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    VIII-Chemistry-HO-4.1-Bonding Lecture Part 1

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    VIII-Chemistry-HO-4.1-Bonding Lecture Part 1

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    aditiroy201208
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    VIII-Chemistry-HO-4.1-Bonding Lecture Part 1 (1)

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    VIII-Chemistry-HO-4.1-Bonding Lecture Part 1

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    aditiroy201208

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    of 5

    HANDOUT – 4.

    1 1st Term (2023-2024)

    Name: Class: VIII Roll: Section:

    Subject: Chemistry Teachers: Ummamah Amin Date:

    Unit 6: Bonding & Structure (Part-01)

    Chemical Bonds

    Ionic Bond
    Q: Describe the formation of positive ions, known as cations, and negative ions, known as anions.

    Answer:

    An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or


    gain of electrons. This loss or gain of electrons takes place to obtain a full outer shell of
    electrons.
    (The electronic structure of ions of elements in groups 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 will be the same as thatof a

    noble gas - such as helium, neon, and argon.)

    Negative ions are called anions andform

    when atoms gain electrons,meaning they have

    more electrons than protons. All non-

    metals gain electrons from otheratoms to

    become negativelycharged ions.

    Positive ions are called cations and

    form when atoms lose electrons, meaning they

    have more protons than electrons. All metals

    lose electrons to other atoms to become

    positively chargedions.

    1
    Q: Explain that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged

    ions.

    Answer:

    The electrostatic force is the attractive and repulsive force between particles that are caused

    due totheir electric charges. Opposite charges attract each other, and like charges repulse each

    other.

    Electrostatic attraction:

    The positive and negative charges are held together

    by the strong electrostatic forcesof attraction

    between opposite charges. This is whatholds ionic

    compounds together

    Example:

     Sodium is a group 1 metal so will lose one outer

    electron to another atom to gain a full outer shell

    of electrons.

     A positive sodium ion with the charge +1 is formed.

     Chlorine is a group 7 non-metal so will need to gain

    an electron to have a full outer shell of electrons.

     One electron will be transferred from the outer

    shell of the sodium atom to the outer shell of the

    chlorine atom.

     A chlorine atom will gain an electron to form a

    negatively charged chloride ion with a charge of 

     Formula of ionic compound: NaCl

    2
    Q: Describe the formation of ionic bonds between ions of metallic and non-metallic elements,

    including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams.

    Answer:

     Magnesium is a group 2 metal so will lose two

    outer electrons to another atom to have a

    full outer shell of electrons.

     A positive ion with the charge +2 is formed

     Oxygen is a group 6 non-metal so will need to

    gain two electrons to have a full outer shell

    of electrons.

     Two electrons will be transferred from the

    outer shell of the magnesium atom to the

    outer shell of the oxygen atom.

     Oxygen atom will gain two electrons to form

    a negative ion with charge -2.

     Formula of ionic compound: MgO

    3
    Q: How to deduce the charge of an ion?

    Answer:

     Find the number of electrons in the outer electron shell.

     Find out if it is easy for the atom to gain electron or to donate electron (in most cases atoms

    that have fewer than four electrons, donate electrons and atoms that have more than 4

    electrons, receive electrons).

     Atoms that gain electrons become negative ions and atoms that donate electron forms positive

    ion.

     Hydrogen can form both ionic and covalent compounds, and that is why it is in Group I.

    NOTE: The elements in Group IV do not usually form ions, because their atoms would have to

    gain or lose several electrons, and that takes a lot of energy.

    Some common positive and negative ions

    Group Positive Charge Group Charge

    I V
    1+ 3-
    (Na, K, Li etc.) (N, P, As etc.)

    II VI
    2+ 2-
    (Mg, Be, Ca, Ba etc.) (O, S, Se)

    III VII
    3+ 1-
    (Al, Ga, Ti etc.) (F, Cl, Br etc.)

    Compound Ions

    +
    Ammonium NH4 Hydroxide OH-

    Sulphate SO42- Carbonate CO32-

    - -
    Hydrogen carbonate HCO3 Nitrate NO3

    4
    Q: Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic compounds as a regular arrangement of

    alternating positive and negative ions.

    Answer:

     An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions.

     The ions have a regular, repeating arrangement

    called an ionic lattice. Lattice structure refers to the

    arrangement of the atoms of a substance in 3D space.

     The lattice is formed because the ions attract each

    other and form a regular pattern with oppositely

    charged ions next to each other.

    Q: Describe and explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of ionic
    compounds.

    Answer:

     They have high melting and boiling points.

    High temperatures are required to overcome the attraction between the positive and

    negative ions in ionic compounds. Therefore, a lot of energy is required to melt ionic

    compounds or cause them to boil.

     They conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water or in molten state.

    Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in the molten state or in solution as they have

    ions that can move and carry charge.

    They cannot conduct electricity in the solid state as the ions are in fixed positions

    within thelattice and are unable to move.

     They are usually solid at room temperature and non-volatile (does not vaporize easily).

     They are usually water soluble as both ionic compounds and water are polar (contains

    partialpositive and negative charge) substances.

     Ionic compounds form crystals lattice (e.g., NaCl).

    At an atomic level, an ionic crystal is a regular structure, with the cation and anion

    alternating with each other and forming a three-dimensional structure based largely on

    the smaller ion evenly filling in the gaps between the larger ion.

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