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INTERACTIONS:
Forces
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CHAPTER ANALYSIS
7 KEY CONCEPTS
• State that forces can (a) change the state of rest or motion of a body, (b) change the size and/or shape of a body, © bring
about turning effects in objects, (d) exert pressure on objects

• Identify some examples of contact forces and non-contact forces and predict their effects on an object

• Solve problems of objects in motion using the concept of speed

• Make measurements of mass and force, using their respective SI units

• Compare mass and weight

• Relate pressure to force and area, using appropriate everyday examples

• Investigate pressure using its formula

1 ADVANCED CONCEPTS
• Show an appreciation of some daily life phenomena associated with atmospheric pressure and pressure due to liquid
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KEY CONCEPT

FORCES
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FORCES
Whenever we push or pull an object, we are said to exert a force.

Effects of forces
• Start an object moving
• Stop a moving object
• Change the speed of a moving object
• Change the direction of a moving object
• Change the size and shape of an object

Measurement of forces
Instrument: force-meters (eg. Spring balances)
SI unit: newton (N)

SPEED
Definition: Speed is a measure of how fast someone or something moves.

Distance
Speed =
Time

FORCES SI unit: metre per second (m/s)

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Forces

Contact forces Non-contact forces

(A force that acts when (A force that acts at a
objects touch) distance from an object)

Friction Magnetism

Gravity

FRICTION
• Friction acts whenever one surface rubs against another surface.
• The surfaces may be solids, liquids, or gases.
• Friction causes surfaces to heat up.

Friction always opposes the movement of an object.

KINDS Ways to reduce friction

• Use smooth surfaces (lanes in bowling alleys)

OF FORCES • Use ball bearings (used in moving parts of machines)

• Lubrication (like grease and oil)
• Streamlining (eg. Shape of an aircraft)
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MAGNETISM
• Magnets exert a force called magnetism
• Magnetism is a non-contact force
• Like poles repel, unlike poles attract

GRAVITY
• Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the earth
• Gravity exists between any two objects with mass
• Gravity is a non-contact force

Weight
Definition: Weight is a measure of the force of gravity exerted on an object

The heavier an object, the greater the force acting on it

Unit of weight: newton

Difference between mass and weight

Mass Weight

Measure of the amount of matter Measure of the force of gravity

in an object exerted on an object

KINDS SI unit = kg SI unit.= newton

OF FORCES
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KEY CONCEPT

PRESSURE
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PRESSURE
Definition: Pressure is the measure of the amount of force acting on a unit area

Force
Pressure =
Area

SI unit: pascal (Pa)

Pressure in liquids and gases

Liquids: the deeper you go, the higher the water pressure
Gases: the higher you go (atmosphere), the lower the air pressure

Examples (change in air pressure)

Squishing a drink box
• Air pressure inside the box is initially equal to outside the box
• Sucking on the straw removes some air from within the box
• Air pressure outside is greater than air pressure inside
• Greater pressure outside squashes the box

Holding a suction cup on the wall

• When we push a suction cup against a wall, air is pushed out from under the

PRESSURE
cup
• Air pressure under the cup decreases
• The higher air pressure outside the cup holds it on the wall
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KEY CONCEPT

DESTRUCTIVE FORCES
OF NATURE
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Earthquakes
• The surface of the earth (crust) is made up of many plates that are
continually moving
• Where plates meet, they push against each other with great force
• Sometimes this force is released and plates move suddenly -> earthquake

Tsunamis
• A tsunami is a series of large ocean waves, often caused by a powerful
earthquake under the ocean

Volcanoes
• Magma exists underneath the earth’s crust
• Magma exerts a force on the earth’s crust – when the pressure becomes
too great, the magma is forced upwards to the surface through a volcano
(hole in earth’s surface)

Typhoons

DESTRUCTIVE
• A typhoon is a powerful storm with strong winds and heavy rain
• The rain and force of wind can damage property and cause floods

FORCES
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