1.

Netcooek loyed peot6zs/G

LM
TP adée 651nq what ie zpvy adéess
TP acdesS is an dddes8 havj ng intem ation about
hoco to deach specific host
TE iS 32-bit uni que ad &esS
Adéess 6pace =932
each Ip adde85 define onl Qne connecion to
Intednet.
Adcess Space:-Define gdeess Space foc TPV4|
Addess Spa ce 6
total bo:0f add
nddesses
PISeS Used
by paototal
bas 2n ad«ess space
Consist too field6i
4)NetaDOtk 0-Tdentifies netcwatk on inttenet
Host ID- Tdentifies hoat on netcuock

lNetootkID HoSt 1D

92-bit S
ig:- Ipvg adeess totmat.
Notationsi- [
IP ad& e6S Cueitten jn teoo nottiong
) Decimal botation
D)
Binay hotation
Dotted -
decima hotation Base 256
fach numbedn this i5 faorm o-255
-gouped 'into gbit gtoupa stpected lby dats
canges
0000 to 255.255.2S5.256
 PAGE No.

DAE

Binaey Notation:
-
Th thi6 Tpva cdeessjs ciaplayed as 82-bits

d0110001 0001000 01oO001 11 111111

classtul Acldessng -classes of 1p acdeess:

AdéRss space is dividedinto 5 classes
cass A0- 127 class _D (224-239)
closs B(142-923 Y128-191) da6s F (046- 255
class (246-255(192-923)
C

class A:
uGed in acge Netcwodk

o
Netwotk (?bits)Host (24bits)
Netcuek 1p= g-bit =
Hast 1p 24-bjt
-Aas bit
=
Tota) D00f ConDectiODS 231
t No: 0f netcwoks =
07-2 = 126
No- host =224.0
of
class B:
-
Netaock ID=16 bits HostID = 16-bitS
Pitst tooo bits aee sesecved
to n bina
10
Total haof connectionS 230 =

NooF NeOcc k =214

Tota NO of h0st = 2 16- 2

-uGed 'n mecium 52P neuck

 PAGE NO.

DATE

c\ass:.
Net D- 9cbitS Hostip=&bt
Pidst haee bitS aee dRSEEVed tod
no- 0f Connection = for 110 in binac
Tota 229
Total ng- ot
hetuck24
Totcal

class D:
Notevided nto netwodk TD 4 HOSt ID.
Fitst taud bits aeeesedved tO i10
u Sed fod multicastinq

Not divì ded nto netwok'ID 4 Host 10

fi6st toud bits dáe tesed ved to 1411.
=
TP adee69e5 2.28
Total ho-0t
fce tutuee use
4 Rese& ved
zhits btS
class A o
PeHz suffi
class 40 Ptefj suffi
Sutfi2
class C 110 Peefi

class p| 1110 Multitast adeesseS

use
class 4111 Resecvecd fe tutee
 DATE

Netwock adees6.

L) TP ddtess 126. 17.24 8

Idertin Netocek adtess

1St by te = 126
Range - 0-427 It j6 type A
class adees 5

Piest ze.defines netwelk 'n closS A 4 ue fin d

zD
netwek adeess by deplacinq Host 1D coith o'8.
50 Netcwak ddeess 126 0 :0.0
|2) zp - 201. ( cla ss B
24-6782
255,255i00 (Subn et ncsk ot closS R
201. 24.0.o

Specia] TP CldcP5seS:

A) AI) zeos adesS- (00-00/32)

- A)
zero6 oeCDS
ust it is host coben they ee
b0otedbut hot Used

2) A) ones
adessi- (255
(255.255.25 5.255 32
used fa beoccCast

3 loop Back adeess,

Reseeved 24-00O124.0 08
qdeos toe loopback tesing
 PAGENO.

DATE

An000000 HoSt
i- QSec to Coon
S9unj ceat coithin
(ueeent hetawodk

Netvack.-111111 :
-Tt Lllows to Send beoad ast packets.

classle3-AdéesBingi
deduce c0astoage of Ip addes6 n block me use
Subnetting
-
Ttmakes
Tt
clloCation of 1p adeess mcee eHficient
is
al60 knoton aS classless TnteeDomain
Routing (CzpR)
-Tt uSe two paet vieco_ ddeess
)aubnetting

5ubnettng
- means cdividinq Jargee
6ubnettioq netuak 'nto snall.
SubhetÔ)odk6
0al thig s to maimize teaffic
of

o thaffic daes not loo theough unnecreSSAC 4

outes ncteas)n4 netOock 6pecds

6upednetting:- inimjze toutinq table
Multiple' netoceks_ gee Combned into bigg8d hetwek

j6 callec as Bupednettin
Mainl usPd Used in Roate sumnadiation
CIDR Kotationi
ask
(ho. of continues 15)
Syptati- byte byte.byte. byteln
 Diffec ance between clqssful 4 clasole65 qddes6in as

claseful classless
Adiess has theep pacis.: Adeess has two Pacto
,
netwek subnet, host SUbnet 4host.
Ro cdoes not suppot It SupPo¢ts vaciable
Vaciable Jength subnet mask lengt Subaet mask (vs
(VLSM)

AdeesseS ge d|lo catecd class|es5 adeessin q

CaCcecia q
to clasS A-2 Beplace6 classul adeesiy

4p frcwce ding pto CeS5 6 - zp fcecoce

cding peoces6
e6telcte
has no estectiong

Netcoodk Adeess
Teansltion -(NAT)
i
NAT
5 Pdocess of
(onvedtin q doca) Tp
adoeSse into
Global
- Tt doeS T
adtesSP8 -and vìce yec8q
the taanslattjon o podt
NAT 0Pe
ates on toute d ot numb8
peivcte titecucl|

192-4631112%
12-1:1
492168+124 43-11-14
192.468.114
publié Nehoek
Tnside ota
Outsjde
Aoca
SigiNtak ddeESS tednslation.
 PAGE Na.

DATE

ohen packet goes out6ide

(onvedt6 the tocal zp to doca)zp pl0, NAt
globa|
when packet entecs
local netwodky global zp
(onVeted to AOca)
IP.
TYpes 0f NAT:

)Static NAT :
One to one mappin g
M)
- Un stegisteee d Tp
i8
between Jo cal4 global ddeas.
appecd oith egisteeed ip
2) Dynam)c NA:
undegjstteed TP j5 tèanslated jnt o
-teqisteced TP
addess.

Irted net Potocol:

Tt
i5
Connectionle65p¢otocol
usec to cetect eddodó to cdisCaed
thepacke
f it is codiapted
TPV4 Dataqam tocmati
IpV4 j6 (onnection peototo
-It pecovjde6 ogicalconnection betweenn
devices
34 78 15 16 31
VER HLEN 6eevice
ype &-bjtp
Total length
4bits 16-bits
Tdentifi cation 16- bit F)agg-bjt gn th
13-bft
Time to live checksya
Prototol gbitS | Headsc
8-bits 16-bjt5
S0uece TP ade es
Desinaticn IP adeess
opti on t Pad dn 4
(o-40 bytes
pv
Figi-IpV4 dcrtagcrg headee
 Hea ded js 20t0 60 byte 'n length
Vedsion i- TpVq od zpv6
Headed lengthi- TP heade& len gth (4-bits )
Qo
- when thece js mo option tield hea cdec legth is
- when 4hede js option field t is 60 bytes
-
TYPAs 0} seVice8i
8bit til d
- Th this, fiest 3 bit6 aèe callec as pee ce dan ce bit8
Next foue bits caled TOs bit8
-last bit is hot used.
Total 1ength i
Aength ot heecied 4
Datq 15 bits
Tdertihicati on;-
unique packet 1D te identityin
gtoup of teagments

Flagsi RP - Resee vel bit (must be

zeo
DE
Plag - Donot teagm ent
fiag
If value 1. rmachine cul) not
tea qment the
datagtam
MF
Piag:- Moee Feagment Flag
valuel- dataqeam j6 not Jast feagmen
Nalue o- datageCam is Jast feagment
Tinetolive:- 8-bit Countet
usel to im)t datageqn
Ptotoco)i- 8-bit
ieu
ield detin e nane of peoto
1s Pca6se c to cohich
co|
dala
Hedded checksun - js-blt
te checlcing edcod8
- (ontain Info abo ut 60uece oute 4 R(CEd oute
Gpti on t1s ec fce hetuck testing
4 debgging
 PAGE No.

DATE

PVY
Dataq¢am teaqmentation
- t is Proce6sot beeakinq down laege cata
packets nto Smalled fedgm en t5
When Ip
dta qeCI m
is5 too Jacge to
piece6 .
teansy it
feaqmented jnto mal |ed
Thatt Simall pieces sent independanti 4 put
back toge thee at cestination
The peacess af deassemblinq Small
packets
to gethed t des Ejnation Consume time e5 QUeLe

T Size of packet i6 biggte tha n MTU(ma aimúm

teansmission Unit) De bit set to o G then
packet fecaqment into paets sent one by one

Delay8i
DPeoceGing delay' Time ta ken by outed to process

data packe heade d

Qu euing delay Time takon by packet jn coutinq

queue.1

3) Tecdn8 miasion
mi55)on cdelayi- Tine taken to Joadpatkat
D =
On tanmisSion chanse
NJR
N: ho0f bitS
R= Ratf of teangmission_speec
peo pagation delay'- Dme takon ta
by packe destination
Pach tRom Soece to
 OATE

TPV4 Dataqcgm optiong 4oPtion foemati

cataq¢am may Contain Zeco, one od mo4 A

- TP
options
opticm maysin gle byte od nultiple byte
be of
cdepending on hoco much info opticn need to (onveg

when moe thcn one option_ is Ceveyed

ncladed the cee (ontatenated togehec
Put into optan fiele a6 cohole

12 16 20 24 28
OPtion Typebption lengtb

eptionData

copi-j d OPtic optiop

Fig:- TPvg opion femdt

TcMpvg : Eaplain TOMP eotocol

TCMP
with headee fcemat
(nteenet (onteol
Tt i6 usec DASSagepeotocal
-It fod depaeling eceads_4
mgnagement
queaieo
I is Used
by nel oodk clevice
Gendiac preOd ml6Sage
s_iko doutec6 foe
f apedation Infemation
 PtGE No.

DATt

TYpe Cocde checksum

(8-bits (8-bitS
) 16-bits
(

Content cepen d. on tyPeCode

CVacictble)

figi- Heaced fcenmat of 1cMPV4.

TYpe i- 60me OM Don Types ate;

TYPe o- £cho eply
T4pe 3 - pestination undecchoble
Type 5 -
- Reditect me65age
8 - E cho tequest
TYPe

code- Tt caéaies additiona | nfo¢mation about

.
eto8 message 4 type

checksumi- Tt is used to check no.of bits of (omplete

me6sa9e eh8 4 de6 (ompiete clata is deliveeed
O& not

JCMP messaqebi
I(MP esSages aee clivicled into to (ataqocieS i
a)b)Etaod depadting messagtS
queey messae6
Catagoey TYpe MeSSage
£dcO8- depodting Destincica undeachcabl t
SDtrece GtHench
mes5ages
Pacqn pted pcoblpm
12
queey
equest OC depr
mesages Echo ce cepPY
13 0
Timestcmp cequest
14
 OATE

Edtod d epodtinq
message i
dePacts o
CUhen doute o eb CJn teos peoblemIt

quecy meSS age:

-Theše me6SQqe helpe host to qet gpedtic
Tnfcemation of dhatheo host
J Hheee aee client 5eeved, Tf ient is
to knoo thct AeeYec j6. Jive e
Cwant hot then
Tt send5 icMP_hs5age to sedved

LAebugging Tool6i- (Explain clebugginq tools te

t ItyPrgu
Debugging Tool6:
TMP_ping 6can
2) TeuCedoute

T(MP_Ping cCan :
- It send echo tequ Pst to host. Zf host get
fee nice pnoug hs packot 4
then it sends ICMP
c
e6ponse Pcho
jn tetuch
PEo, 1.2. 2i
-
Afte Tnaking ping
-
If es ponse take mcee than
5COnd then connection
is
&oundteip time
RRsPonse
is between packet teonsmja5) on
packet deerva f
thede j3 Jn (°mple doutas
Undeachable It depots " host
 PAGE No.

DATE

ol Tace oute:
use toacedaute hosE to see exact pcat b yauc
packet bake to emote bost.
Tt depodts Ounc- teip time at each step jn
doute
eqi- 1eacedt cocww.qoogle. com
Time To Iive (IL) Value.
)ndo05 platfce m

hav detautt TTL of 128.

T¢a cetcrute Com
and in windows j3 taCedE

TcMp Checksym
-TCMP checksUmS ccLCulatec) cVed phtie
message
m
checksU calculction i
At sen ded 6jcde :
)checksurs tield 6et to o
ji) Sum of 16-bit coce cds
l
s calculated
Compleme nted to get checksum
iy) checksum staecl in checkSum tield

Checkeurn Testing
At decejvec sìde
6um of cll cwOdds )scal Culated
Sum (Omplemented
S

mess09e
then the
is aceptd othed wise ejected
 DATE

mobile zp erplain ite

Mobile IP| Nhai isjs neat djaqc.am
dechite ctuce Culth

- Mobile Tp i3 Cormmunjcction Potoco (extendino

clll0cQS Used to move teom one Detuo
It
toOnathez cuith AameIP adÅ P8S

1t engudRS thcat Communj cation Cuil) Coolinue

cuithout being deopped
coReespomdent Node
Netuse k
Home

Thtecne
Hempaent/

fceeigp
TUNne Neuck

poeign Agent

MN
Fig'- Mobile Ip.

WAdde a5 eS n Mobile Tp
ThedeCee tuo ypAS
C)_Home - addesS of adtessi
b) (ate-ot adeess.
 DATE

a) Home adeS5:
- It pecnanant ad ee 66 a SSigned to mobile
j6 nocde
This addpss used cat home netwock.

b) Cade- of Adeess:
-It i6 tempaaaey adceas used
b naobile_hade
Cohile
t is aving auca feom Hame nebask

-1t detine8 (uceert location of mn obile nocle feom

-T00 possjbilities ot docati cn of Caee of adeess(coA)

a) Feeign Agent (OA - Locauted at fc eign agent
6) co- delcttd (0-A- Tt can be aquited by Sevices
ilke DHcp.

Agerts Tn mobile Ip:;

Too agentsin mobile -Ipi
c) Home agent
b) foeign agent.
Home aqent:- CHA1
douted n b0
me
netcwotk.
Tunne| +cepacketG tocuaecls objle hode
staats at home agent
t maintajng doc-hion egista
Packet COmeS 19 Vìa doute + then HA Sends it
eOugh tunne
 FodPign Agenti- (PAT

s
mobi
-Tt touted in tceign netwock to cohich
node s (apee ntiy (onnecte
packets feom bome age
bome agent
nt ent to toeeign

CigentCe then cdeliveeed to mobile hocle

FA have CaRe-of ddeesS acting as .tunne) edk

(cAn

-t
-
al6o peovicles Gecueity
Cohen mobil e bost
Sedvices
t as fceei9N agent
then Caee-of adaess is Callec coll0 Cated
Caee-o adaeSS

Componentg oft mobile-Ip:

) Mobile
(M): nocle
-1t js handheld device
that used
egi- (ell phone pDA loptop Caddies

2) (ocdespondant Nocde (CN)

Tt iS cevice on ntteDef
omm unjcating
mobile hocle to
-It depeesent pattnee toe mobile node
e) Home NetDod k:-
It j8 q hetuodk to
belong6 to as pee cubich mdbile hocde.
dssignecd zP adeeS8
4) Home adsess;
It
iS PeemanantTP adcess asSigbed to
mobilé hode.
 DATE

Foceign Netwoak:
Cueeent 5ubset of mobile node yisits
-Cohich is Dot home netucek

Thêee phaseSi-Explain 3
phases of mobile zp adeess
Thdee phaôe6i
a) Agent Dìscovecq
b) Registeati on.

4)Aqent dìscovecy: -
&
mabile node ciscave its toteign home
Lgent cduelnq agents ciscovecy
TA USes this 'method to detecnfne follsing
Tnfce on;
mcati
C) coben node has moved feam
feCm One nlco to
Clnothed
b) Cobethec hetcoodk i5 node's hcme od
oteiqn netwodk
ess
) cuhat i6 ceeign ctqent cade-of ade
offeced by each tceeiqn agent
D)
Reqisttati on
-
TMobile degistec its cute eDt
node
o
catj on
-tuith fCreign agent home agent
qllows to cOm Municate theic. cupPent
ipfoemation to theic home agent..
ecLchabitnwng
pectcea tollooinq +aski
 Home agent
Mobile node
Reqistectios Registeatlcn
Request Request

Regisketboo)
Registrction
Repl
Te t

Time
figi- fegiste cti on peo(e66

Lc)Tunnellinq'
Tt js ešed to esta blish yiitual pipe
fce packet betweph tnne Pntey Pnd point
Also known a6 pott totooding"
Sencing packet theough tunne) is 'achiered
by entapsulation.

Aoking of Mobile Tp:

) Cocdegpondant hode Sends
Tt Ccontci)ng CCeeespondance data to oobile node
Node adeess
home dcdeesscestin a on (suecel
i
T24 Pcket teach to bome Cgent
e) Mobile nocle movecd
jnto foeign oetcwodk
4)fePign agent Send caee of adee65
to hon
agent
s) Tunnel Pstciblihec betuweeh home qgert
geeign agent
6) home agent encapsulate detta
packets jnto
n
hea packets ohich 0uece adeess js
bome adess 4
destngticn jg Caee-of adeeSS.
Then Send it to deefign agent .

feeign agent packek ,decapauate

eceis
them Send them mobile node to
g) AfteeeCelyng packet mobile node Senda
Aeply to fceeign agent
10) Feig agent directy send neply ta
CoRCespOndaat nocle.

Vittual peivate netoodk:- VPN

technolag thdt Ceecttes safe
enceypted connectian CVed Tnteenet
(uag
plic
to netwodk
extend paivate hetwonk usinq
VÝN in nobile used tee onl oepotate ofices_

D Tnteene

Noue Devi ce VPN

Sve
Beetweer tawO pejvate etwclk COnnect co nterf,
vPN Typne) nttenet
2
site
Site 1
 TYpes of VPNi
access Tt alloOS USee t0 (onnet
)Remote VPNi-
access 6eevites
pdivcitenetawodk 4 acce65 C)

Site-to- Site VpNi

a) Routee vPN
-
-(allec cas to Rocrtee
Tblecnet basecd vpvi- Cohen Seveecu otfir
6f the same Cmpong aae caADectefCsing
then js_callecl Uas jnteanet basedVPN.
it woi

i) Exenet Based vpN;

Cohen
Connect
(ompopjPS USe
ite-to -Site ypN t0

Callecd
otice to cnothe d
(ompony if is
dS Exteanetbosed vpN.
Ptotocols n VPN:
a) Thteenet peotocol Secueity (Ip sec ):- use to
6eCuee nteenet (Cnoni cation.
Tt un
in tw0 mode3:
) TeanSpat yocde
b) TUnneli)nq Dode
b) Layed 2
Tunneling pdoto co| L2TP):
Tt Combined coith chothe Secueiby
to estcblish peotac
highly Secuee (ODnectioh

) Point to point Tunnelling pèotoco]

dato betweern i-
U6ed to enceypt
the connett
d)5ecuee shell (S5H)- Tt geneeate ypr ume
VPN unnel
theugh ohich cltta tecinafte ocrues & Ensyep that
tunne) enceyptee.