103
= xn-m Ex: = 10
3-2
1
1

xm
10 2 exponent of . For example: x = x 2
.
2
Power of a Power:
n m nm Square root Square root of Decimal
(x ) = x
1 = 1 0.01 = 0.1
Ex: (102)3 = 106
Ex: 102 + 103 = 100 + 1000 = 1100 4 = 2 0.04 = 0.2
Fractional exponent
9 = 3 0.09 = 0.3
(x)3/2 = (x3)1/2
 The powers of 10 from 10-6 to 106: 16 = 4 0.16 = 0.4
100 = 1
25 = 5 0.25 = 0.5
1 –1
10 = 10 10 = 0.1
102 = 100 10-2 = 0.01 36 = 6 0.36 = 0.6

103 = 1000 10-3 = 0.001 49 = 7 0.49 = 0.7

4 -4
10 = 10,000 10 = 0.0001
5 -5
64 = 8 0.64 = 0.8
10 = 100,000 10 = 0.00001
106 = 1,000,000 10-6 = 0.000001 81 = 9 0.81 = 0.9
 Multiplication with fraction.
100 = 10 1.00 = 1.0
1 4
0.5 = 1.33×12 = × 12 = 16
2 3 121 = 11 1.21 = 1.1
6 1
0.6 = 0.25×16 = × 16 = 4
10 4 144 = 12 1.44 = 1.2

4 3
0.4 = 0.75×16 = × 16 = 12 169 = 13 1.69 = 1.3
10 4
2 1 196 = 14 1.96 = 1.4
0.66 = 0.33×15 = × 15 = 5
3 3
225 = 15 2.25 = 1.5
4 3
1.33 = ⇒ 0.75 = ⇒ 0.33 = 1
3 4 3 256 = 16 2.56 = 1.6
Important property
289 = 17 2.89 = 1.7
∞ ∞
2 = ∞ e = ∞
1∞ = 1 e–∞ = 0 324 = 18 3.24 = 1.8
–∞ o
4 = 0 e = 1
361 = 19 3.61 = 1.9
2/3 (1/3)×2 3×(1/3)×2 2
Ex: (8) =(8) =(2) =2 =4
3/5 5 3/5 3 400 = 20 4.00 = 2.0
(32) =(2 ) =2 =8

4
Physics
Square Roots involving Even exponents
11 Trigonometry
Expression Simplified form
Arc = Rθ; Algebraic function Rθ
6/2
10 6 10 = 103
θ
R
10 –4 10–4/2 = 10–2

Angle
5 × 104 5 × 104 = 2.24 × 102 sinθ/cosθ/tanθ; Trigo. function
Angle is dimensionless.
1.3 × 10–8 1.3 × 10
–8
= 1.14 × 10–4
For algebraic function, we always use S.I. unit
9 × 10–2 9 × 10–2 = 3 × 10–1 = 0.3
radian but for trigonometric function we
may use radian or degree.
Square Roots involving Odd exponents

Expression Simplified form 180° = π rad

105 10 × 104 = 3.16 × 102 π 180°

1° = rad; or 1rad =
180 π
10–3 10 × 10–4 = 3.16 × 10–2

3 × 105 30 × 104 = 5.48 × 102 (Anti-clock)

+ ve rotation
6 × 10–7 60 × 10–8 = 7.75 × 10–4
(clock wise)
0.000025 25 × 10–6 = 5 × 10–3 – ve rotation
Q.6. Total Angle moved by object in π-rotation?
10 Cube root
Sol. - θ = π(2π) = 2π2 rad.
The cube root of a number x is a value that,
Trigonometric function:
when multiplied by itself three times (raised to
A right triangle has two perpendicular sides.
the power of three), gives the number x. Math-
The hypotenuse, which is opposite the right
ematically, if y is the cube root of x, then: angle, is always the longest side. The three
y3 = x main trigonometric functions—sine, cosine, and
3
tangent—are defined based on the angles in a
y = x. right triangle as follow:
Opposite side = P

Example Cube root Because

Description =H
se
nu
Cube root 3 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 p ote
8 = 2 Hy
of 8
θ
Cube root 3
27 = 3 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 Adjacent side = B
of 27
Cube root 3 43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 P , B , P
64 = 4  Sin θ = Cos θ = Tan θ =
of 64 H H B
Cube root 3 53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 1 1 1
125 = 5  Sinθ = , Secθ = , Tanθ =
of 125 125 Cosec θ Cos θ Cot θ
Cube root 3 (–2)3 = –2 × –2 ×  From Pythagoras theorem
–8 = –2
of –8 –2 = –8 P2 + B2 = H2

5
Basic Maths
 Angle θ 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

Sin θ O 1 1
2
3
2 1 3
2
1
2
1
2
O
2

Cos θ 1 3
2
1
2
1
2
O -1
2 –
1
2 – 3
2 –1

Tan θ O 1
3 1 3 Not define - 3 -1 -1
3 O
(a)

Trigonometric quadrant graph: � 3 4

Sin 37º = Cos 37º =
5 5
+y axis 53º
5 3
4 3
Sin 53º = Cos 53º =
II Quadrant I Quadrant 37º 5 5
+sin θ All 4
+cosec θ 1 1
Cos (-60°) = Sin (-30°) = –
–x axis +x axis 2 2

I Quadrant IV Quadrant tan (-135°) =1

+tan θ +cos θ Trigonometric formulae
+cot θ +sec θ
 Sin (A + B) = Sin A cos B + cos A sin B

–y axis  Sin (A – B) = Sin A cos B - cos A sin B

� Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ  Cos (A + B) = Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B

 sin (180 – θ) = sin θ  Cos (A - B) = Cos A cos B + Sin A sin B

tan A + tan B
 sin (90 – θ) = cos θ
 tan (A + B) =
1 -tan A tan B
 cos (180 – θ) = – cos θ

 cos (90 – θ) = sin θ tan A - tan B

 tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
 cos (90 + θ) = –sin θ

 sin (–θ) = – sin θ (a) A = B = θ

Sin (A + B) = Sin 2θ = 2sinθ Cos θ
 cos (–θ) = cos θ
Cos (A + B) = Cos 2θ = Cos2θ – Sin2θ
 tan (–θ) = – tan θ (b) 2 Cos2θ = 1 + Cos (2θ).

Unique Relation 2 Sin2θ = 1-Cos (2θ)

 If Angle is Small:-
 Sin2θ + Cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1+cot2θ = Cosec2 θ
Sin θ ≈ θ tan θ ≈ θ cos θ = 1
2 2
 Tan θ + 1 = Sec θ
Note:
Some Important Triangles
Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong)

Sin (2°) = 2 × πrad π

= rad
10 13 25 180° 90°
6 12 7
Cos (4°) = 1
37° θ θ
πrad
8 5 24 tan 3° = 60

6
Physics
Sin Law
12 Phasor diagram
C
b a A phasor is a rotating vector that represents

A B a sinusoidal function in terms of its magnitude

c
(amplitude) and phase angle.
a b c
= = Phasors are typically represented in the
sin A sin B sin C
complex plane with the real axis corresponding
Some trignometric function and their maximum
to the cosine component and the imaginary axis
& minimum value
corresponding to the sine component.
Trigonometric Maximum Minimum The phase difference
function Value Value
Δφ = θ2 – θ1
Y = 3 sin θ Ymax = 3 Ymin = –3
 Vector representation of trigonometric
Y = 4 sin (5θ) Ymax = 4 Ymin = –4
function
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ Ymax = 5 Ymin = –5
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = –7 Cos θ
Y = 5 -2 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = 3 -30° sin (θ + 60°)
or Cos (θ – 30°)
4 60°
Q.7. Force acting on object F =
3sinθ + cosθ -Sin θ sin (θ) Let
Then find minimum magnitude of force.
-Cos θ
Sol. y = Asinθ + Bcosθ
5 °)
13
+
Ymax = + A2 + B2 (θ
s in
r Cos θ
5 )o
Ymin = – A2 + B2 +4 cos (θ - 60°)
s (θ 45°
4 Co or sin (θ + 30°)
Fmin =
(3sinθ + cosθ)max 30°
sin θ
-Sin θ 40°
4 4
Fmin = =
9 + 1 10 -Cos θ sin (θ - 40°)

Equation-1 Equation-2 Phase difference

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io sin (θ - π/6) π π
Φ = θ– 6 – θ + 3 = 90°

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io cos (θ - π/6) Φ = 0°

I1 = Io sin (θ) I = Io cos (θ + π/6) Φ = 2π/3
I1 = sin (θ - π/3) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) 7π
Φ = = 210°
6
I1 = sin (θ - 60°) I = Io cos (θ - 30°) 2π
Φ = = 120°
3

7
Basic Maths
 (ii) Substraction Rule:-
13 Differentiation DC = - ve dy dA dB
Y = A - B , = -
If x and y are variables, then dx dx dx
dy (iii) Multiplication Rule:-
the rate of change in y w.rt.x =
dx dy A dB B dA
= Slope of y-x graph. Y = A B , = +
dx dx dx
2
� d y = Double diffn of y w.r.t 'x' (iv) Division Rule:-
2
dx A dy dA dB
Y = , = B - A
dy dx
dx dx
= The rate of change in w.r.t 'x' B
dx 2
B
= Slope of Slope
dy
= Change in slope w.r.t 'x' Q.8. If Y = t2, find
dx
Differentiation of some function dy dt 2
dy dt
Sol: = , = 2t
dy d x
n dx dx dx dx
 If y = xn, then = = nxn-1
dx dx The MR*
Outside Inside Rule
dy
 If y = Constant, = 0 Y = f(z(x)) = y is function of z and
dx
d z is a function of x.
 (sinx) = cos x
dx
dy differentiation of
d diffn of Inner
 (cosx) =- sin x dx = outer function keep × fun w.r.t x
dx inside as it is
d
 (tanx) = sec2 x dy
dx Q.9. Find for given function.
dx
d sx
 (cosec x) =- cosec x cot x (i) y = e
dx
(ii) y = (x2 + 4)3
d
 (secx) = sec x tan x (iii) y = e–4x
dx
d (iv) y = sin (4x2)
2
 (cotx) = - cosec x (v) y = A sin(wt – kx)
dx
d d 1 (i) (iii)
 (logex) = (lnx) = Y = e (5x)
dx dx x Y = e-4x
d dy dy
 [sin(90°)] = 0 = 5e5x = -4 e-4x
dx dx dx
d (ii) (iv)
 (ex) = ex
dx Y = (x +4) 2 3
Y = sin(4x2)
d dy 2
d(x +4) dy
(e2) = 0 ( e2 is const) =3 (x2+4)2 2
dx dx = Cos(4x ) × 8x

dx dx

Rules = 3(x2+4)2 × 2x

(i) Addition Rule:- (v) Y = A sin (ωt - kx)

dy dA dB
Y = A + B , = + dy
dx dx dx dx = A cos (ωt - kx) × (-k)

8
Physics
 dy Minima
Q.10. y = sin (3x); then find
dx
dy d2 y
= O; = + ve
Sol.
dy d(3x) dx dx2
= Cos (3x)
dx dx
Slope
= 3 cos(3x)
Q.11. If radius of sphere is increasing 1/π m/s
then find rate of change in volume w.r.t. 15 Integration
time when radius is 3m. → Area under the curve → Inverse of
differentiation
Sol. V = 4
πR3
3 n xn+1
x dx = + C Not valid for n = -1
dv = 4 π3R2 dR n+1
dt 3 dt
1 Integration of some function:
= 4πR2
π
dv 2  (u + v). dx =  u.dx +  v.dx
dt = 4R = 4(3) = 4×9 = 36
2

 sin x dx = - cosx + c.
14 Maxima and minima

MR* for maxima/minima  cos x dx = sinx + c.

dy
 For location of maxima/minima put
dx  exdx = ex + c
(slope) = 0 and find value where x will be
m m
max /min .
 1
x dx = lnx + c.
 For exact maxima and minima dont check
double differentiation. Just put value of 'x'
 sec2dx = tan x + c
and find 'y'.

 Double differentiation check nahi karna just e3x

 e3xdx = + c.
'x' ki value put kark 'y' nikala jo 'y' jayda wo 3
maximum 'y' ko kam wo minimum 'y'.
Graphical representation of sinθ & cosθ
Maxima
θ
dy d2 y Sin
= O; = - ve
dx dx2
 +1 +1 3
2

O –1 –1 2
Slope 2 θ

ymax Cosθ

++ +

ymin O 2 – –
3
2
2
θ
x1 x2

9
Basic Maths
Chain Rule → MR* S
R
Applicable when power of x is one
Q
Integration of outer function
 P mP = mQ = mR = mS
keep inside as it is.
y dx =
Coefficient of (x)
(2x +3)5
4
(2x+3) dx = + C m1
5[2]
m2 m1 = m2 = m3
–cos(3x-4)
sin(3x-4) dx = + C  m3
3

16 Co-ordinate geometry and graph

y
y Q (x2 y2) y = mx + c y
e
+v +c y = mx – c
=
m
P (x1 y1) x e
x +v
= c = –ve
m
Distance (PQ) between two points in x-y plane
y
PQ = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 y

Slope (m) of straight line +c

m = –ve
y2 − y1 x m
m tan=
= θ =
x2 − x2 –v c = –ve
y = –mx + c e
y = –mx – c
NOTE:-
 If two straight line perpendicular to each
 Slope of straight line remains same at all the other then product of their slope is –1.
point
17 Rectangular Hyperbola
 If 0° ≤ θ < 90° then slope is positive
K
 If 90°< θ ≤ 180° then slope is negative y y =
x
 If θ = 90° then slope is infinite

 If θ = 0° then slope is zero

x
 If straight line parallel to x-axis then slope zero
K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar shift hoga.
y m3 y
m2 m3 > m2 > m1

 m1
yx = 7
yx = 5
x yx = 2 x

10
Physics
x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche jayga. MR*
Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge uska power
dekhte hai.
1
y= T2 T
x 1 T2 = KR3
y= 2
x

2
R3 R
y y = x +23
y = x
3 y = e–x y y = ex
x
-3
y = –x2
y = –x2 – 3 x

y y y = -x2 + 4
y = x2 - 4 +4 18 Equation of Circle
x x 2 2 2
(x – x0) + (y – y0) = R
-4 R is radius & centre is at (x0, y0)
Ex: x2 + y2 = 52 centre at (0, 0) R = 5
(x + 4)2 + (y – 3)2 = 49 centre at (–4, 3) R = 7
y
y = x2 19 Ellipse
y = x x2 y2
2 +
y = x a b2 = 1
y
x
2b
x
 graph for PV = nRT
2a
P
T2 > T1 MR* For Slope

T2
T1
V
g¡lrk gqvk jkeyky jksrk gqvk jkeyky
P2 1 Slope always increasing Slope always decreasing
 K.E. = graph b/w K.E. and m for constant
2m
For magnitude of slope → Now we are talking
momentum.
about value of slope, we will ignore +ve & –ve
only consider magnitude.
K.E. MR* → Locate where slope is zero
 Starting me zero then increasing magnitute
of slope.

1  Last me zero then decreasing magnitude of

m slope and becomes zero.

11
Basic Maths
 Hexagonal of side ‘a’

o
Slope → Increasing Slope → Decreasing
magnitute of slope magnitute of slope a 60° a
1st decreasing then 1st decreasing then
60° 60°
increasing increasing A a B
y y
Distance from centre to corner = a

Square Rectangle
x x

Slope → decreasing increasing

H
Magnitute → decreasing increasing
y y
B
2
 Area = l  Area = BH
 Perimetre = 4l  Perimetre = 2(H+B)

x x
Trapezoid Triangle
Slope → decreasing increasing a
Magnitute → increasing decreasing
h h
20 Some Basic Geometry Shapes
b a

Equilateral Triangle of side (a) 1 1

 Area = (a + b)h  Area = ah
2 2

b
3a Circle r Elipse
a
2 h
60° 60° 30°
A
 Circumference =2πr  Area = πab
a/2 a/2
 Distance from base to centre  Area = πr2

h
tan 30° =
a/2 Cube Cylinder
a r
h =
2 3
 Distance from centre to corner h
3a 2 a
= × =
2 3 3 a
3a 2
 Area = 6a2  Area = 2πr2 + 2πrh
Area =
4  Volume = a3  Volume = πr2h

12
Physics
 Cone Sphere 3x + 2x = L 1
k ∝
L l
x= \ k 1 l 1 = k2 l 2
h l 5
r 3L 3L
3x = KL = K'
5 5
r
5
Area = πr2 + πrl Area = 4πr2 K K' =
4 3
1 Volume = πr3
Volume = πr2h  If n identical liquid sphere of radius r cobine
3 3
to form single large sphere the find redius of
where, l = r2 + h2 bigger sphere
Total volume will be consant
4 4
\ 3x πr3 = πR3
21 Average of a varying quantity 3 3
\ nr3 = R3
If y = f (t) then
1
t2 t2 R = (n) 3 r
t1  ∫   ydt t1  ∫   ydt
<y> = t2 =  If wire of Length L is Bended as shown find
t1  ∫dt
t2-t1
Radius R.

Y may be any physical quantity. Arc length = L

L Rθ = L
MR* ka tadka Bend to form L
θ R \R =
square. Find side length of θ
yi + yf square
 if y is varying linearly then yAvg = L = Perimeter of square
For whole circle
2
L = 4l L
 If x+y = constant then xy will be maximum L θ = 2Π \ R =
\ l(side length of square)= 2Π
C 4 For circle of n number of loops
for x = y =
2 L = n(2ΠR)
If sum of two number is constant then product L
\R=
θ
of these two number will be maximum, only n2Π
when both number are equal.
23 Percentage changes
 Case 1: If % changes is less than 5%
22 Important concept and Question n
y = kx [K = constant]
 Length of Rod 20m is divided in the ratio 1 : Δy Δx
then = n
3 : 5 then find length of each Part. y x
If Momentum of object is increased by 3%.
1x + 3x + 5x = 20
Find % change in kinetic energy.

9x = 20 P
2
ΔK.E. ΔP
20 =
=> K.E = \ = 2
2m K.E. P
x =
9 ΔK.E. ΔP
\ × 100% = 2 × 100%
K.E. P
20 20 100
x = m 3x = m 5x = m = 2 (3)
9 9 9 percetage change
 Spring of lengh L and spring constant k divided in Kinetic Energy = 6%
into length ratio 3 : 2, then the new spring  Case 2: If % change is greater than 5%
constant of bigger part Xfinal – Xinitial
% change in x = × 100%
Xinitial

13
Basic Maths
 If kinetic energy is increased by 300%, then If kinetic energy is decreased by 19% then %
percentage change in momentum will be change in Momentum?

Sol. Sol.

MR* MR*
K.E → ↑ by 300% P = 2m K.E K.E → ↓es by 19% \ Momentum
It Means K.E. ↑ to 400% P α K.E. \ K.E is reduced to 81% is reduced to
\ K.Efinal = 4 (K.Einitial) 81 9
\ Pfinal = 2 (Pinitial) \ K.Ef = K.Ei × 100%
100 10
\ Momentum P α K.E. \ M omentum is
increasest to 200% \ Pfinal =
9
Pfinal reduced by 10%
or it increases by 10
(or reduced to 90%)
100 %

14
Physics