Gar

ethJenki
ns-NeboshGener
alCer
ti
fi
cat
einOccupat
ionalSaf
etyandHeal
th

Lectureone.HS(
G)65–Pr omoteaposit
ivesafet
ycult
ure.
Positi
veasusedinthephrasemeanspeoplethatwanttobesafeandwantsafer
practi
cesandcult
uremeaningthepeopl
e.
Alltheel
ementsinHS(G)65mustbeusedt opromoteaposit
ivesaf
etycul
tur
e.

Sket
chofHS(
G)65.
I
tisi
mport
anttobeabl
etodr
awt
hissket
chwor
dper
fectast
her
eisagood

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page1
chancet
hatt
her
ewi
l
lbeaquest
iononi
tint
heexam.

Fr
om thesket
chyoucanseethattheAudi
ti
ngel
ementcommuni
cat
eswi
thal
l
ot
herelement
s.Audi
tseeksnon-
confor
mance.

Ov er
viewofHS( G)65.
1).Poli
cy.Thewr i
tt
enpol i
cywi l
lbespl i
tinto3par t
s:-
Part1–I nt ent(what).Theintentwouldbet hecompany ’
sgoalsandobj
ect
ives
i
.e.whati twant stoachieve.
Part2–Or ganisati
on( who’swho) .Thiswoul dlookattherol
esand
responsibil
it
iesofper sonnelatt heorganisat
ionandt heorgani
sati
onfami
lyt
ree.
Part3–Ar rangement s(how) .Thi
swoul ddepicthowthingsgetdone
(procedures).

2.)Or
gani
sing.Thi swoul dlookathumanf actors/ humanr eli
abil
i
ty.Organi
sing
wouldbefullofsof twaresy stems,softwar esystemsi nsaf etywouldbe
communicati
onsbet weenpeopl e.5Crulest hi
ssy stem i
.e.t her
emustbe: -
 Communi cationsmustbei npl ace.
 Compet ence( dependsont r
aining,exper ienceandknowl edge).I
tis
impor t
antt okeepondev el
opingexper i
ence.
 Consul t
at i
on.Thi sis2waycommuni cations/discussionswithactions
beingtakenaf tertheconsultati
on.
 Cont r
ol.Indi r
ectcont r
ol.
 Co-operat ion.Ther emustbeco- operation.

3.)Pl
anningandI mpl
ementing.Pl
anni
ngf
ocusesonRi
skManagementwhi
ch
canbespl i
tint
o3sections:
-
 RiskAssessment .
 RiskRat i
ng.
 RiskCont r
ol.

I
mplement
ingi
scompar abl
ewithsaf
esyst
emsofwork(
SSOW).SSOW
r
epresent
sasequenceofeventsi
nordert
omaket
hetasksaf
erbutmustbe
f
oll
owedtodoso.

4.
)Measuri
ngPerformance.Measur i
ngperfor
mancecanbespl i
tinto2par t
s:-
 Reacti
ve:Damagecont r
ol.Reacti
ngtosomet hing.React
ivemonitori
ngis
al
way snegati
vei.
e.somet hi
ngthathasalreadyhappenede.g.accidents
ornearmissscenari
os.
 Acti
ve:posi
ti
vemoni t
ori
ngt ostopoccurrenceshappeninge.g.
housekeepi
ngandf i
reextingui
sherchecks.

5.
)Reviewi
ngPer formance.I
nterest
edinmodify
ing/rev
iewingifchangeshappen.
Changescantaket hefor
m ofchangesofpersonnel/
structur
e,wherepeoples
workchanges,changesofprocess,changesi
nsy st
emsofwor k,changesof
pr
oductandnewequi pmenti
ntroducti
on.Asgoodpracticerevi
ewingshouldtake

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page2
pl
aceonanannualbasi
s,unl
essthereareanychanges.Al
sor
evi
ewshoul
dtake
pl
acei
fther
eareanylegi
slat
ivechanges.

6.)Audit
ing.Audit
ingcanbei nt
ernalorext
ernal
.Audi
ti
ngseeksnon-
confor
mance/ compl i
ance.Audi
ti
ngisonlyconcer
nedindiscover
ingwhatis
wrongnotwhati sright.Anaudi
twill
notbesignedoffunt
ilanynon-conf
ormance
hasbeenr evi
ewed.

7.
)FeedbackLoop.Thef eedbackloopisv i
tal
foremploy
eei
nvolv
ement.Ther
e
mustalwaysbef aci
li
ti
esf orfeedback.Feedbackcancomei
nv ar
iousf
orms:-
 Saf etyMeetings.
 Saf etyCommi ttees.
 Saf etyfor
ums.
 Acci dentForms.
 Incent i
vesforgoodi deas.
 Nearmi ssForms.

Awayt oremembertheseel
ement
sisPOPMAR.
Poli
cy
Organising
Pl
anningandI mplementi
ng
Measur i
ngPerfor
mance
Auditi
ng
ReviewingPerf
ormance

HS(
G)65cannotwor
kwi
thoutf
eedback.

Lect
ure2.TheEl
ement
sofaHeal
thandSaf
etyPol
i
cy.

Awr i
tt
enHeal thandSaf etyPolicyisal egal requi r
ementundersect ion2oft he
Healt
handSaf et yatWor kAct1974when5ormor epeoplear eempl oyed.The
Healt
handSaf et ypol i
cyMUSTbebr oughtt ot heat t
enti
onofev er
y bodyaf fected
bytheor gani
sat ionsact i
onsandMUSTal sobesi gnedanddat edbyt he
Managi ngDirector( MD)orChi efExecut iveOf ficer(CEO)oft heorgani sati
on.A
Healt
handSaf et yPol i
cywi l
lbei nthreepar ts:-
 Par t1–I ntent(what )
.Thi spar twoul dbewhatt heor ganisation’sgoal s
andobj ectiveswoul dbe.Thi ssect i
oncoul dalsobecopi edont oheaded
A4companypaperandf ormedi ntoacompanySt at
ementofI ntentwhich
couldbedi stri
butedtonewempl oyeespr i
ortostart
ingwor kwi ththe
organisation.TheSt atementofI ntentagai nMUSTbesi gnedanddat edby
theMDorCEO.
 Par t2–Or ganisati
on( who’swho) .Thi swoul dlookatt herolesand
responsibiliti
esofper sonnel attheor gani sati
onandwoul dof tenexami ne
theorgani sationfamilytree.
 Par t3–Ar rangement s(how) .Thi swoul ddepi cthowt heor gani sat
ion

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page3
 wouldgett hingsdone.
ASaf
etyPoli
cywoul d:
-
 Stateorganisati
onalai
mst oensuretheHeal thandSafetyofthosethat
workforormaybeaf f
ectedbyitsacti
vi
ties(e.g.publ
i
c,contr
actor
set c.
)
 Refertoconsul t
ati
onmeasur esavail
ableforHeal t
handSafety.
 Indi
catesour cesofexpert/
special
i
stadv i
ce
 Meansofcommuni cati
ngthis.

Thesi
gnat
ureont
hepol
i
cyhol
dst
heul
ti
mat
eresponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hepol
i
cy.

AHeal
thandSaf etyPoli
cymustbe:-
 Inwr i
ti
ng.
 Signedanddat edbyMDorCEO.
 Periodical
lyMonitoredandRevi
ewed.
 Re-issuedasnecessar y.
 Refertoot herdocuments.
 Broughtt otheattenti
onofal
lempl
oyees.

Awrit
tenHeal
thandSaf
etypol
i
cywoul
dpr
ovi
deacer
tai
namountofbackupi
n
cour
t.

GENERALI NTENT(Par t1)

Thef ir
stpartoftheHealthandSaf etypolicywoul dbethegeneralintentpart
wher ethecompanywoul dstatei
tscommi t
mentt oHealt
handSaf et
yandt he
Environment.Part1setsoutt hegoalsandobj ecti
vesoftheorganisati
onand
al
soset soutt heaimsandobj ecti
vestoachi evethegoal
stounder pinthe
organisati
onscommi t
mentt oHealth,Safetyandt heEnvi
ronment .Thissecti
on
couldalsobecopi edontoheadedA4companypaperandf or
medi nt
oacompany
StatementofI nt
entwhichcoul dbedistri
but edtonewempl oyeespr i
ortostarti
ng
workwi ththeorganisat
ion.TheStatementofI ntentMUSTbesi gnedanddat ed
bytheMDorCEO.

ORGANI SATI ON(Par t2)

Par t2oft heHeal t
handSaf etypoli
cybri
ngst otheattention,whowoul dcarr
yout
thei mplement ati
onoft hepol i
cyandwouldal sobringtheor ganisati
onal t
reeto
attention.Itwouldhav easignat ur
eofanameddi rectorwhowoul dhav eulti
mate
responsi bil
it
yforthepol i
cy.Itcouldal
sopayr efer
encet oot herswi t
hHeal t
hand
Saf etyresponsibil
i
tiesandt heresponsi
bil
iti
esheldbyeachmember .Itcould
alsohav edetail
sofSubor dinatemanager’sresponsibil
it
iesf orprepari
ngtheir
areaHeal thandSaf et
yPol i
cy.Itwouldal
soi ndi
cateconsul tati
onand
communi cat
ionsroutesanddet ai
l
sofanyspeci al
isedt r
aining/suppor tet
c.

ACompanyNur se,Saf
etyreps,TUCreps,
Envi
ronmentalmanager,Fi
reof
fi
cer
andFi
rewardens,EmergencyPlanni
ngOffi
cer
,Trai
ningoff
icerandThe
Maint
enanceTeam couldallbementi
onedinanorgani
sati
onHealthandSafet
y
Pol
icy
.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page4
ARRANGEMENTS(Par t3)
TheAr r
angement ssect i
onofaHeal t
handSaf etypoli
cyset
st herul
esand
proceduresf or:-
 Exi sti
ngSaf eSy stemsofWor k(SSOW)andSaf emai
ntenance.
 Ri skAssessment .
 I ncidentandAcci dentr eporti
ngandi nvestigati
on.
 Cont rolofChemi calandHazar dousSubst ances.
 Emer genci esandEv acuation.
 Tr ainingFaci l
it
ies.
 Measur esf orthei ntroductionofnewequi pmentandmachi nery
.
 TheDi ssemi nationofi nformat i
on.(Dissemi nat
ionmeaningthetransl
ati
on
andci rculation).
 Env i
ronment alPr otecti
onandManagement .
 Heal t
hSur veil
lanceandWel fareFacil
iti
es.
 I ssueandUseofPPE.
 Joi ntConsul tati
onandSaf etyRepresent ati
vesandSafetyCommi tt
ee
Meet ings.

Thearr
angement ssectionmayr ef
ertootherdocument se.g.SafetyManuals,
SSOW,RiskAssessment s,
Spil
l
ager epor
ti
ng, Methodstat
ement s,exi
stenceof
Per
mit-
to-Work,FrequencyofHealthandSaf etymeeti
ngs,otherrelev
ant
companypoli
cies,AccidentandNearmi ssreport
ing(RI
DDOR) .

Theef f
ecti
venessofaHeal thandSaf etypoli
cydependsonmanyt hings.
Systemsmustbei npl acef orcheckingthatmethodsandpr ocedur
esar ev iabl
e,
effect
iveandbeingcompl iedwi thandmodi fi
edtorefl
ectchanges.Includes
Organisati
onalr
estructur
ingordomi noeffect
sofchangesbyot heract i
vit
ies.
Thepol i
cymustintegratefullywithRiskAssessments,Standardoper at
ional
proceduresandSyst emsofwor k.

Lect
ure3.Law

Therear
ethreetypesofLaw:-
1.Cri
minalLaw.Thislawisbroughtaboutbythestatei
.ehasgonet hr
ough
parl
i
ament .Cr
iminalLawseekstheawar dofSancti
onse.g.Finesor
Impri
sonment.Guilti
sdeter
mined‘beyondreasonabl
edoubt ’
.Cri
minal
Lawisun-i
nsurableagai
nst.

Cr
imi
nal
Law

Pr
osecut
edBySt
ate

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page5
 Awar
dofsanct
ions

Gui
l
tbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
.

2.Cont
ractLaw.Thi
sty
peofLawwi
l
lnotbei
ncl
udedi
ntheexam.

3.Civi
lLaw(commonl aw).Thislawisbr
oughtaboutbythevict
im,wher
e
thevict
im seekscompensat i
on.Thisl
awissett
ledonthe‘bal
anceof
probabi
li
ti
es’ i
.e.wasi
tforeseeabl
e.Ci
vil
lawisinsur
ableagai
nst.

Ci
vi
lLaw
Civ
ilLaw

Br
oughtbyt
he
Vi
cti
m

Vict
imtoseek
compensat
ion

Settl
edonthebal
anceof
probabi
l
iti
es

Ci
vi
lLawi
sof
tenknownasLawofTor
t

Tor
t:Ci
vi
lwr
ong

Torti
saJudgemadelawwhichdependsonhi
stor
ical
precedentf
rom pr
evi
ous
t
h
casesdat
ingasf
arbackast
he16 century
.

TheHeal t
handSafetyatWor kAct1974( HASAWA)i st heactwhi chcov
ersall
of
thetopi
csont hecourse.TheHASAWAi ssplitintosections.Sect
ion2,‘
The
duti
esonempl oyer
s’,isalsospli
tint
osubsect ions.
Themai nsecti
onsrelatedtopthecoursear e:-
 Sect i
on2–Empl oyersdutytotheempl oyees.
 Sect i
on3–Empl oyersdutytoothers(cont r
actors,students,t
hegeneral
publ
ic,cust
omers).
 Sect i
on6–Thedut yplacedonManuf acturers,DesignersandSuppli
ers.
Thesemaybef ir
stort hi
rdparty.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page6
 Sect
ions7/
8–Empl
oyeedut
yofcar
etot
hemsel
vesandot
her
s.

Section2.
Undersection2t heempl oyerMUSTpr ovi
def orSafeandHeal thyempl oyeesina
SafeandHeal t
hyWor kplace.Theempl oyerMUSTal sopr ov i
desaf eaccessand
egressandaSaf eandHeal thyenvir
onment .Safesystemsofwor kmustbe
providedalongwi thSafeHandl ingandSt orageofHazar dousSubst ances.
Suffi
cientwelfarefacil
it
iesmustbepr ovi
ded.I nf
ormat i
on,training,i
nstructi
on
andsuper vi
sionmustbepr ovi
dedespeci al
lyforyoungper sons.Ther emustbe
meansofconsul tati
onwi thsafetyrepsandot hers.Employ ershav eanabsol ut
e
dutyt opr
ov i
deaHeal t
handSaf etypoli
cywhi chMUSTbewr i
ttenifthereare5or
mor eemploy eesandMUSTbebr oughttot heattent
ionofev er yoneaffectedby
thecompany ’
sact i
ons.Thecompanymustal soprovideallrelevantPPE.

Secti
on3.
Thissect
ioncanbedescr
ibedt
hesameasabov
e.

Secti
on7.
Underthi
ssecti
on,t
heempl oyeemustco-operat
ewi t
htheemployert
oenable
theemployert
oful
fi
ltheirHealt
handSafetyduti
es.Notbythei
r(t
heempl oy
ee)
actsoromissi
onsshouldtheyputatr
iskthesafetyorli
vesoft
hemselvesor
other
s.

Sect
ion8.
Employeesmustnotrecklessly(
unknowi
ngly
)ordeli
berat
ely(
knowi
ngly)
i
nter
ferewit
hanythi
ngpr ovidedfort
heSafet
y,Heal
thandWelfar
eofthemsel
ves
orot
herse.g.r
emovalofguar ds.

Sect
ion9.
Thecompanymustnotchar
gef
orPPE.

Therear
ev ar
iousr
egul
ati
onst
hatsuppor
tHASAWAsomebei
ng:
-
 MHASAW REGS
 DSEREGS
 COSHHREGS
 WORKI NGATHEIGHTREGS
 RIDDOR
 PPEREGS
 PUWER
 MANUALHANDLI NGREGS
 CDM REGS
 DSEAR

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page7
TheManagementofHeal thandSaf et
yRegul ati
ons.
Reg3–Ri skAssessment( Suit
ableandSuf fici
ent)
.
Reg4–Pr incipl
esandcont rol–Ri skcontrol.
Reg5–Heal t
handSaf etyAr r
angement s
Reg6–Heal t
hSurveil
l
ance–medi calscreening.
Reg7–Compet entAssistance–seeki ngexper tadvi
ce.
Reg8/9–Emer gencyplanning.
Reg10–I nformati
ontoEmpl oyees.
Reg14–Dut i
esonempl oy ees.Needt oknowwhatRegi s.Repor
tanyf
aul
ts.
Reg16/17/18–NewandExpect antmot hers.
Reg19–Youngper sons.

Suit
ableandSuf f
ici
ent.
N Thet er
m‘ Suitabl
eandSuf fi
cient
;isimport
antsinceitdefi
nestheli
mitsto
theri
skassessmentpr ocess.A‘Suit
ableandSuffici
ent
’riskassessmentshould:
-
 Identif
yt hesigni
fi
cantri
sksandi gnorethetri
vi
alones.
 Identif
yandpr i
ori
ti
zethemeasur esrequir
edtocompl ywithanystatut
ory
provi
sions.
 Remai nappr opri
atetothenatureofthewor kandv al
idoverareasonable
peri
odoft ime.

Regulations.
TheHeal thandSaf etyatWor kActi sanEnabl ingActwhi chal lowst he
SecretaryOfSt atetomakef urtherlawsknownasRegul at i
ons, wi thouttheneed
topassanot heractofpar l
i
ament .Regul ati
onsarel awandar eappr ovedby
Parli
ament .Thesear eusual l
ymadeundert heHeal t
handSaf etyatWor kAct ,
fol
lowingpr oposalsfrom theHSC.
TheHeal thandSaf etyatWor kAct ,andgener aldut i
esi nt heManagement
Regulations, aimt ohelpempl oy erstosetgoal s,butl eavet hem f reetodeci de
howt ocont rolhazardsandr iskswhi chtheyidentif
y .Gui danceandAppr oved
CodesofPr acti
cegiv eadvice, butempl oyersaref r
eet ot akeot herroutesto
achievi
ngt heirHealthandSaf etygoal s,
sol ongast heydowhati sr easonably
practi
cabl e.Somehazar dsar esogr eat,orthepropercont rolmeasur esso
expensi ve,thatempl oyerscannotbegi vendiscr
etioni ndeci dingwhatt odo
aboutt hem.Regul at
ionsident ifythesehazar dsandr i
sksandsetoutspeci fic
acti
ont hatmustbet aken.Of tentheser equi r
ement sar e‘ absol ute’-empl oy
ers
havenochoi cebuttof ol
lowt hem andt hereisnoqual if
y ingphr aseof
‘
reasonabl ypr acti
cable’i
ncluded.

ApprovedCodesofPr acti
ce( ACOP).
AnACOPi spr oducedf ormostsetsofregul
ati
onsbyt heHSCandat t
empts
togivemor edetail
sont herequir
ementsoftheregul
ations.I
talsoatt
emptsto
giv
et helev
elofcompl i
anceneededtosatisf
ytheregulati
ons.ACOPshavea
speciall
egalstatus,sometimesrefer
redtoasQuasi l
egal.Therel
ati
onshi
pofan
ACOPt oaRegul ationisthat,byf
oll
owinganACOPensur escompli
ancewitht
he

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page8
associ
atedRegulati
on.Ifacompanyi sprosecutedforabreachofhealthand
safet
ylawandi ti
sprovedthatithasnotfoll
owedt herel
evantprov
isionsofthe
ACOP, acourtcanfi
ndt hem atf
aultunl
esst hecompanycanshowt hatithas
compliedwit
ht hel
awi nsomeot herway.

Guidance.
Guidancecomesi n2for
ms, legal
andbestpract
ice.AnACOPiffol
lowed
ensurescompliancewit
haregulati
onandguidancegivessol
uti
onsbasedon
sci
entif
icfactt
oHealthandsafetydil
emmas.

Level
sofdut y.
Therearet hreelev elsofst at utorydutywhi chf orm ahi er archyofdut i
es.
Theselevel
sar eusedext ensiv elyinHeal t
handsaf etystatut ory( criminal)law
buthavebeendef i
nedbyj udgesundercommonl aw.Thet hr eel ev elsofdut yare:
-
 Absol uteDut y.Thi sist hehi ghestlev elofdut yandnor mal lyoccur swhen
theriskofi njuryi ssohi ght hatinj
ur yisinev itableunl esssaf et
y
precaut i
onsar et aken.Noassessmentofr iskisr equi redbutt hedut yis
absoluteandt heempl oy erhasnochoi cebutt ounder taket heduty .The
verbsusedi nt heRegul ationsar e‘must ’and‘ shall’
.
 Practicable.Thi smeanst hatifthedut yi stechni callypossi bleorf easibl
e
thenitmustbedonei rrespect iveofanydi fficulty,i
nconv eni enceorcost .
 Reasonabl yPr act icable.Ift heriskofi njuryisv erysmal l
compar edt othe
cost,timeandef fortrequi redt oreducet her iskthennoact ionis
necessar y.Itisi mpor t
antt onot ethatmoney ,t
imeandt roubl emust
grosslyout wei ghandnotbal ancet her i
sk.Thi sdutyr equiresar i
sk
assessmentt obeunder takenwi t
hconcl usionsnot ed.Cont i
nual
moni tori
ngi sal sor equiredt oensur ethatt her isksdonoti ncr ease.

Lect
ure4.Ci
vi
lLaw.

Civ
ilLawisbasedonpr ev
iouscaseswherethejudgehasmadef i
ndings.Civi
l
Lawcasesar eForeseeablei.
e.havehappenedbeforeorcouldhappenagai n.
 Civil
Lawcanal sobeknownasCommonLaworLawofTor t
.
 Civil
Lawi sajudgemadel aw.
 Previouscaseshav einf
luenceandthedeci
sionisbasedonhi stori
cal
pr
ecedence.
 Legal Di
scussionsoftentakepl
acebeforethecasestart
sandof t
endeals
ar
emade.

LawofTor
t:Ci
vi
lWr
ong.

Def
ini
ti
onofLawofTort(
Civ
ilWr
ong):
Everybodyowesadut
ytoev
ery
oneel
se,
t
otakereasonabl
ecar
enott
ocauseafor
eseeablei
njur
y.

Expl
anat
ionofLawofTor
t(Ci
vi
lWr
ong)
:Ev
ery
bodyowesadut
ytoev
ery
one

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page9
el
se,tot
akereasonabl
ecarenottocauseaforeseeabl
einj
ury
.Aci v
ilwrongi
s
basedonprecedent
,wher
ethevicti
m seekscompensati
onforloss,i
njur
yor
damage.

Thesecoul
dbepossi
bleexam quest
ions.

Negligence.
Negligencei sgovernedbyadut yofcare.Fornegl
i
gencetoexist
,itmustbe
provedt hatadut yofcar
eexists,t
hattherewasabr eachoft
hatdutyofcareand
thatasar esul
tofthebreach,l
ossinjur
yordamagewassust ained.Thebreach
mustal sobef oreseeabl
e.

Possiblequest i
on.
Q)Whatar ethet hr
eestandardst obemett osati
sfycommonlaw.
A)Inor dertosat i
sfyadut yofcare,3standardsmustbemet .I
tmustbe
establi
shedt hatadut yofcareexisted.Wast hatdutyofcar
eactual
lybreached?
Asar esultofthebr each,wast hereanyloss,inj
uryordamagesustai
nedbyt he
victi
m asthev icti
m willseekcompensat ion.I
tisimport
antast
owhet heritwas
foreseeableasi tmaywel laff
ecttheout comeoft hecase.

Anempl
oyermustpr
ovet
hatduedi
l
igencewasexer
cised.

DueDi l
igencedefi
nit
ion:di
devery
thi
ngthatwashumanlypossibl
e,gi
vent
he
l
atesttechnologyandstateoft
heartthoughtandmustbereasonabl
y
pr
acticable.

Def
enceinContr
aventi
on.
Defencei
ncontrav
enti
oni
stoprovethatal
lreasonabl
epr
ecaut
ionswer
e
t
akenandthatduedil
i
gencewasexer
cised.

VOLENTINONFITINJURIA.
 Av ol
unt
aryassumpti
onofri
sk.
 Thepersonknowingl
ytookt
heri
sk.

Possi
bleexam quest
ion.

VicariousLiabil
it
y.
Vicari
ousliabi
li
tyi
swhent heemployeeisli
ablef
ortheact
ionsoft
he
empl oyeeev enwhent heemployeri
snotthere,
provi
dingt
heemployeeadher
ed
tocompanypol ici
esandprocedures.
Possibleexam quest i
on.

Cont
ri
butor
yNegligence.
Contr
ibut
orynegli
genceiswheretheemployerandoperati
vearebot
hli
able.
Thi
soft
enoccurswhenonaf oll
y(doi
ngsomethingtheyshouldnotbedoi
nge.g.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page10
usi
ngacompanyv
ehi
cl
eforper
sonal
busi
nesswheni
tisnotper
mit
ted.
)

Lect
ure5.HASAWA1974.

ACOP.
 Setbyt heHSC.
 Doesnothav ef ulll
egalstatus.Consi
der edasQuasi l
egali.
e.hasnot
passedt hroughpar li
ament .Couldbeusedi nacour toflawtoshownon-
compliancewi thr egulat
ion.
 Givesdet ail
sofr egulati
ons.
 Givesthel evelofcompl iancerequir
edt osat i
sfyregulat
ions.
 Ajudgewoul dlookf orthedegr eeofdev iationfrom theacopinor derto
makeaj udgementonsanct i
ons.Themor edev i
ationthemor ethepenalty
.
Thejudgewoul duset heacopasast andar d.
 Anacopwoul dbesi mplyput .
 Ifwehav edoneasgoodasorbet t
erthant heacopt henwemaymi ti
gate
orcert
ai nlyfi
ghtt hecasesuccessf ul
ly.

GUI
DANCE.
 Comesi ntwof orms, legalorbestpractice.
 Providesscienti
fi
cf act.
 Dealswiththet echnicalaspect
sofar egulati
on.
 IssuedbyHSCorHSE
 Looksatsy stems.
 Oftencrossr ef
erencest oacoporr egulation.

Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ion.

Ext
ernal.
 Legi slati
on.
 MSDS.
 Exper tconsult
ants.
 Acop.
 Gui dancenot es.
 Manual s.
 I nternet .
 Audi t.
 Regul ati
ons.
 Tr adeuni ons.
 HSE.
 Env ironmentAgency .
 Eur opeanDi rectiv
es.
 I nternat i
onalLabourOrgani
sat
ion(
ILO)
.
 Wor l
dHeal thOr gani
sat
ion(
WHO)

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page11
I
nternal
 H&SPol icy .
 RiskAssessment s.
 SSOW.
 Met hodSt atements.
 Acci dentFor ms.
 Nearmi ssf orms.
 Saf etyCommi t
teeMeet ingminutes.
 Per mi tstowor k.
 Heal thandSaf etyadvisor.
 Internal audi tsandinspect i
ons.
 Induct ion/ I
nhouset r
aining.
 Mai ntenancemanual s.
 Emer gencyPl ans.
 Exper ience.
 Empl oyeef eedback.
 Ppm r ecor ds.
 Saf etyr eviews.
 Tool boxt alks.
 Transpor tEmer gencyCar ds(TREM).
 Saf etySi gns.

Audit.
Anaudi tseeksnon- conf
or mance.Wi thi
nt heWor kplace( Heal t
h, Safetyand
Wel f
ar e)Regulat i
ons1992,impor t
antr egulati
onsar ewithinr egulation8
(l
ighting).Hazar dscausedbypoorl ightingincludeslips,tr
ipsandf all
sand
accident sduet oshadows/ glare.Sui t
ablepr ecaut
ionswoul dbet of i
rstcleanthe
l
ightsandt hencar ryoutali
ghtsur veyusingaphot omet ermeasur ingLUX
readingsandr ecor di
ngall
dat a.Thisdat acoul denabley out oascer tai
nwhet her
additi
onal li
ghtingbei tper
manentort empor arybebr oughti n.Itwoul dbe
i
mpor tanttocar ryoutanot
herl ightsurveyt oestabli
shwhet herimpr ovement s
havebeenmade.Acci dent
sshoul dbemoni toredwi t
hlessacci dent sanda
gener aldownwar dt r
endwitnessed.Regul ati
on25st atest hataf ridgemustbe
providedf ornursingmot hersf ormi l
k.

Foranyexam quest i
onconcerningthephy sicalenvi
ronment:
1.TheHeal th,SafetyandWelfareregulationswouldconcernthem.
2.Inconstructi
on, t
heuseoft heseregs, concer
nstheirhosti
l
eenvir
onment
.
Thisrequiresadditi
onalconcernforhi ghwinds,t
ransport
,scaf
fol
dand
excavati
on.

Lect
ure7.Li
ght
ing.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page12
Hazar
dsofpoorl i
ghting.
 Sli
ps,tri
psandf all
sduet oinsuffi
cientl
i
ght.
 Glarefrom toomuchl ight.
 Shadowsf rom toolit
tlelight.
 Stroboscopi ceffect
sf rom fluorescentl
ight
s.
 Excessiveheatf rom toomanyl i
ghtsinasmal lspace.
 Accidentsfr om poorlightingatni ght
.
 Pooradj ustmentoft owerl i
ghts.
 I
nadequat enat uralli
ghting.
 Wor nant i
gl ar
ewi ndowf ilm causingsuninfi
lt
rati
on.
 Suddenl ossofl ight
s.
 Blockedwi ndows.

Pr
ecautions.
 Cl eanl i
ght s
 Car ryoutal i
ghtsur veyusi ngaphot ometer.Recordf
indi
ngs.Actont he
findingsi .e.br i
ngi nmor eli
ghting( couldbepermanentortemporary)and
car ryoutaf urthersur veyt odet ermineeffectofaddi
ti
onall
ight
ing.
 Regul art estingofemer gencylighting.
 Fi twi ndowbl inds.
 Cl eanwi ndowsr egular ly.
 Ti nt edwi ndows.
 I ntroduct ionoft empor arylight
ing.
 Scr eens
 Usi ngcor rectwat tagebul bs.
 Useofl ightdi ffuser.
 Emer gencyl ight i
ng.
 Nat ural l
ighti fpossi ble.
 Ensur ecor r
ectdesi gnofout si
del i
ghting.
 Cor rectangl esofext ernal l
ights.
 Pr ov i
der esour cef oraddi t
ionallighti
ng.
 Ensur eanadequat est ockofspar ebulbs.

Questi
on.
I
nrelat
iontotheSafetyRepresent
ativ
eandSaf etyCommi t
teeRegulat
ions1977,
OUTLINE:
1)Ther ight
sandf unct
ionsoftradeunionrepresent
ati
ves.(6)
2)Thef acil
i
tiestobeprov i
dedforrepr
esentati
ves.(2)

1)Pr
ovi
detraini
ngforitsmember s.Pr
ovi
deguidanceandadv i
cetoits
membersandt orepresenttheempl
oyeesinconsul
tati
onwi t
hthe
empl
oyer.Therepresentat
ivewil
lal
soinv
esti
gatepotenti
alhazar
dsand

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page13
 danger ousoccurrencesandal socausesofacci dents.Inv
esti
gati
onof
healthandsaf etycompl aintsandheal thandsafetyinspecti
onswill
be
car r
iedoutbyt herepresent ati
ve.Therepresent
ativewouldalsoprovide
wor kforcerepr
esentationatsaf et
ycommi t
teemeetingsanddur i
ng
consul t
ationwithenforcingi nspector
s.
2)Ther emustbepr ovi
sionf orindependentinvest
igati
onandpr iv
ate
discussionwi t
hempl oy ees.Thispr ov
isionwouldincludeameet i
ngroom,
telephone, f
axandcomput eraccess.

Explai
nwithexamples,underwhatci
rcumstancesaHSEinspect
orcoul
dser
ve:
1)Ani mprovementnotice.
2)Apr ohi
biti
onnotice.
Stat
etheeffectofappeali
ngagai
nsteachtypeofnot
ice.

1)AHSEi nspect
orwoul dser
v eanimpr ovementnot i
cewhent hereisa
cont raventi
onofl awwhi chcouldber epeat ed.Adat ewouldbespecified
byt hei nspect
orforr emedialacti
ontobet akenby .Anexampl ewouldbe
l
ackofManual HandlingAssessment s.
2)AHSEi nspect
orwoul dser
v eaprohibiti
onnot icetohaltanactivi
tywhich
thei nspectorfeel
scoul dcauseser i
ousi njury,removaloffi
xedmachi ne
guar dingforexampl e.Thenot i
cewillidentifywhichlegalr
equirementis
beingcont r
avened.Not i
cewoul dtakeef fectassoonasi tsissued.

Anappeal toani mprovementnoti

cemustbemadetoanemploymentt r
ibunal
wit
hin21wor ki
ngday sdur
ingwhicht
henoticewoul
dbesuspended.Anappeal
toapr ohi
bit
ionnoticemustagainbemadet oanemploy
menttri
bunalwithi
n21
days,duri
ngwhi chthenoti
cewouldsti
ll
stand.

Precaut ionsagai nstwor kpl acerelat edst r

ess.
Asawayofpr event i
ngwor krelat edst ress,thewor kloadmustbeschedul ed
i
nl i
newi tht hewor kers’ capabi l
iti
esandr esourcesav ail
abl et othem.Thedesi gn
oftasksshoul dbemadet opr ovidemeani ng,stimul ationandoppor tunit
iesf or
thewor kerst of ull
yut il
iset heirski l
ls.Af ullydev elopedt r ainingmat ri
xwoul d
enablej obr ot ati
onamongstwor kerst ogi vebreaksf rom meni altasksandj obs.
Clearlydef inedr olesandr esponsi biliti
eswi thoppor tunitiesf orthewor kerst o
parti
cipat ei ndeci sionsandact ionsaf fect i
ngt heirjobsgi v est hewor kersa
feel
ingofbei ngpar tofat eam.I mpr ov edcommuni cat i
onsr egardingcar eer
developmentandf uturepr ospect swoul dgi vet hewor ker sav isi
onoff ut
ure
promot i
ons.I tisal sov er yimpor tantt hatwor kschedul esar eest abli
shedt hat
ful
lyco- oper at ewi t
ht hewor kersdemandsandr esponsi biliti
esout sideoft he
workpl ace.Theoppor tunityofsoci al interactionamongstwor kersisawayof
all
eviatingst r
essf ul si
tuat i
ons.Regul arper formanceappr ai salsofferthe
oppor tunityf ormanager sandsuper visor stohav eone- to- onedi scussionswi th
empl oy ees, i
nwhi cht hemanagercanexpl orewhet hert hei ndivi
dual is
experienci ngexcessi v
eori nsuf f
icientpr essurei nt hecour seoft heirwor k.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page14
‘
Ret urntoWor k’intervi
ewscanprovideani mportantopportunit
ytof i
ndouti ft
he
sicknesswascausedbypr oblemsatwor kand,ifso,whatcanbedonet oprevent
ar eoccurrenceoft heprobl
em.Ensur ethephysicalenvi
ronmentandl ay
outis
adequat eforthej obs.Fact
orssuchasgoodv enti
lati
on,comf or
tablewor ki
ng
temper atures,
adequat eseati
ng,comf or
tandsizeofwor kstati
on,noise
adequat elight
ingandadequat ewelfarefaci
li
ti
esal l
helptoal l
evi
atewor kpl
ace
stress.

Precaut ionsf ornewandexpect antmot her s.

Tocompl ywi tht heHeal thandSaf etyatWor kAct1974empl oy erscancal l
uponv ar i
ouspr ecaut i
onst oai dt heheal thandsaf etyofnewandexpect ant
mot her s.Whenanempl oyeeconf i
r msi nwr iti
ngt hatshei spr egnant ,arisk
assessmentt oi dent ifyriskf actor sandcont rolmeasur esshoul dbecar r
iedout .
Asacombatt ot heef fect sofmor ningsi ckness, shi ft
sf orexpect antmot her s
couldber e-arrangedt oav oidear lyshi ftwor kwi thnochangeofwage.Sui table
andsuf ficientseat ingar rangement s,re-organi sedwor kandwor kpl acef acilit
ies
andf requentr otat i
onofwor kdut iesar eal l cont r
ol measur esoft heef fectsof
poorpost ureonexpect antmot her s.All mov i
ngandmanual handl ingact iviti
es
carri
edoutbyt hepr egnantwomanshoul dbecor rect lyassessedandcont rolled
asacont rol measur eagai nstt heef fectsofhor monal changes, bodychangesas
thepr egnancypr ogr essesandbackache.Bl adderweaknesscoul dbecont r
olled
becont rolledbyr eorgani singt hewor kact ivitytoal lowf requentt ripst ot het oil
et
wher enecessar yespeci allywhent heempl oy eewor ksi nanar eawher et hewor k
i
sdi ffi
cul tt oleav e, e.g.pr oduct ionl inesandar easwher et herei sadi ffi
cult
accesst ot oilets.Theef fectsofr educedbal ancef rom bodi lychangescanbe
controlledbyt hepr ovisionanduseofappr opr i
ateant i
-sli
pmat ti
ng, ppm
schedul est omai ntai ngoodf l
oor ingandt her e-or gani sationofwor kact i
v i
tiesto
avoidsl ipper ypl acesandwor kathei ght.Theef fect sofst ill
bor n,di sabledand
abortionofbabi esal ongwi t
ht heef fectsofpostnat al depr essionmustal sohav e
control measur esi npl ace.Ther emustbepr ovisionf orleav et oat tend
counsel l
ingsessi ons, wor ktasksmustbeassessedandr e-organi sedt of i
tin
withtheempl oy eecapabi l
iti
es.Wor kknownt ocauseorexacer bat edi stress
mustbeav oided.Ar ehabi li
tationpl anf ort hegr adual resumpt ionofwor k
acti
v i
tiesmustbeagr eedwi tht heempl oy ee, doct orandoccupat ional heal t
h
advisor .Ift hecont rol measur eshav est i
llnotal lev iatedt her iskf ully,the
empl oy eecoul dbesuspendedwi thf ullpayunt i
lsuchat i
meast her i
skhas
subsided.

Precaut
ionsagainstvi
olenceatwor k.
Employershave,undertheHeal t
handSaf et
yatWor kAct1974,agener
al
dutysofarasisreasonablypract
icabletoensuretheheal
th,saf
etyandwelf
are
ofit
sempl oy
ees.Thisincludespr
ot ect
ingthem fr
om theri
skofviol
ence.
Pri
mar i
l
ytheav oi
danceofl oneworkingwherepracti
calandteam worki
ngwhere

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page15
suspect edaggr essor smaybei nv ol
v edcoul dbeconsi deredbestpr act ice.Wi t
hi n
ar et ail env ironment ,promot i
ngt heuseofcashl esspay ment shel psi nkeepi ng
theamountofmoneykeptont hepr emi sest oami nimum.Changi ngt hewor k
env ironmentcanr educet hedegr eeofr iskr esul t i
ngf rom aggr essi veorv i
olent
behav iour .Thel ay outoft hepr emi ses, lighting, ambi ence, backgr oundmusi cand
cleanandcomf ortablef ur nishingsmayal lhav ecal mi ngef fects.Suf ficientqueue
cont rol tost opt hepr oblem ofqueuej umpi ngcanhel pt or educet hepot ent i
al for
conf l
ict .Pr opersecur i
tycanal soai di nr educi ngv i
ol enti ncident s.Empl oy i
ng
secur ityguar ds, fi
ttingCCTVcamer asi nar easofhi ghr i
skandt heuseofan
alar m sy st em coul dal soai danempl oy ee’ssaf et y.Al ar mscoul dcomei nthe
form ofi ntruderal arms, pani cal armsorev eni next r
emel yhighr iskar east heuse
ofper sonal alarmscoul dbepr omot ed.Theset tingupofsuppor tser vicessuch
asdebr iefing, pr ovidingl egal repr esent at i
on, allowi ngt imeof fwor kt or ecov er
andal sopr ov i
dingcounsel li
ngbyexper tsal l aidr ehabi li
tationaf terv i
ol ent
i
nci dences.St af fcoul dbet r
ainedt or ecogni sepot ent i
allyaggr essi v eorv iolent
situat ions.Recogni singt hesi gnsandr eact ingt ot hecausesatanear lypoi ntwi l
l
usual lyst opani ncidentget ti
ngwor se.Iti sbestpr act icef oranor gani sat i
ont o
i
nv est igat eALLi ncidencesofwor kplacev iolenceandt oactont hei rfindi ngs.
Goodandconf ident i
al met hodsofcommuni cat ionar er equi r
edf ort her epor ti
ng
ofgener al bul l
y i
ngandsexual harassmentasi tisv er yi mpor tanti nr emov i
ngt he
gener al tabooofr epor tingt hesei nci dent s.Abov eal l elsei tisv i
tallyi mpor tantt o
est abl ishacul t
ur eofr espectf ornewwor kers, y oungwor kersandwor kersf rom
mi nor itygr oups.Cr eatingt hiscul turecanbebycr eat ingcodesofconductt hat
forbi di ni ti
at ionr it
esandt easing, direct i
onst obot hsuper visorsandest ablished
wor ker st oactt opr ev entaggr essivebehav iourwi thoutwai ti
ngf orani ncidentt o
takepl aceandt oest ablishcl earpr ocedur esf orcompl aintsandgr ievancesf rom
vulner abl est aff.Itisv it
al lyimpor tantt hatacompanygr ievancepr ocedur ebe
dev el opedsot hatanempl oyeecoul dr epor tanyt ypeofv i
olentbehav iour ,bei t
verbal ,sexual orphy sical .Thi sgr ievancecoul dagai nstt heempl oy eroraf el l
ow
empl oy ee.

Lect
ure8. Enf
orcement
.

Enforcementof f
icerscouldcomef r
om avari
etyofagencies.FortheNEBOSH
coursewear eonl yconcernedwi t
htheHSEbutenf orcementagenci escould
comef rom areassuchas, TheEnv ir
onmentAgency ,LocalAuthori
ty
envir
onment alhealt
hof f
icers,LocalAut
hori
tybuil
dinginspect
or s,
fir
ebrigade,
poli
ceandcust omsandexci se.

TheHSEhav
ear
ightt
oexi
stunderHASAWA1974.

Dut
iesoft
heHSEInspector
.
 Takenoaction.
 Givever
baladvi
ce.
 Givewri
tt
enadv i
ce.
 Serveanimprovementnot
ice.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page16
  Serveaprohi
bit
ionnot
ice.
 Prosecut
e.

Powersoft heHSEi nspect or.

 Tot akeanot heraut horisedper sonoranynecessar yequi pmentwi t
ht hem
incl
udi ngt hepol icei faf f
rayi ssuspect ed.
 Toexami neandi nv estigate.
 Tor equi r
epr emi sesoranyequi pmenti nthem t oremai nundi sturbedf or
purposesofexami nationori nv est i
gation.
 Takephot ogr aphs, measur ement sandr ecor dings.
 Causeanar ti
cl eorsubst ancet obedi smant l
edorsubj ect edtoanyt est.
 Takepossessi onoforr etainany thi
ngf orexami nationorl egal
proceedi ngs.I fanydocument ationorequi pmenti st akenar eceiptmust
begi venbyt hei nspect or.
 Takesampl esasl ongasacompar ablesampl eisleftfort heor ganisation
togeti ndependentsampl ing.
 Requi r
eanyper sonwhocangi veinformat i
ont oanswerquest i
onsand
signast atement .Ev i
dencegi v enundert hisactcannotbeusedagai nst
thatper sonort hei rspouse.
 Requi r
ei nf ormat ion, facili
ties, recordsorassi stance.
 Doany thingel senecessar ytoenabl et hem t ocar r
youtt heirdut i
es.
 Issueani mpr ov ementnot i
ce.
 Issueapr ohi bitionnot i
ce.
 Init
iatepr osecut ions
 Seize,dest royorr enderhar ml essanyar ticleorsubst ancewhi chisa
sour ceofi mmi nentdanger .
I
nanexam quest ioncommonquest ionsabouti nspect ordut ieswoul dbe2mar k
quest
ionsandquest ionsr elatingt opower swoul dmor eof tenbe6or8mar k
quest
ions.

Impr ovementnot ice.

AHSEi nspect orwouldser veani mpr ov
ementnot icewhent hereisa
cont r
av enti
onofl awwhi chcoul dber epeated.Adat ewoul dbespecifi
edby
theinspect orforr emedial act
iont obet akenby .Anexampl ewouldbel ackof
Manual Handl i
ngAssessment s.Anappeal toani mpr ovementnot i
cemustbe
madet oanempl oy mentt ri
bunal within21wor kingday sdur i
ngwhi chthe
noticewoul dbesuspended.
Prohibitionnot i
ce.
AHSEi nspectorwoul dser veapr ohi
biti
onnot i
cet ohaltanact i
vit
ywhich
the inspect orfeelscoul dcauseser i
ousinjur
y ,remov aloffi
xedmachi ne
guardingf or exampl e.Thenot icewi lli
denti
fywhi chlegal r
equir
ementi sbei
ng
contravened.Not i
cewoul dtakeef fectassoonasi t’
si ssued.Anappeal toa
prohibi
tionnot icemustagai nbemadet oanempl oymentt r
ibunalwit
hin21day s,
duri
ngwhi cht henot i
cewoul dsti
ll st and.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page17
Safet
yRepsSaf etyCommi tteeRegs1977.
Tradeuni onrepshavear ightt
oexistandgaint
heirpowersf
rom t
hese
regul
ations.Nonuni onrepsgai nt
hei
rpowersfrom t
heHealthandSafet
y
(Consultati
onwithEmpl oyees)Regs1996.TradeunionRepshavemorepower
s
thannon- uni
onrepresentati
ves.

Anemploy
ermustf
orm asaf
etycommi
tt
eei
fhehasbeenr
equest
edI
N
WRITI
NGbyTWOTRADEUNI ONREPSandmustcomplywi
thi
n3MONTHS.

Heal
thandSaf
ety(
Consul
tat
ionwi
thEmpl
oyees)Regs1996.

I
nforming
I
nformi
ngi
sthepassi
ngofi
nfor
mat
iononeway
.

Consult
ing.
Consult
ingi
sthel
ist
eningt
oempl oyeesv
iewsandt
aki
ngi
ntoaccountof
whattheysaybef
oreanydeci
sionismade.

ROE–Repr
esent
ati
veofEmpl
oyees.

NonDi
sclosureofinf or
mat i
on. Infor
mationmustnotbedi scl
osedi
f:
-
 Itwouldendangernat i
onalsecuri
ty.
 Ifi
tv i
olateslegalprohibi
ti
on.
 Ifi
trelatestoaper sonwi t
houttheirconsent.
 Ifi
thur t
st heempl oyersundert
aki
ngori nfri
ngesoncommer ci
al
securit
y .
 Ifi
twasobt ainedinconnectionwit
hl egalproceedi
ngs.

AnROEcoul
dcomplai
ntoanindustr
ialt
ri
bunali
f:
-
 Theemploy
erdoesnotpermitti
meofffortr
aini
ngorcandi
dat
ure.
 Theemploy
erfai
lst
opayt hem f
orti
meof f
.

ATUCsafet
yRepcouldcompl ai
ntoanindustr
ialtr
ibunalif
:-
 Theemployerdoesnotpermitti
meof ffortr
aini
ngorcandi dat
ure.
 Theemployerfai
l
st opaythem f
orti
meof f
.
 I
ftheemployerfr
ustrat
esthem bytr
yingtostopt hem repr
esenti
ngand
notprov
idi
ngfacil
i
ties.

Functi
onsofaSaf et
yRepunderSRSCRegs1977.
Fr
om t heRegwecanest abli
sht hattherepi
nvolv
edwouldbeaTUC
appointedRepsi nceaROEhasnopower sunderthementi
onedRegs.Thei
r
functi
onsi nclude:-
 Repr esentingempl oyeesi nconsultati
onwit
htheemployer
.
 Inv estigat
ingpot enti
al hazardsanddangerousoccurr
ences.
 Inv estigat
ingt hecausesofacci dents.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page18
  I
nvestigateempl oyeecomplaint
srelat
ingtoheal
th,safet
yandwelfar
e.
 Makingr epresent at
ionst
ot heemployeronhealt
h,safetyandwelf
are
matters.
 Carr
youti nspections.
 Representempl oyeesattheworkplaceinconsul
tat
ionwi t
henfor
cing
i
nspect ors.
 Receivi
ngi nformat i
on.
 Att
endingsaf et
ycommi t
teemeet i
ngs.

Lect
ure9.Ri
skManagement
.

Ri
skmanagementcanbespl
i
tint
o3sect
ions:
1.Ri
skAssessment.
2.Ri
skRati
ng.
3.Ri
skContr
ol.

Defn.Hazar
d–Ahazar
dist
hepot
ent
ial
ofasubst
ance,
act
ivi
tyorpr
ocesst
o
causehar
m.

Def
n.Ri
sk–Ri
ski
sthel
i
kel
i
hoodofasubst
ance,
act
ivi
tyorpr
ocesst
ocause
har
m.

Ri
skAssessment .
RiskAssessmenthasf i
vestepsthatmustbef ol
lowed:-
1.Identi
fythehazar d.
2.Identi
fywhowi l
lbeaff
ected(sofarasisreasonabl
ypr act
icabl
e).
3.Evaluatetherisk.Aret
hecurrentprecaut
ionsadequate?
4.Recordf i
ndings.
5.Moni t
orandr eview.Modif
yifrequi
red.

Ri
skRati
ng.
RiskRat
ingcanbecalcul
atedusi
ngar
iskr
ati
nggr
idormat
ri
x.
Exampleofri
skrat
inggri
d.

Li
kel
i
hood Sev
eri
ty

Rat
ing Gui
dewor
ds Rat
ing Gui
dewor
ds

0 Al
mosti
mpossi
ble0 Nohar
m

1 Ext
remel
yunl
i
kel
y1 Mi
norhar
m

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page19
2 Unl
i
kel
y 2 Moder
atehar
m

3 Li
kel
y 3 Ser
ioushar
m

4 Ext
remel
yli
kel
y 4 Maj
orhar
m

5 Al
mostcer
tai
n 5 Cat
ast
rophi
c

Theriskrat i
ngcanbecal culat
edbymul t
ipl
yi
ngt hev aluegiv
enagainstthe
l
ikel
ihoodofahazar dcausingharm andthesev erit
yoftheharm caused.
From theexampl egridabove,themaximum r i
skr ati
ngthatcanbeobt ai
nedis
25i.
e.al ikel
ihoodrati
ngof5andasev eri
tyrati
ngof5.Of tenthi
srati
ngv al
ue
canbet ranslatedi
ntoaHi gh,Medi
um andLowr i
skf or
m.

RiskCont r ol.
Ri
skcont rolsar estepst hatcoul dbei ntroducedt or educet her iskr ati
ng.
Riskcont rol f oll
owsar i
skcont rol hierarchywi t
h8i ssuesbutal sohasa
furt
her2i ssueswhi char enotpar toft hehi erar chybutcoul dbei ntegr ated
i
ntoallpoi nts.Thepoi ntsint hehi er archal valuear e:-
1.El imi nat ethehazar datsour ce.
2.Subst i
tut ethehazar datsour ce.
3.Reducet hehazar datsour ce.
4.Remov et hepeopl efrom t hehazar d( remot ecleani ng).Thi scoul dbe
donebymechani calmeansorbyr est r
ictingaccess.
5.I ntroduceengi neeringcont rols( scient ifi
c) .Anexampl eofengi neering
cont rol woul dbeguar ding/ cont ai nmentbyencl osur e.Human
mai ntenancewoul dber equi redhowev er.
6.Reducet heper son’sexposur easmuchasi shumanl ypract i
cabl e.
7.Pr ov ideasaf esy stem ofwor k( e.g.per mitt owor k, el
ectricalisolation
cer tificate) .
 Pr ov ideper sonal protectiveequi pment .Thi scomesatt hebot tom of
thehi er archyduet ot hef ollowi ngr easons.Env ironment alfactor ssuch
ast emper aturecoul dmaket hewear i
ngofppeuncomf ortable, ppe
onl ypr otect sthewear er,lackofmai nt enanceoft heppecoul dcausea
l
ackofef fectiv
enessoft heppe, cer t
aint y pesofppecoul dbecomeout
ofdat eoroutofcal i
bration, theycoul dbecomedi r
tyandl essef f
ectiv
e,
theycoul dalsobecomeunknowi ngl ybr eachedi .
e.t orn.PPEcannotbe
trust edandr el
yont hehumansoi sbot t
om oft hehi erarchy .
8.I nfor mat ion, Trai
ning, I
nst ruct i
onandSuper visi
onmustbeav ailableat
ev er yst ageoft hehi erarchy .

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page20
 9.Heal
thandWelf
are.Healt
hSur
veil
l
anceandWelf
arefaci
l
iti
esmustbe
pr
ovi
dedandthesecouldbei
ntegr
atedi
ntoal
lhi
erar
chalcont
rol
s.

Engi
neer
ingcontrol
s.
 Guarding. Isolati
on Ext
ract
ion
 Dil
uti
on Insulati
on Vent il
ati
on
 Fil
tr
ati
on Neut r
ali
sat
ion
 Segregati
on Silencing Dampi ngdown.

Scenar i
oQuest ion
Youhav eaf act
or ywhi choper atesa24hr ,
3shi ftsy stem wi th300empl oy ees
pershi f
t.3secur i
tystaffar eempl oy edona12hrshi ftsy stem.Thef actoryi s
basedont hesi deofamai nr oad.Ther ear emor eindust rial unitsonei thersi de
oft hefactorywhi chi ssur roundedbyaper imet erfence.Peopl ear econst antly
breakingintot hesi t
easi tbacksont of i
elds.Att heopposi tesi deoft hemai n
roadi sacarpar kwher et hest affpar ktheircar s.Thef act or yhasamai ngat e
whi chhasshar edaccesswi thv ehiclesandpedest ri
ans.Att hebackoft he
factorythereisabankwi thadr opof2. 5m intoadi t
chf ill
edwi thrubble.At3AM
someonenot i
cedal argepot hol eappear i
ngatt heent rancegat e.Itdoesnot
stretchthefull widthoft hegat ebutl eavesabout1m ofst eadygr oundf orpeopl e
towal kon.Af ur ther2pothol eshav ebeenr epor t
edatt het opoft hebankatt he
backoft hesi t
e.Car ryoutar i
skassessmentf oraccesst ot hesi t
ev i
aent rance
andef fect
soft hepot holesatt hebackoft hesi t
efirstwi thoutcont rols,then
i
ntr oducecont rolsandcar ryoutasecondr i
skassessment .Uset hef oll
owi ng
ri
skr ati
nggr i
dt oassessr i
skr ating.

Likel
ihood Sever
it
y
Notli
kel
y 1 Noinjury 1
Unl
ikel
y 2 Fir
staid 2
Li
kely 3 <3dayinj
ury 3
Ver
yLikely 4 >3dayinj
ury 4
mostprobable 5 Death/mult
ipl
e 5

Assessment1.
Fr
ontgate-Likel
ihoodRat
ing4,
Sev
eri
tyr
ati
ng3
RiskRati
ng12

Backofsi
te-Likel
i
hoodrati
ng3,
Sev
eri
tyr
ati
ng5
Ri
skRating15

I
ntr
oduct
ionofcont rol
measur es.
 Signstell
i
ngofhazar d.
 Barri
ersaroundpotholes.
 Perimeterli
ghti
ng.
 Setti
ngupdesi gnat
edwal kway
s

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page21
  Employmor esecuri
tyguards.
 Pl
aceapl ateovert
hepothol e.
 I
ntr
oducet r
affi
cmanagement .
 I
ntr
oduceCCTVt omonitorperimet
er.
 Morefrequentperi
meterpatrol
s.
 I
ntr
oduceTogBagst otheditchatbackoft
hesi
te.

Assessment2
Aft
ercontr
ol i
ntroducti
on.
Fr
ontgate-Li kelihoodrat
ing2,
Sev
eri
tyr
ati
ng2
RiskRat i
ng4

BackofSi
te-Likel
ihoodr
ati
ng2,
Sev
eri
tyr
ati
ng5
Riskrati
ng10.

Anexampl
eofar
iskmat
ri
x.

SEVERI
TY

L Fi
rstAi
donl
y <3Dayi
njur
y >3dayi
njur
y
I
K
E
L
Unl
i
kel
y1-
6mt
h.
1 2 3
I
H
O
Li
kel
y1wk-
1mt
h
2 4 6
O
D Ver
yLi
kel
yov
er1wkl
y
3 6 9
Key
:
LowRating
Medium Rat
ing
HighRat
ing

Lect
ure10.Acci
dent
s.

Defn.Anaccidentcanbedefinedasanunplanned,
unwant edeventthathas
causedlossofsomeki ndtopeople,pr
opert
yandworkplace.
Defn.Anincident(
nearmiss)canbedef i
nedasanunplanned,unwanted
eventthatcouldhavecausedlossofsomekindtopeople,pr
opertyand
workplace.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page22
 Causesofaccidentsconcer
ndirectorindi
recti
ssues.I
ndir
ectissuesare
knownasRootorUnder l
yi
ngCauses.Rootcausesar esystem basedcauses
thatenabledi
rectcausestosurf
ace.Examplesofrootcausescouldbeal ack
ofresources,
penaltycl
auses,pr
oducti
vit
yandi nv
entoryl
oss.

Acci
dentcauses.

Di rect I
ndi rect
Remov al ofguar ding Productivitydeadl ines
Di
dnotfoll
owi sol ati
onpr ocedur
es Penaltycl auses
Didnotf ollowSSOW Resources(l ackof)
Negl i
gence Tr aining
Wor kpl
acecondi ti
ons Poorri
skassessment s
Compet ence Nomet hodst at ement s
Overconf i
dence Poordesi gn
Poort r
aining Poorstaf fsel ect
ions
Er
gonomi cs Poormai ntenancesy stems
I
nadequat eguar ding Lackofmat eri
als
Notconcent rati
ng Perf
ormancet ar
gets
BadHabi ts Compet i
tiveness
Per
sonalproblemsathomecausi ng
st ress

Acci
dentcost
s.

Direct I
ndirect
Claimsonempl oyers Businessloss
Publi
cli
abi l
ityinsur
ance Pr
oductorprocessl
iabi
l
ity
Damaget obuildi
ngs, equipmentor
vehicles Lossofgoodwil
l
Fines Over
ti
mepay ments
Sickpay Acci
denti
nvesti
gat
ionti
me
Productdamage Product
iondel
ays
Equipmentorpr ocessdamage

Uni
nsur
ablecosts.
 Productandmat eri
aldamage.
 Legal costs.
 Emer gencysupplies.
 Cleaningupsi t
e.
 Product i
ondelays.
 Tempor ar
ylabour.
 Lostor ders.
 Investigat
ionti
me.
 Fines.
 Lossofexper ti
se.
 Lossofgoodwi l
l.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page23
  Ov
ert
imepay
ment
s.

Lect
ure11.Acci
dentI
nvest
igat
ion/Fi
rstAi
d.

Accidentinv est
igati
oncouldbecar
ri
edoutbyi
nter
nal
staf
forext
ernal
bodi
es.
Ext
ernalInvestigati
onbodiescouldi
ncl
ude:
-
 Hse
 Env i
ronmentAgency .
 InsuranceCompani es.
 Local Aut hor
ity.
 FireBr i
gade.
 Pol i
ce.
 Speci al
ists.

I
nternal
Invest
igati
onscanbecar
ri
edoutby
:-
 EHSManager .
 Unionrepresent
ati
ve.
 Areamanager .
 Supervi
sor.
 Special
ist
s.

I
tisal egal requi rementt orepor tALLacci dents, howev ernotallacci dents
mustber epor tedt otheHSEast heHSEar eonlyinterestedbysev eri
ty.TheHSE
haveasel ect edr angeofi njur i
est hatmustber epor tedt othem.Thesev erest
i
njurymustber epor tedbyt hequi ckestmeans.Repor tingtot heHSEcoul dbeby
phone,f axoron- l
ine.Repor tingshoul dbef oll
owedupbyt hem submi ssionofa
for
m( F2508)f oramaj orinjury.Thi sregi mei sknownasRI DDOR.Thi sfor m must
besentwi t
hi n10day s.Thef ormi sal sousedf orther eportingofdanger ous
occurr
ences.Repor t
ablemaj orinjuriesar easf oll
ows: -
 F ract ure, othert hantof i
nger s,thumbsandt oes;
 Amp utat i
on;
 Di slocat ionoft heshoul der,hip, kneeorspi ne;
 L ossofsi ght( tempor aryorper manent );
 Ch emi cal orhotmet al burnt ot heey eoranypenet ratinginjurytot heeye;
 I njur yresul ti
ngf rom anel ect ri
cshockorel ectricalbur nleadingt o
unconsci ousness, orr equiringr esusci t
ati
onoradmi t
t ancetohospi t
alfor
mor et han24hour s;
 An yot heri njury :l
eadingt ohy pot hermia,heat-inducedi ll
nessor
unconsci ousness; orr equiringr esusci t
ati
on; orr equiringadmi ttancet o
hospi tal formor ethan24hour s;
 Un consci ousnesscausedbyasphy xiaorexposur etohar mfulsubst ance
orbi ologi cal agent;
 Ac utei l
lnessr equiri
ngmedi cal treatment,orl ossofconsci ousness
ar i
singf rom absor ptionofanysubst ancebyi nhalation, i
ngestionor

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page24
 throughtheskin;
 Ac ut
eill
nessrequi
ringmedical
treat
mentwherether
eisr
easontobel
iev
e
thatthi
sresult
edfrom exposur
et oabi
ologi
cal
agentori
tst
oxinsor
i
nfectedmat er
ial
.

Repor
tabl edanger ousoccur rencesar easf ollows: -
 Co ll
apse, ov er t
ur ningorf ai
lur eofl oad- bear ingpar tsofl iftsandl i
fti
ng
equi pment ;
 E xpl osion, col l
apseorbur st i
ngofanycl osedv essel orassoci ated
pipewor k;
 F ailureofanyf reightcont aineri nanyofi tsl oad- bear ingpar ts;
 Pl antorequi pmentcomi ngi ntocont actwi thov erheadpowerl i
nes;
 E l
ect ri
cal shor tcircuitorov er loadcausi ngf ireorexpl osi on;
 An yuni nt ent ional expl osi on, mi sf i
re, failureofdemol i
tiont ocauset he
intendedcol lapse, project ionofmat er i
al bey ondasi teboundar y,injury
causedbyanexpl osion; Acci dent al releaseofabi ol
ogi cal agentl i
kel yto
causesev erehumani l
lness;
 F ailureofi ndust rialradi ogr aphyori rr adiat i
onequi pmentt ode- ener giseor
ret ur ntoi tssaf eposi ti
onaf tert hei nt endedexposur eper i
od;
 Ma lfunct ionofbr eat hingappar atuswhi l
ei nuseordur ingt est ing
immedi at elybef or euse;
 F ailureorendanger i
ngofdi v ingequi pment ,thet rappi ngofadi v er,an
expl osionnearadi ver ,oranuncont rol l
edascent ;
 Co ll
apseorpar t
ial col l
apseofascaf foldov erf ivemet reshi gh, orer ected
nearwat erwher et her ecoul dbear iskofdr owni ngaf teraf all;
 Un intendedcol l
isionofat r
ai nwi thanyv ehicle;
 Da nger ousoccur renceatawel l(ot hert hanawat erwel l);
 Da nger ousoccur renceatapi pel i
ne;
 F ailureofanyl oad- bear ingf airgr oundequi pment ,order ailmentor
uni nt endedcol li
si onofcar sort rai ns;
 Ar oadt ankercar ryingadanger oussubst anceov erturns, suf fersser i
ous
damage, cat chesf i
reort hesubst ancei sr eleased;
 Ad anger oussubst ancebei ngconv ey edbyr oadi sinv ol vedi naf i
reor
released;
 Th ef oll
owi ngdanger ousoccur rencesar er epor tableexcepti nr elationt o
of fshor ewor kplaces: uni ntendedcol lapseof :anybui ldingorst ruct ure
underconst ruction, alter ationordemol iti
onwher eov erf i
v et onnesof
mat eri
al falls; awal lorf loori napl aceofwor k; anyf alse- wor k;
 E xpl osionorf i
recausi ngsuspensi onofnor mal wor kf orov er24hour s;
 Su dden, uncont rol l
edr eleasei nabui ldingof : 100kgormor eoff l
ammabl e
li
qui d;10kgoff l
ammabl el iqui dabov ei tsboi l
ingpoi nt; 10kgormor eof
flammabl egas; orof500kgoft hesesubst ancesi fther eleasei si nt he
openai r;
 Ac cident al releaseofanysubst ancewhi chmaydamageheal t
h.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page25
 Diseasesmustal sober epor tedunderRI DDOR( F2508A)wi t
hin10day sof
thecertificateofdi agnosi s.Ifdeat ht akesplacewi thin1y earofi njury /diseaseit
mustber eportedunderRI DDOR.Di seasesr epor tabl eunderRI DDORi ncl ude:-
 Ce rt
ainpoi sonings;
 So meski ndiseasessuchasoccupat ional der mat i
tis,skincancer ,chrome
ulcer ,oil f
oll
icul
iti
s/ acne;
 L ungdi seasesi ncluding: occupat i
onal asthma, far
mer 'slung,
pneumoconi osi
s, asbest osis,mesot helioma;
 I nf ecti
onssuchas: l
ept ospirosis;hepat i
ti
s; tuber culosis;anthr ax;
legi onellosisandt et anus;
 Ot hercondi ti
onssuchas: occupat i
onal cancer ;certai
nmuscul oskel etal
disor der s;decompr essioni ll
nessandhand- armv i
brati
onsy ndr ome.
Youmustr eporttoRI DDORi fany onei sof fwor kfor3+day sfollowi ngi nj
ury
.
AgainF2508mustbeused, fi
l
ledi nandsentt ot heHSE, anexampl ewoul dbea
backinjur y.Ot hercaseswhi chmustber epor t
edunderRI DDORi ncludeani nj
ury
tovisi
tor s,pedest riansandcust omer sandanyi nj uryt oamemberofst affand
theyaredet ainedi nhospi tal.

Fi
rstAi
d

Pri
ncipl
esoffi
rstai
dcanbeest
abli
shedusi
ngt
he3Psy
stem.Pr
otectLi
fe,
Pr
eventdeter
ior
ati
onandPromot
erecover
y.

Pr
otectLif
e.
 Pr eventmorecasual
ti
es.
 Makear easafe.
 Sendf orhel
p

Pr
eventDet
eri
orat
ion.
 Until
compet entassi
stancear
ri
ves(
doct
or,
par
amedi
c).Thi
sdoesNOT
meantr
eat.

Pr
omoteRecover
y.
 Reassur
eandsendt
otheappr
opr
iat
ecent
er(
hospi
tal
,cl
i
nic)

ABCoff
irstai
d.
 AirwayClear
.
 Breathi
ngRestar
ted.
 Circul
ati
onMaintai
ned.

Wheresev eral
companiesshar
ewor kshop/
offi
cespacefi
rstai
dersmaybe
shar
edbet weenallcompani
esinv
olved.Sharedar
rangementsforthepr
ovi
sion
offi
rstai
di ncl
ude:
-
 Arrangementstobemadebet weenallcompaniesi
nvolv
ed.
 Arrangementsmustbeinwr i
ting.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page26
  Ever
yonemustbei nf
ormedoftheprovi
sionandkepti
nfor
med.
 Assessmentsmustbemadewi thregar
dstothenumberofst
afft
o
numberoff i
rstai
dersrat
io.
 Monitoranychangesinoccupancyetc.

ContentsofaFi rstAidBox.
 Al eaf letgi vi
nggener alguidanceonf i
rstai
de.g.HSEleaf
let‘BasicAdvi
ce
onFi rstAi datWor k’
.
 Medi cal adhesi veplasters.
 St eri
leey epads.
 Individual lywr appedt r
iangularbandages.
 Saf etyPi ns.
 Foi lBlanket s
 Individual lywr apped,medi um ster
il
eunmedi cat
edwounddr essings.
 Individual lywr apped,largesteri
leunmedicatedwounddressings.
 Individual lywr appedwi pes.
 Par amedi cshear s.
 Lat exgl ov es.
 St eri
leey ewash.

Lect
ure16-
01-
08.Occupat
ional
Heal
th.

DEFN.Occupat
ionalHealt
hconsi
der
stheef
fectofheal
thonwor
kandwor
kon
heal
th.I
tpr
omot eswellbei
ng.

Occupat
ional
Heal
thcanbespl
i
tint
o4ar
eas(
PCBS)

Physi
cal –Ergonomi c.
-Environment al.
Chemical –Toxi c.
-Carcenogeni c.(coul
dpr
oducecancer
)
-Corrosiv e.
-Harmf ul.
-I
rri
tant .
Bi
ological–Spor es.
-Viruses.
-Micr oor ganisms.
-Bact eria.
St
ress–Phy siologi
cal.
-Psychol ogical.

Al
ltheser
epr
esentahazar
dcl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
noccupat
ional
heal
th.

Rel
evantl
egi
slat
ionconcer
nedwi
thoccupat
ional
heal
thi
ncl
ude:
-

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page27
  HASAWA
 MHASAW Regs
 COSHH
 Asbest
os,Lead,I
oni
singRadi
ati
on
 DSE
 ManualHandli
ng

Examplesofav i
rus:HIV, Hepati
ti
sB
ExamplesofBacteri
a:E-Col i
,Sal
monell
a,Weil
sdisease.
Biol
ogi
caleff
ectswillalway shavearout
eofentryint
othebody
.Thef
our
possi
blerout
esofent ryintothesyst
em areasfol
lows:-
 Inhal
ati
on.
 Ingest
ion.
 Inj
ecti
on.
 Absorpti
on.

Possi bleQuest i
on:
Expl ai
nandgi v
eanexampl eofani llhealthcompr omise.
Anexampl eofabact erial diseasecoul dbeSal monel l
a,whichcouldbecaught
from uncookedchi cken.Ther outeofent rywouldbeI ngesti
onv i
atheal i
mentary
tract(swal lowedandt rav elst hrought hest omacht othebowel s)wit
ht he
resul t
ingef fectsbeingv omi tinganddi ar r
hoea.Foodhandl ersareatamaj orr
isk
wi t
ht hisinfectiousdisease( coul dbepassedont oot hers)
.Salmonellacould
breakdownt hebodydef encesbycausi ngdehy dr
ation(causedbyv omi t
ingand
diarrhoea) ,whichcoul dl eadt oconv ulsionsandi nextremecasesdeat h.
Invest i
gationswoul dhav et ocomeundert heEnvi
ronment alHealt
hOf fi
cerofthe
Local Aut hor i
ty.Specimenst ool swoul dbet akenalongwi t
hpossiblesampl es
from f amilymember stot ryt oascer tainthepr i
mar ycarr
ierofthehighly
cont agiousdi sease.Heal thsur vei
llancequest i
onswoul dneedt obeaskedsuch
as, Hav ey oueat enoutany wher er ecent ly
?Foodhandl er
swoul dhavet obe
segr egatedf rom foodhandl ingar eas.

Thef
orm ofsubst
ancescancomei
nvar
iousf
orms:
-
 Sol i
d.
 Liquid.
 Gas.
 Vapour .
 Fumes.
 Mi st.
 Dust
 Fibres.

Tar
getOr
gansandSystems.
DEFN.At
argetor
ganisanorgant
hathast
heaf
fi
nit
ytoat
tr
actchemi
cal
sand

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page28
hazar
doussubst
ances.Anexampleisal
coholaff
ectsthebr
ain(
drunkenness,
hangover
)wi
thasecondaryeff
ectofahardeneddri
nkerbei
ngchroni
cliv
er
probl
ems.

Therear
e8t argetorgansandsy stems:
1.Genit
oUr inary-Kidney,bladder.
2.Cardi
ov ascular-Hear t
,it
sv esselsandci rcul
ati
on.
3.GastroIntesti
nal-Salmonel la.
4.Li
ver.
5.Neurological(CNS&Per i
pher al
nerves)-Cent r
al nerv
oussy
stem (
brai
n,
spi
nal cord).
6.Skin-Dermat it
is.
7.Respir
ator y–Lungs, nasalpassage, voicebox,larynx.
8.Reproduct i
ve–st er
il
ili
ty,
her edi
taryeffects.

Genit
oUri
narySyst
em.
AnexamplewouldbeRenal
fai
l
ure.Thi
scoul
dbecausedbyov
erexposur
eto
cer
tainmet
als.

Cardi
oVascul
arSyst
em.
Anexamplewouldberai
sedbloodpressur
eduet ost
ress,
deepv ei
n
thr
ombosi
sinlongdist
ancel
orr
ydr i
ver
sandv i
brat
ionwhitef
inger
.

Gast
roInt
est
inal
Syst
em.
Anexamplewoul
dbeSal
monel
l
a.

Li
ver.
Thel iverhasanaf fini
tyf ordangeroussubstances,t
oxicinnat
ure( al
coholand
paracetamol forexampl e).Thel i
verwillst
oreanythi
ngbiologi
cal
(hepatit
isand
weilsdiseasef orexampl e).Weilsdiseasecanbecausedbyexposur etothe
uri
nef r
om f emaler odents.Peopleathi ghriskwouldbesewerwor kers.

Neurologi
calSystem.
ThiscouldaffecttheCent ralNervousSy stem orthePer i
pheral Nerves.
Exposuretosolvents,gluesandev enmer cur ypoisoningcanal l
af f
ectthecentr
al
nervoussystem.Sy mpt omsar eobscureandof t
enst artasmi gr
ainesand
headaches.Peri
pher alnervescomei ntwof orms,mot ornerves(involv
edwi t
h
mov ement)andsensor arynerves(feeli
ng).Anexampl eofsensor arynerve
damagei sasev ereburnt hathasnoassoci atedpai nwhichwoul di ndi
cate
permanentsensor ar
yner vedamage.

Ski
n.
Anexamplewouldbedermati
ti
s(infl
ammationoftheskin).I
tcouldbeeither
Pri
marycont
actdermat
iti
swhichi
sal waysl
ocali
sede.g.sweatrashandcoul d
becausedbydet
ergent
setc.Thesecondfor
m couldbeAl l
ergicsensi
ti
sing

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page29
dermatiti
s.Thi
sfor m ofdermatit
iscouldcauseanaphy l
acti
cshock.Anexampl e
ofthistypeofdermat i
tiscouldbecausedbyadoct orhavi
nganallergyt
olatex
(l
atexgloves),
anutal lergyoranal l
ergi
creacti
ontoaninsectbi
te.Asensiti
sed
conditi
onisonet hatassoonast hereisexposuret
oanal l
ergyt
her ewouldbeno
cure,hencefurt
herexposur etoev enasmal lamountwouldcauset hesy
mpt oms
toreappear.

Respi
rat
orySyst
em.
Anexamplewoul
dbeasbest
osi
scausedbyunguar
dedexposur
etoasbest
os.

Repr oductiv
eSy stem.
Anexampl ecoul dbeinfertil
i
tycausedbyexposur etor adi ation.
Radi ographerswoul dbeathi ghri
sk.Theef fectoftheCher noby l
incidenti sa
goodexampl e.Mal esteril
ityandtheef fectsonf ut
uregener ations( bir
thdef ect
s)
couldbecaused.I fapr egnantwomani sexposedt oradiationi tcoul dr esultina
sti
llbornbi r
th.Childrencoul dbeaffect edwi ththeresultbei ngt hatagi rlcould
growupandmar r
yamanf rom outsidet hecontaminatedzoneandst i
ll giv
ebi r
th
tochi l
drenwi t
hbirthdef ects.Therepr oduct i
vecouldreactt oachemi cal suchas
Formal dehydewhi chcoul dcausechi ldr entobebor nwi thsev erelydef ormed
l
imbs.Bi or
hythmscoul dalsoaf f
ectyourr eproduct
ivesy stem wi thnightandshi ft
wor kersatrisk.

PossibleQuest ions.
Whathappenswheny oubr eat
he?
Wheny oubr eatheiny ousucki nairwhichpassest hroughy ournoseandt hr oat
.
Hairsiny ournosef i
lteroutdustandbact eri
acar r
iedi ntheai r.Theai risalso
moi st
enedi ny ournose.Themoi stened,warm ai rthenpassesdowny ourtrachea
(windpipe)andi ntotwot ubescall
edbr onchi.Thebr onchi divi
dei ntosmal l
branches( bronchiol
i)t hatendinamassofai rsacs( al
veol i
)iny ourlungs.On
arri
valatt heal veoli
,thereisadi f
fusionofoxy genint othebl oodst r
eam t hrough
bloodcapi llari
esandanef fusi
onofcar bondi oxidef rom thebl oodstream.Thi s
carbondi oxi deisexcr etedwheny oubr eatheout .Wheny oubr eatheoutt heai ris
pushedoutoft healveol iandpassest hrought hebr onchi oli
,throught het r
achea
andoutt hr ought henoseandmout h.

Descri
bet heRespir ator yDef enceMechani sms?
Thelungshav esev er al mechani smst oprot ectthemsel vesfr
om cont aminati
on
byparti
clesandi nfect iousagent s.Thef i
nehai rsinthenosepr ov idethefront-
l
inebarrierbyfil
ter
ingoutl argedustpar t
iclesandot hermaterials.Thesedust
part
icl
esar ethenusual l
yexpel l
edf rom t
henosebywhatwecal l sneezi
ng.
Howev er,whenindiv i
dual sexerciseorwor khar d, t
heyneedt obr eathethrough
thei
rmout hstogetenoughai r
,andt henasal fil
teringsystem i
sby passed.The
coughr efl
exclearsf orei gnmat erialfr
om thet racheaandmai nbr onchi.
Whenev erirr
it
ati
ngmat eri
alstoucht hewal l
soft heseairways,thechestand
l
ungsqui cklycontract .Asar esult,ai
risr
api dlyforcedoutoft hel ungs,whi ch

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page30
usuallyexpelst heir
ritant.Thetr
achea,bronchi,andlar
gerbronchiol
esareli
ned
withfine,hair
-l
ikeciliarycell
s.Thesearecov eredwithathi
nlayerofmucoust hat
catchesforeignmat erial
.Thecil
iarhyt
hmi call
ybeatandmov ethemucous-
tr
appedmat erial(phlegm)upt othethroatwher eitcanbeswallowedorspitout,
andt huseliminatedf rom thebody.Thi
spr ocessi scal
ledt
hemucoci li
ary
escalator
.

Lect
ure23-
01-
08 Occupat
ional
Heal
th(
cont
).

FarmersLung.
Thi
siscaughtfrom spor
eswhicharisef
rom mouldyhay
.Thesporesare
i
nhaledandinfectthel
ungs.Iti
sherethatt
heinfect
ionmult
ipl
i
es.Theinf
ecti
on
start
swi t
hfl
ulikesymptoms.Thelungpassagesswellupl
eadingt
ochest
conditi
onswhichcouldbecomechronic.

Air
bor necont ami nant s.
Thef ol
l
owi ngdef init
ionsar eal lrel
ativ
et oairbornecont aminant s:
-
Dust.
Dryfinepar ticleswhi char eai rbornebutcoul dsettl
eundergr avi
ty.Foundina
vari
etyofi ndust ri
es, Const ruct i
on, Carpentryandcoal indust r
y.Met hodofentry
wouldbei nhal ationwi tht het argetor gansbei ngther espiratorysy stem.
Vapour .
Subst anceswhi char ecloset ot heirboili
ngpoi ntandar einagaseousst ate.
Methodofent rycoul dbei nhal ation/absor pti
onwi tht het argetorgansbeingt he
central nervoussy stem.
Gas.
Subst anceswhi char eabov et heirboili
ngpoi nt.Theyhav enodef initevol
umeor
shapeandexpandt of il
l anycont aineritisi
ntroducedt o.
Fume.
Causedbyt heheat i
ngofmet als.Theyar esmal lmet al
licpar t
icl
eswhi chhav e
condensedf r
om t hegaseousst ate.
Mists.
Mistsar esuspendeddr opl etsf ormedbycondensat ionf rom agaseousst ateor
thebr eak-upofl iquidsinai r.Itexi stsatornearboi lingt emper at
urebutar eclose
toaliqui d.Mi stsar eof tenpr oducedt hroughspr aying.Met hodofent r
yis
i
nhalat ion.
Airbor necont ami nantscanbef oundi nFer r
etpages185/ 186.

Ai
rbor
necont
aminantscanber emov edby
:-
 LEV–Local ExhaustVenti
lat
ion.
 Dil
uti
onVentil
ati
on.

LocalExhaustVenti
lat
ion.
Localexhaustventi
lat
ionr
emovesthehazar
dousgas,v
apourorf
umeati t
s
sourcebeforei
tcancont ami
nat
ethesurr
oundi
ngatmospher
eandharm people

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page31
workingi
nthevi
ci
nit
y.Suchsystemsar
ecommonl yusedfortheextr
act
ionof
weldingf
umesanddustfrom woodwor
kingmachines.Al
lexhaustv
enti
l
ati
on
sy
st emshavet
hefol
lowingfi
vebasi
ccomponents:-

1.Acollect
ionhoodandi nt
ake.
2.Venti
lati
onducting.
3.Afil
terorotheraircl
eani
ngdevi
ce.
4.Afan.
5.Anexhaustduct.

TheCOSHHr egulat ionsrequirethatsuchv enti

lati
onsy stemsmustbe
i
nspect edatleastev ery14mont hsbyacompet entpersont oensur etheyarest i
l
l
wor ki
ngef f
ectiv
ely.
Theef f
ecti
venessofav entil
ationsyst
em wi l
lber educedbydamagedduct ing,
blockedordef ectiv
ef il
tersandpoorf anperformance.Mor ecommonpr obl
ems
i
ncludet heunaut hor i
sedext ensionofthesy st
em, pooriniti
aldesign,poor
mai nt
enance,incorr ectadj ustment sandal ackofinspect i
onortest i
ng.Routine
mai nt
enanceshoul di ncluder epairofanydamagedduct ing,checkingf i
l
ters,
exami nati
onoft hef anbl adestoensur ethattherehasbeennodust
accumul ati
on,ti
ght eni ngal ldri
vebeltsandagener all
ubricati
onofmov ingparts.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page32
 At
ypi
cal
local
exhaustandv
ent
il
ati
onsy
stem.

Thi
ssket
chmay
beaskedi
naquest
ionsomustbeabl
etodr
awandl
abel
it.

Possiblequest ions:-
Explaint heSt at utoryRequi r
ement sofaLEVsy st
em?( 2)
Thesy st em woul dneedt obei nspectedandt estedatl eastever
y14mont hs
byspeci al i
st s.Ar ecordwoul dbegi venwhichcoul dbeusedasev i
denceorby
i
nspect ionbyt heHSE.
Whatar et hei nspect i
onr equir
ement s?
Thereshoul dbeav i
sual i
nspection,anyreportedpr oblemsinvesti
gat
edand
remedi ed, ppm’ scar r
iedoutaspersuppl ierdemands.
Dusthasbeenobser vedonsur faceswher eitisnotexpect ed.Whatwould
youexpectt obet hepr oblem andhowwoul dt hesepr oblemspresent
themsel v es?
 Poorf anper formance.
 Poori nitial design.
 Unaut hor isedal t
erati
onst otheLEVsy stem.
 Bl ockedf ilters.
 Damagedduct ing.
 Incompl eteppm’ s
 Nost at utor yinspect i
onscar ri
edout.
 Vi sibledustpar ti
cles.
 Bur ningsmel l
.
 Coughi ng.
 Sneezi ng.
 Br ingi ngupofphl egm.
 Incr easedabsence.
 Sor et hroat /eyes.
 Itchi ng.
 Reducedl ungf uncti
onf ounddur i
nghealthsur veil
lance.

Dil
utionVent i
lat
ion.
Diluti
onv enti
lati
oni
sat erm usedtodescri
beamethodofextr
actingairbor
ne
contami nantsfr
om apart
iculararea.I
tcreat
esafl
owofairusi
nganext racti
on
fanof t
enbackedupbyani nletfan.Openi
ngawindowcouldal
sobeconsi dered
howev er,thi
smaybeuncer tainasitcouldbehamper
edbywinddirecti
onor
weathercondi ti
ons.

Possibl
equesti
on.
Outl
inetheci
rcumstancesinwhichDi l
uti
onventi
lat
ionmightbeappr opriate?
Dil
uti
onVenti
lati
oncouldtakeplacewher eLEVisnotpract
icali
.e.wher eyoudo
notrequi
reanexchangeofair.I
tisusuall
yusedwher et
hereislowt oxicity
.It
coul
dbeusedi ncert
aincir
cumst ancesintheconst
ruct
ionindustry
,wher e

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page33
vapour
scouldlayi
nlowl evelexcavations,torepl
acecontaminatedair
.Thear ea
mustbetestedandmoni tor
edr egular
lyt oensurer
econtaminati
onhasoccur red.
I
tisimpor
tanttonotethatcontami nationcouldcomefrom severalsourcesnot
j
ustone.I
fjustonesourceisidentifi
edt henisol
ati
onatsourcecouldoccur .

Env i
ronment almonit
oring,
Resultsfrom envi
ronment almonitor
ingwoul dneedanaly si
ngandmachi nery
mustbecal ibr
atedbycompet entper
sonnelasr equi
redinthemanuf act
urersand
suppliersinstr
ucti
ons.
Environmentalmonitoringcouldbeadi r
ectreadori ndi
rectread.Adirectread
meanst hattheuserorteam canr eadit.Anindir
ectreadmeanst hatthesampl e
woul dneedt obesubmi ttedforlaborat
oryanalysi
s.Abr eathal
yserisanexampl e
ofadi rectread.Andbloodt estssentbyadoct orisanexampl eofani ndir
ect
read.

Adv
ant
agesofadi rectr
ead.
 Speedofr esul
tsarever
yquick.
 Quickresult
smeansqui ckr
emedialact
ion.
 Samplesar enotpronet
ocont ami
nati
on.
 Mor ev
er sat
il
it
y.

Di
sadv
antagesofadi rectread.
 Mis-i
nterpr
etati
onofr esul
tsduet oacolourbl
i
ndoper
ator
.
 Canonl ydetectwhatt heey ecansee.
 Testi
ngcar r
iedoutbynon- prof
essional
s.
 Readingsoftenonl ygivebasicdata.
 Thereisnor ecallsystem.
 Testscarri
edouti nanon- controll
edenvir
onment
.
 Testmet er
scoul dbecomedamaged.
 Readingsarepr onet ohumaner r
or.

Adv
ant
agesofanindi
rectread.
 Rel
iantonamachinewhi chisofteni
nacontr
oll
edenvir
onment
.
 Moreindepthfi
ndings.
 Carr
iedoutbyprof
essionalper
sonnel.
 Report
sareusuall
ymor eindepth.
 Thereisof
tenarecallsy
stem i
ncaseoflabor
atoryer
ror
.

Di
sadv
antagesofindi
rectread.
 Slowspeedofr esul
ts.
 Slowresul
tsmeansasl owremedialact
ion.
 Sampl epr
onetocont aminat
ionduri
ngtransi
t.
 Thespecimencoul dreactwit
hthefi
xati
v ei
fnotr
esear
ched.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page34
Lect
ure30-
01-
08

StainDet ectorTube.
St aindet ect ort ubesusedi rectreadi nggl assi ndi cat ort ubesf i
lledwi t
h
chemi cal cr ystal swhi chchangecol ourwhenapar ticul arhazar doussubst ance
passest hr ought hem.Themet hodofoper ati
oni sver ysi mi lartothebr eathal yser
usedbyt hepol icet ocheckal cohol lev elsinmot orist s.Thegl asst ubei sopened
ateachendandf i
ttedi nt oapumpi ngdev i
ce( eit
herhandorel ectri
call
yoper ated).
Aspeci fi
cquant ityofcont ami natedai r,cont ainingt hehazar doussubst ance, is
drawnt hrought het ubeandt hecr yst alsint het ubechangecol ouri nthedi rect i
on
oftheai rflow.Thet ubei scal i
bratedsucht hatt heext entoft hecol ourchange
al
ongt het ubei ndi catest heconcent rat i
onoft hehazar doussubst ancewi thint he
ai
rsampl e.
Thismet hodcanonl ybeef fecti
v ei fther ear enol eakageswi t
hinthe
i
nst r
umentandt hecor rectv olumeofai risused.Thei nstr umentshoul dbehel d
within30cm oft henoseoft heper sonwhoseat mospher ei sbeingt ested.A
l
arger angeoft ubesar eav ailable.Thi stechni queofsampl ingi sknownasgr ab
orspotsampl ingsi ncei ti st akenatonepoi nt.
Theadv antagesoft het echni quear et hati tisqui ck, relat i
velysimpl etouse
andi nexpensi v e.Ther ear e, howev er ,sev eral disadv ant ages:
 Thei nst rumentcannotbeusedt omeasur econcent rationsofdustor
fume.
 Theaccur acyoft her eadi ngi sappr oxi mat el
y+/ -
25%.
 I twi llyieldaf alser eadi ngifot hercont ami nant spresentr eactwi ththe
cry stals.
 I tcanonl ygi veani nst antaneousr eadi ngnotanav erager eadingov ert he
wor ki
ngper iod( TWA) .
 Thet ubesar ev er yf ragilewi thal imitedshel fl ife.

Thestai
ndetect
ort
ubewoul
dcontainafil
terandeachpacketwoul
dbe
accompani
edbyamanufact
urer
’sdatasheet.

Sampl
i
ng.
Sampl
ingcoul
dbeeit
herspot
/gr
absamplingorconti
nuoussampl
ingof
whi
chsomecouldbel
ongterm.Abreat
hal
yserandabloodtestar
eexampl
esof
Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page35
spotsampl ing.Sampl i
ngi nconf inedspacescoul dusebot hsampl i
ngt ypes.A
dropt estwoul dgiv eyouspott estingasi twoul dgiv eat estatt hatexactt i
me.If
peopl ewer etoent er,met er
scoul dbeusedt omoni toroxy genlev elsetc.Limit
s
couldbesetwi thanalarm soundi ngshoul dthesel imitsbeexceeded.Thi scould
tel
l theoper atorsthatanev acuat ioncoul dber equired.Thi stypeofmet eri
ng
woul dbeacont i
nuoussampl ewhi chwoul dbeonf orthedur ationt hatthe
oper ati
vesar eintheenv ironment .Ther momet ersfixedt oawal linacol droom
woul dbel ongt erm continuoussampl ing.Phmet ersinawat ert reat mentplant
prov i
del ongt er m conti
nuoussampl ing.
Continuousmoni tori
ngcoul dbef oraper i
odoft imet hatisst at i
c.Forexampl e
whencl eani ngat ank,amoni tori
ngdev i
cei susedt oconst antl
ygi ver eadouts
overanyl engt hoft i
me.Thesewoul dber ecorded, plott
edandcoul dbeusedas
evidence.I tof tencontainsal arm moni torswhi chwi llt
riggertowar nofdanger ,
enabl i
ngescape.Cont inuoussampl i
ngcoul dof tenbel ongt erm.Longt er
m often
usesast at i
cuni twhichwi l
lrequireppm.I tcouldbecomput erised, somet i
mes
givi
ngpr i
nt outs.Anexampl eofl ongt erm sampl i
ngwoul dbepHmoni t
ori
ngina
wat ertreat mentpl ant.

Sampli
ngEquipment.
NoiseMeter:isameterthatisusedt
osampl enoiselev el
s.I
tisusedto
measuredBorpascals.
Audiometer:
isamet erthati
susedtodetectheari
ngl evel
s.
Photometer:i
samet erusedtosamplelevel
soflight.Itgi
vesav al
ueinLUX.
Hygrometer
:isamet erusedtomeasur
ehumi dit
y.Itisusedany wher
ewhere
ahumidareaisrequi
red.

ProtectiveEqui pment .
Respi r
atoryPr otecti
veEqui pment .Anyt y peofppei ncl udi ngRespi r
at ory
ProtectiveEqui pment( RPE)i spr oblemat icsi nceitsint egr i
tycoul dbebr eached
(r
ipsi nplasticgl ovesetc) .Itmustf itpr oper l
yifnoti twoul dl eak, therefor eit
mustbeassembl edcorrect l
yandnev ermodi fi
ed.Itshal lbewel l f
itt
ing, itmust
bet ested( t
est i
ngoft heseal ).Itisnotal way ssuit
abl ef orpeopl ewi thbear ds.It
shoul dbef i
ttedf orpeopl ewi they esi ghtpr oblemsei therwi thspect acler estsor
withpr escri
ptionl enses.I tmustbecl eanedcor rectl
yaf teruse, storedcor rectl
y
andmustbeusedf oritsi ntendedpur pose.I tshoul dnev erbepi ckedupbyi t’
s
str
apsandmustbeusedf orthecor rectpur pose.I ffil
ter sar eusedt heymustnot
bedamagedandmustbekeptdr yandchangedaspermanuf acturer s
i
nst ructi
ons.User saret obet rainedandcer ti
fi
cated.Cer tifi
cat esmustbecur rent
andt het rai
ner smusthav eupt odat et raining.PPEi sthel astf ormi nr iskcont rol
hi
er archy.Peopl emaynotwantt ousei ti.
e.t akeitof f
.Wi thgl ov esasppe,
manual dexteritywoul dbecompr omi sed.Goggl escoul dmi stup.I tishar dto
under standpeopl ewhilstwear ingRPE.Ther emustbecor rectwast edi sposal
arrangement sf ordi sposabl eppe.Al lequipmentmusthav eaki temar k( CE)and
conf ormt ointernational standar ds.I fther eisachangei npr ocess, productor
env i
ronmentt henppemustber ev i
ewedaspar tofther eviewoft her i
sk

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page36
assessmentorSSOW.Allppemustbeclassi
fiedassui
tabl
ei.
e.gogglesmustbe
ofthecorrectr
ati
ngwhenworki
ngwi t
hlaser
s.Alwaysadher
etomanuf act
urer
s
i
nstruct
ions.Weari
ngRPEwouldrequi
reapermit-
to-
worktobeissued.

Lectur
e06- 02-08 COSHH–Hazar doussubst ances.
Hazardoussubstancescanbecl assedassubst ancest hatcoul ddoharm,
theycouldbei navari
etyofforms(physical propert
ies).Thephy sicalpr
opert
ies
rel
atetothef ormthesubstancepr
esent sitself(e.
g.sol i
d,l
i
quid, gas)andthe
harmfuleffectsi
tcoul
dhav e.Theharmf uleffectsincludeir
rit
ant, harmf
uland
toxi
c.

Rel
evantlegi
slat
ionwithr
egar
dst
ohazar
doussubst
ancesi
ncl
udes:
 HASAWA1974
 MHSAW
 COSHH
 CHI P3
 I onisi
ngRadiat
ionRegs
 Asbest osatWor kRegs
 LeadatWor kRegs

NotethattheI
onisi
ngRadiat
ionRegs,Asbest
osatWor kRegs,
LeadatWor k
RegsarenotcoveredbyCOSHHbecauset heyarecl
assedasthatdanger
ous
theyareconsi
der
edt ohav
eear nedt
heirownregul
ati
ons.

TheHSEhav eproducedv ari

ousAppr
ovedCodesofPr
act
icet
ocov
erhazar
dous
subst
ancestheyinclude:
 Toxicpracti
ces
 Carci
nogenic
 Biol
ogicalpract
ices

Hsegui dancei sal soproducedandof t

enl ooksatdi seasesandsy stems.
Changesundert he2002COSHHr egul ati
ons.
TheCont rol ofSubst ancesHazar doust oHeal th(COSHH)Regul ations2002
camei nt of orceon21Nov ember2002, andr eplacedt he1999Regul at i
ons.The
newr egul ationsi mplementt heheal thr equirement soft heEur opeanUni ons
Chemi cal Agent sDirecti
v e(CAD) .TheDi rectivei sdesignedt oprotecttheheal t
h
andsaf etyofwor kersfrom t herisksf r
om chemi calagent s,andlargelyfol l
ows
thewel l-accept edpr i
nciplesalreadypr esenti nUKl egislat
ion.
Mostoft hechangest otheRegul at i
onssi mpl ymakeexpl i
citwhatwas
previousl yimpl i
citinthe1999r egul ationsandAppr ovedCodesofPr actice.But
theRegul ati
onsdoi nclude:
 Anewr equirementf orempl oy ers,i
ncer taincir
cumst ances,todr awup
det ai
ledpr ocedur esfordeal ingwi thacci dents,incidentsandemer genci
es
thatinv olvehazar doussubst ances( Reg13) .
 Anumberofchangest omakecl eart hatt heRegul ationsapplyt o
Biological agentsaswel last ochemi cals.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page37
  Ext
ensi
vel
yrev i
sedACoPt osuppor tt
henewCOSHHRegul at
ions.The
newCOSHHACoPal soincludesanappendixprovi
dinggui
danceont he
@contr
olofsubstancesthatcauseoccupat
ionalasthma’
.
 Newandreviseddefi
nit
ionsprovidedinr
egulat
ion2.

Subst
anti
alExtensionstoCOSHH2002i ncl
ude:
 Asubstantialext
ensionofRegulati
on6concerningriskassessments.
 Asubstantialext
ensionofRegulati
on7concerningpr ev
enti
onandcontrol
measures.
 Newr equir
ement sr
egar di
ngmonitori
nginRegulati
on10.
 Furtherrequir
ement sregar
dingheal
thsurv
eill
anceinRegulation11.
 Ext
ensionsofRegul ati
on12oni nfor
mati
on,instr
ucti
onandt raini
ng.

Reg6.
Concerni
ngri
skassessmentsmustbemor
eindept
handmustt
akei
nto
consi
derat
ionpeopl
earoundthem.

Reg7.
Thereisariskcontrol
hierarchywhendeal ingwithCOSHH.
Theriskcontrolhi
erar
chyi sasf oll
ows:
 Eliminati
onatsour ce.
 Subst i
tuti
on.
 ProvisionofEngineeringcont r
ols.
 ProvisionofSuperv i
sory(people)contr
ols.
 ProvisionofPersonal Protecti
veEquipment.

Reg10.
Newr equirementsforit
emsusedwhil
stmonitor
ing,theymustbe:
 Fi tforpurpose.
 Cal i
br at
edbyt r
ainedpeopl
eandkeepi
ngin-l
inewithmanufact
urer
s
recommendat ions.

Reg11.
Surv
eil
l
ancemustbesui
tabl
eandsuf
fi
cientf
ort
hewor
kpl
ace.

I
TIS.
 I
ncreasedinformati
onforsubstancesheldorrel
eased.
 Recordedtrai
ningforpeopleworki
ngwi t
hhazardoussubstances.
 I
nstructi
onmustbegi ventooperator
sonhowt osafel
yuseandmi x
thesubstances.Wouldalsoincl
udedisposal
.
 Supervi
sionforpeopleworkingwit
hhazardoussubstances,t
here
mustber elev
antsupervi
sionlev
els.

HSECOSHHEssenti
als:
Easyst
epstocont
rol
chemicals.
 Prov
idesadv
iceoncontr
oll
i
ngtheuseofchemical
sforar
angeoft
asks

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page38
  Guidesthr
oughstepsandasksinf
ormati
onaboutt
hetasksandchemical
s.
 Requir
estheprov
isionofcer
tai
nbasi
cinfor
mati
onaboutthesubst
ances
i
nuse.

COSHHAct i
onPl an.
1.Appoi ntaCOSHHCo- ordinat
orwhowi llappointat eam undergui dance.
Thet eam mustr epresental l
ar ea,i
ncl
udi ngmai nt enance,fi
rstaidand
stores.Cleani ngcont r
actorsshoul dalsober epresent edont heteam.
2.Rev i
ewexi st
ingcircumst ances–Audi ttoseewhati scurrentlybeingused.
3.Gatheri nformationi .
e.ifchemi cal
sarebei ngnotusedorar edamaged
theymustbedi sposedofsaf ely.
4.Gatheri nformationont heremai ni
ngviabl esubst ances.Youwoul dneed
toknowt hef orm, makeofsubst ancesandwhet herornotadat asheetis
held.Anal phabet i
cal l
istshoul dbeproduced.Checkt hedat esont hedat
a
sheetsandensur etheyar ethecur r
entedi ti
on.Ift hedatasheet sar enot
thecur r
enti ssuet henthecur rentcopymustber equest edfrom t he
supplier.Thesedat asheet smustbecopi edandci r
culat
edast heHSE
couldquest i
onpeopl eaboutt hechemi calsbeingused.

SourcesofCOSHHInfor
mati
on.
 Theproductl
abel
.
 MSDS.
 TREM cards(
theTREM car
dshoul
donl
ybef
ort
hel
oadbei
ngcar
ri
ed)
.
 EH40.

Content
sofaMSDS.
 ProductName.
 Dat e.
 Manuf acturername.
 Composi t
ion.
 Firepr ecautions.
 Stor age.
 Firstaidpr ocedur es.
 Risk/ safetyphr ases.
 Exposur elevels(shortt
erm/
longt
erm/
WEL)
.
 Transpor t
ation.
 Disposal met hods.
 Proper ti
es.
 Nat ureofhazar ds.
 Handl i
ng.
 CHI Psy mbol s.
 React abili
ty.
 Stabi l
it
y.
 PPE
 Dilution

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page39
  Emergencyprocedur
es.
 Contactdet
ail
s.
 Envi
ronmentalConsi
der
ati
ons.

EH40.
EH40cont ainsanA–Zofsubst ancesandi tispubl ishedannual ly.Itonly
focusesonsubst ancest hatcoul
dbei nhal ed,howev eri twi l
lli
stasecondar y
effectt oskinandi fitiscancer ous.I
twi l
lgiveaWELr elativetot hesubst ance.
Whi lsthavingaWELi twi llal
sogiveaTWA( TimeWei ght edAv erage).ATWAi sa
l
ev el ofti
me.TWAi sdiv i
dedi nt
odiff
er entcat egori
es, STEL, LTEL.Al ongt erm
exposur elimitunderWELi smeasuredov er8hr s.ASTELi sbasedov er15
minut es.TheSTELwoul dbehi gherthant heLTEL.
EH40i ssuitableforlargev ol
umesbuti tmustnotcont ainanyot hersubst ance.
EH40i snotsui t
ablef oranopenenv ironment .Alltanksmustbesur r
oundedbya
bundwhi chmustbeabl et ocontain110%oft hecont ent sifspi l
l
ed.Thei nt egri
ty
oft hebundmustbei ntact.Itmustnotgetf i
ll
edwi thr ainwat erifoutside.Itmust
bei nspectedf oranyr ubbi shanddebr is.Itmustnotbecr ackedorbr okenand
mustnotbeusedf or2t anks.

NewLegi
slat
ion.
DSEAR–DangerousSubst
ancesandExpl
osi
veAt
mospher
eRegsr
epl
aceHFL
andLPGRegs.

NeedtolookupCHIP3
I
diot
sguidetoCHIP3
Employ
ersguidet
oCOSHHRegs.

Lect
ure20-
02-
08.–Noi
se/
Vibr
ati
on.

DEFN.Noi secanbedefinedasanunwant edsound.I tcouldhav eanegat i

ve
effectonhumans.Soundi senergyandnoi sedissipates(spreadsoutthen
disappears,
simil
art
other ippl
eeffectonwat erwhenast oneist hrownintoit.
).
Noi sewantstodi
ssi
pateandwi llr
eboundof fsolidobj ect
s(echo) .Noi
sehas
variousfr
equenci
es(pi
tches)notal l
ofwhi chareaudi bletothehumanear .The
t
h
measur ementofnoi
seist akenindecibel
swhi chist heequivalentto1/10 ofa
bel.

 Damaget oyourhear
ingcausedbynoisei
sper
manent.
 Almostanypowert oolwill
makenoiseabovet
hedangerl
evel
int
he
correctenvi
ronment.
 Inconstruct
ion,measurementsmaybetakeni
npascal
sduetopr
essur
e
problems.

Rel
evantLegi
slat
ion.
 Noi seatWor kRegul
ati
ons1989

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page40
  Asar
esul
tofThePhysi
calAgent
sDi r
ect
ive:
NoiseAtWorkRegulat
ions2005
Guidancef
oremployer
sHSE

Youmustr educenoi set ot

helowestpossi ble.Youmustpr ovideI nf
ormation,
Training,Instr
uct i
onandSuper vi
sionespeciallyforyoungempl oyees.Noise
actionlevelswer ereducedbasedont heknowl edget hatever
yt imey oureduce
thedeci bellevelby3, youhalvethei l
leff
ecttot hehumanear .Becauseoft hi
s
PPEwoul dbecl assedast helastresort
.IftheHSEi nspect
edt heywoul dexpect
toseeev i
denceofar i
skcontrolhierar
chy,thati ssubsti
tut
eforequi pment ,
quieterbydesi gn.PPM woul dneedt obeclosel ymoni t
oredduet onoisesfrom
machi newear( defectivebeari
ngsf orexampl e).Atanylevelar iskassessment
shouldbecar ri
edout .

NoiseExposur e.
(basedoncertai
nactionval
ues)
Anoi semoni torwoul
dbeusedt omeasur enoi
seandtomeasuret hedai
ly
equiv
alentandweekl yequiv
alent
.
LEPDi sthelevelofexposur
et oapersonoveran8hourday.
LEPW woul dbet helev
elofexposur
et oapersonoveraworkingweek.(t
his
l
engthcouldbev ari
abl
edependinguponhowmanyday softheweektheperson
wouldbewor ki
ng).

Maxi
mum Lev el
s.
Maximum noise(
peaksoundpressur
e)dur
ingawor
kingday
LEQwoul dbealevelequi
val
ent
.
Theli
mitval
ueis87dBandwouldbeagainstt
hel
awt oexceedt
hisv
alue.

Act
ionLev
elValues.
 Lowerexposureacti
onvalues.
 Dailyorweekl
y80dB–85dB.
 Peaksoundpr essur
e135dB.

 Upperexposur eactionval
ues.
 Dai lyorweekly87dB.
 Peaksoundpr essur e137dB.
Readingsmustbet akenbyacompet entperson,over24hrsifshif
tworki
ng,ov
er
thetotalnumberofday sthatwouldbewor ked.Afteranal
ysingtheresul
tsa
dedicatedhearingprotecti
onzonemustbesetup.Si gnsshouldbeputupand
onlycertainpeoplewoul dbeauthori
sedtoent er
.IftheyenterPPEmustbewor n
andheal thsurvei
ll
ancemustbepr ov
ided.

Empl
oyerDuti
es.
 Iti
stheempl oyer
s’dutyt
oassessriskstotheempl oyees.
 Theempl oy
ermustt akeact
iontoreducenoisesour ces.
 Theempl oy
ermustpr ovi
deheari
ngpr ot
ecti
onbutonl yasalastresor
tif
allot
hercontrol
swithi
ntheri
skcontrolhi
erarchyhav ebeenf
oll
owed.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page41
  I
tistheempl oyers’dutytoensurelegal li
mitsarenotexceeded.
 Theempl oyermustpr ovideInfor
mat iononnoi sesour cesandtheeff
ects,
Trai
ningtoempl oyeesinSSOW i ncludinghowt ouseandmai ntai
ntheir
PPE,Inst
ructi
onont hemet hodsofwor kandpr ovi
deadequat e
Supervi
siontoempl oyeesespeci al
lythey oung.(I
TIS).
 Theempl oyermusti ntr
oduceaheal thsur vei
ll
ancer egimetoconti
nuall
y
monitorthei
rempl oyeesheal t
hlevels.

I
twoul
dbet
heempl
oyeesdut
ytoi
nfor
m/r
epor
tany
thi
ngaf
fect
ingt
hei
rheal
th.

Thi
sdr
awi
ngdoesnotneedt
obedr
awnandi
sfori
nfor
mat
ionpur
posesonl
y.

I
llHeal
thEffects.
 Acute.
 Blastdeafness(couldalsoaff
ectbal
ance)
.
 AcuteTinnitus.(
Ringinginear
s).
 Tempor aryThresholdShift
.

 Chroni
c.
 PermanentTinni
tus.
 PermanentThresholdShi
ft
.
 NIHL–Noi seInducedHeari
ngLoss(
thi
swoul
dber
epor
tabl
eunder
RI
DDOR) .

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page42
Contr
olMeasur es.
 Relocat ion–Couldtheequi pmentbemov ed?
 Orientat i
on–Knowwher ethenoiseisinordertoavoi
dthearea.
 Screen–Scr eenthear eaof f.
 Absor pt i
on–couldt henoisebeabsor bed.Insul
ati
ontoamusicroom f
or
exampl e.
 Sil
encer s–Exhausts.
 Isolation–Puttheequi pmentintoi
solati
on.
 Laggi ng–wr apmat er i
alaround.
 Dampi ng–muf fl
ingnoi se.
 Encl osure–enclosur esfornoisemustbecompl et
etoprev
entnoise
escape.

Themai ncont rolmet hodsconcer nedwiththecour sear eAbsor pti

on, Sil
enci
ng
andenclosures.Absor pt
ionwal l
scoul dbeusedef fecti
v el
yinar easwher ethe
soundisreflectedf rom wal l
s.Thewal lsofroomshousi ngnoi syequipment
wouldbel i
nedwi thsoundabsor bentmat eri
alsuchasf oam.Amusi c
room/studioi sanexampl e.Sil
encer sarenormallyfitt
edt oengi neswhi chare
exhausti
nggasest oatmospher e.Si l
encersconsistofabsor bentmat eri
alor
baffl
es.Carexhaustsy stemsar epr imeexampl esofsi l
encer sinev er
y dayuse.
Usingenclosur esasamet hodofcont roli
sbysur roundingt heequi pmentwi t
ha
goodsoundi nsulati
ngmat eri
alwhi chcouldreducet hesoundl evel
sbyupt o30
dB(A).Carewoul dneededt obet akentoensuret hatthemachi nedoesnot
becomeov er heated.Anexampl ewoul dbetheencl osi
ngofnoi symachi nery.

Vibr
ati
on.
DependsonFr
equency
,for
ceandDur
ati
on.

HAV–HandArm Vi
brat
ion.
WBV–WholeBodyVibr
ation.

WBVaf
fect
sthener
voussy
stem andci
rcul
ati
on.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page43
HandAr m Vibrat i
on.
Handar mv ibrati
on( HAVS)descr ibesagr oupofdi seasescausedbyt he
exposur eoft hehandandar mt oext ernal vi
brati
on.Thebestknowndi seaseis
vibr ationwhi t
ef i
ngeri nwhi cht hecircul ati
onoft heblood, part
icularl
yint he
hands, i
sadv erselyaffectedbyt hev ibrati
ons.Theear lysy mptomsar et i
ngli
ng
andnumbnessf elti
nt hef i
nger s,usual l
ysomet i
meaf t
ert heendoft hewor king
shi ft.Asexposur econt i
nues, thet i
psoft hef i
ngersgowhi teandt hent hewhol e
handmaybeaf fected.Thi sresul t
sinal ossofgr ipst
rengt handmanual dexteri
ty.
Att ackscoul dbet ri
ggeredbydampand/ orcoldconditionsand, onwar ming,
‘
pi nsandneedl es’areexper ienced.I fthecondi ti
onisal l
owedt opersist,mor e
ser ioussy mptomsbecomeappar enti ncludingdiscol
orat i
onandenl argementof
thef ingers.I
nv eryadv ancedcases, gangr enecandev elopl eadingtot he
amput ati
onoft heaf fectedhandorf inger.Ther i
skofdev elopi
ngHAVSdepends
ont hef requencyofv ibrationandl engt hofexposur e.

Whol eBodyVi bration.

Whol ebodyv i
br at
ion( WBV)i scausedbyt hev ibrati
onsf rom machi nery
passingt hroughi ntothebody ,ei
thert hrought hef eetofstandi ngwor kersorthe
buttocksofsi tti
ngwor kers.Themostcommoni ll
-healtheffectissevereback
painwhi ch, i
nsev erecases, mayr esultinper manenti nj
ury.Thet womost
commonoccupat ionswhi char eaf f
ect edbyWBV, ar
epneumat icdril
l
ersand
agri
cultural orhorticul
turalmachi neryoper atives.Cont r
olmeasur esincludethe
properuseoft heequi pment ,i
ncludingcor rectadj ustmentsofai rorhy draul
ic
pressures, seati
ngand, inthecasesofv ehi
cles, cor r
ectsuspensi on,tyr
e
pressuresandappr opriatespeedst osui tthet errain.Othercont r
ol measures
i
ncludet hesel ectionofsui tableequi pmentwi thl owv i
brat
ionchar acteri
sti
cs,
work/jobr otati
on, goodmai ntenanceandf aultrepor tingprocedur es.

Exposur el
imit
s/Acti
onv alues.
TheControlofVibrat
ionatWor kRegul at
ions2005intr
oducedforbot hhand-
arm andwhol ebodyv i
brations,adail
yexposureli
mitandact i
onvalues.These
valuesareasf ol
lows:-
HandAr m Vi
brat
ion
a)thedai l
yexposureli
mitv aluenormali
zedtoan8hrr efer
enceperiodis5m/ s2.
b)thedai l
yexposureactionv al
uenormalizedtoan8hrreferenceperi
odis
2.5m/ s2
Whol eBodyVi br
ati
on.
a)thedai l
yexposureli
mitv aluenormali
zedtoan8hrr efer
enceperiodis
1.15m/ s2.
b)thedai l
yexposureactionv al
uenormalizedtoan8hrreferenceperi
odis
0.5m/ s2

Anexposureli
mitv al
uemustnotbeexceeded.Ifanacti
onv al
ueisexceeded,
t
henacti
onmustbet akentoreducet
hevalue.
Ariskassessmentisrequi
redtomeasurethevalueandidenti
fyt
he

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page44
measur
est
hatneedt
obet
akent
omeett
her
equi
rementoft
her
egul
ati
ons.

Pr
ecautionsagai nstVi bration.
 Keepwar m anddr y.
 Ensur ethatanyPPEbei ngwor nisnotbr eached.
 Ensur ethatthecor rectf or m ofwetweat herequi pmenti sbei ngwor nin
adverseweat hercondi tions.
 Ensur ethatper sonnel hav eInfor mat iononHandAr m Vibration.
 Ensur ethatper sonnel hav eTr aini
ngonhowt ospotHandAr m Vi br
ati
on.
 Ensur ethatempl oyeeshav eInst r
uct iononequi pmentaccessor i
esandon
howt ohol dtheequi pmentcor r
ect ly.Theymustbeabl etor ead
manuf acturersi nst
r uct
ions.
 Empl oyeesmusthav eSuper visionwi thregardst of l
uid,adequat ebreaks,
handchecks, quest ionnai res,toolboxt alks,PPM, PATt esting, regul
ar
inspectionsandr eplacement .
 Musthav eadequat ewel farefaci l
itiesespeci all
yincol d/wetwi nt
ermont hs.
 PPEshoul dbeappr opriat ef orv i
br ationimpact ,thereforeitwoul dneedt o
conformt osetst andar ds.
 IfHAVi sspotted, j
obr ot ationorr edepl oymentshoul dtakepl ace.Youshould
adviset hepersont ost opsmoki ng( toaidcirculation)
.Repor tingofthe
conditionshoul dbeencour aged.

Lect
ure27-
02-
08Radi
ati
on.

Radiat
ioni
sar ayof
tenwi
thparti
clesi
nit.Ther
ear
e2t
ypesofr
adi
ati
on,
I
onisi
ngRadiat
ionandNon-i
oni
singRadiat
ion.

I
onisingRadi
ati
onsimil
artothatemitt
edduringt
heChernobylI
nci
denti
s
governedbyTheIoni
singRadiat
ionRegulat
ionsduetot
hef actt
hati
tso
dangerous.Non-
Ioni
singRadi
ati
on( LASERSetc)ar
egover
nedbyCOSHH
Regulati
ons

PossibleQuestion
Whati sIonisat
ion?
Whenat omsdecayt heybecomeunst abl
eandwhent heydosot heyr
elease
energywhi chcontainsradiat
ion(
Alphaparti
cles,
Bet
apar t
iclesandGammar ay
s).
Thisisknownasi onisat
ion.Fort
heatom toremainst
able,itdoesnotwant
energy.

For
msofRadi
ati
on.

 AlphaParti
cles:consi
stoft
wopr ot
onsandtwoneutronsandhavea
posit
ivecharge.Theyhavel
itt
lepowert
openetrat
etheskinandcanbe
stoppedusingfli
msymat er
ial
ssuchaspaper.Thei
rmainroutei
ntot
he
bodyisbyingestion.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page45
  BetaPar t
icl
es: arehighspeedel ectronswhosepowerofpenet rat i
on
dependsont heirspeed,butpenet rati
onisusuall
yrestr
ictedto2cm of
skinandt i
ssue.Theycanbest oppedusi ngAlumini
um Foi l
.Ther eare
normallytwor outesofent ryintothebody–i nhalat
ionandi ngest i
on.
 GammaRay s:whi charesimi l
artoX- r
ays,ar
eelectr
omagnet i
cr adiat
ions
andhav efargr eaterpenetrati
ngpowert hanalphaorbet apar t
icles.They
areproducedf rom nuclearr eacti
onsandcanpasst hr
ought hebody .
 Neutrons:notr equiredforexam.
 X-Rays:Radiationi namanmadef orm.

I
naddi t
ionI
oni
si
ngRadiat
ionwi
llaf
fectall
cellmatteri
nthebody
.IthasaFat
al
Att
racti
ontoDNA.Radi
ati
onaff
ectsthereproduct
ivesyst
ems(MaleandFemale)
.
Chernobyli
sanexampl
e.

Uni
tsofMeasur ements.
Measur edinGr aysorSi
evert
s.(Areal
ist
icmeasurementwouldbetakeni
n
mil
i-Siev
erts)
Auni tofRadi oacti
vi
ty=Becquerel(
Bq).ABecquerel
repr
esentsaunitof
di
sintegrat
ion(decay)persecond.

RoutesofEntry
.
 Inhal
ati
on.
 Ingest
ion.
 Inj
ecti
on.
 Absorpti
on.

Sources.
 Medi cal–X-Rays.
 Mi l
i
tary–Weapons.
 Manuf actur
ing–TestInst
rument
s,Cont
ami
nat
edWast
eDi
sposal
(
spil
lage,l
eaki
ngetc)
.

Heal
thEf
fect
s.

 Acute.
:
 Reddeningoft
heski
n(er
ythema)
.Bl
i
ster
ingandUl
cer
ati
on.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page46
  Cataract
s.
 Radiati
onSi
cknessi
.e.Nausea,
vomi
ti
ng,
diar
rhoea.

 Chronic:
 Hairloss
 Celldamage(geneti
cmut at
ion)
 Steri
li
ty
 Leukaemia(whit
ebloodcell
scountabnor
mal
)
 Carcinoma,
Conv ul
sions,
Death.

Di
stance

Ti
me Shi
eldi
ng

Radi
ologi
cal
Prot
ect
ionTr
iangl
e.

Radiat
ionisgovernedbyi nv
ersesquarel
aw.Inver
sesquarel
awt el
l
sust hatifwe
i
ncreasethedistancefrom,ti
meofexposureandl ev
elofshi
eldi
ngfrom r
adiati
on
thenyouwillgr
eatlyreducetheil
lef
fectf
rom radi
ati
on.

Pr
otect
ionagainstI
oni
singRadi
ati
on.
 Isolati
on.
 Segr egati
on.
 PPE.
 Shielding.
 Reducedexposuret i
me.
 Moni tori
ng.

NON-
IONISINGRADI ATI
ON.
 UVAorSun
 Micr owaves.
 Sunbeds.
 Wel ding.
 Inf
rar edforf
oundrywor
ker
s

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page47
  Laser
s.

I
faskedintheexam todiscusstwoformspickSunandI nfr
ar edforfoundry
worker
ssincetheothersareeit
hert
oocompl exorhasnotenoughi nf
olinkedt
o
them.Sunprot
ecti
onwoul dincl
udesunblock,r
egularf
luidintake,
shade, I
TISon
prot
ecti
onmethods,keepingthi
ngscover
edandhat s.Foundrywor kers
prot
ecti
onincl
udesflui
ds,ppe,ppm,SSOW andhealthsurveil
l
ance.

Heal
theffectsofNon- i
onisi
ngRadi ati
on.
 Ul tr
av i
olet–ey es&ski nburns,cataracts,er
ythema(
redness)oft
heski
n
e.g.sunburn,skincancerandpr emat ureageing.
 Wel di
ngar cs–phot okeri
ti
ti
s( arceye).
 I nfr
ared–ey es,ci
rculat
ion,skinburnset c

Contr
olMethods.
 Segregate,Encl
osure,Shieldi
ng.
 Skinprotecti
on,sunblocksandcov erup.
 PPE, gl
ovesinfurnaceset c.
 Glassesmar kedsuit
ablef orthet
ypeanddegreeofradi
ati
on.
 Ti
mi ngmechani smst oalarm andnoti
fyofexposur
etodurat
ion.

Laser
s(LightAmpl ifi
cationbySt i
mulatedEmissi
onsofRadiati
on)
.
 Inthev i
siblespect r
um.
 Doesnotf ol
lowi nversesquar elaw.
 TheHi gherFr equencyt hegr eat
erthepowerpotent
ial
.
 Exposur etomai nbeam coul ddamageey es.
 Wav elengthifinUV/ IRr egi
onsradiat
ion.
 Reflectsoffsur f
aces( bounces).
 Laserscoul dbeCont inuousWav e(
CW) ,
Pulsedorseri
esPulsed.

Hazar
douswast eregs.
 Ter atogeni c:anagentthatint err
upt soralterst henor maldevelopmentof
afoet us,wi t
hresult
sthatar eev identatbirth,e. g.achemical,vir
us,or
i
onizingr adiati
onandi nvolvesser iousacut eorchr oni
chealthrisks.
 Mut agenic: anexter
nal agentt hatincreasest her ateofmut at
ionofcell
s
oror ganisms, e.
g.radi
at i
onorsomechemi calsorv ir
uses.Mayi nduce
her
edi tarygeneticdefectsori ncreaset heirincidence.Laysdor mantand
mayal somi ssagener ati
on, prevalentinthemal especi
es.

Lect
ure05-03-
08Machi neHazar
ds.
Theprovi
sionandUseofWor kRegul
ati
ons1992(
PUWER)aff
ect
sal
lmachi
ner
y
equi
pment
Therear
eav ari
etyofhazar
dsassoci
atedwi
thmachi
ner
y:-
 Traps.
 Impact.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page48
  Cont
act.
 Ent
anglement
.
 Ej
ecti
ons.

Traps–Shearnear lyfricti
on,inr unningnips,drawi ngin(suckedin)
Impact–f rom apendul um ofar obotoraf lypresshandl ecouldimpactony ou.
Youcoul dbehi tbyapi eceofwor konal athe,machi nebeingplacedt oocloseto
awal kway,withtheoper atornothav ingenoughr oom t owor kincouldcausean
i
mpacti njury
.
Contact–Cut sorabr asionse. g.bumpedupagai nstasandi ngbelt.
Entanglement–any thingt oent anglemustr evolvee.g.api l
l
ardri
ll.
Eject
ion–somet hingt ocomeoutofamachi nee. g.abrasi
vewheel notbeing
dressedcor r
ectlymayexpl ode.Theyshoul dbef i
ttedanddr essedcor rect
lybya
compet entperson.Bi tswillal
sof l
ythrought heaire.g.swarf(met alscrapfr
om a
cutti
ngmachi ne)andey eprotectionshouldal waysbewor n.

Nonmechani cal hazar ds.

 Noi seandv ibrat i
on.
 Accesssl i
ps,tripsandf alls,fal
li
ngandmov ingobj ect
s,obst
ruct
ionsand
project ions.
 Elect ri
city(i
ncl udingst atic),shockandbur ns.
 Fireandexpl osi on.
 Pressur eandv acuum.
 High/ l
owt emper ature.
 Inhal ati
onofdust /f
ume/ mi st.
 Suff ocat i
on.
 Radi ationbot hi onisi
ngandnon- i
oni
sing.
 Biologi cal,vi
ral andbact er ialfr
om humi di
tygr owthofbacter
iaduetoa
buildupofspor esandst agnantf lui
ds.
 Psy cho- physiological effect s(mentaloverl
oad/ underl
oad).
 Phy siological effects(muscul o-skel
etaldi
sor ders)
.
 Humaner r
ors.
 Hazar dsf r
om t heenv i
ronment( elements).

I
nmanycasesi twillbepracti
cabletoi
nstal
l safeguardswhi chprot
ectt he
oper
atorfr
om mechani calandnon-mechanical hazards.Forexample, aguard
maypreventaccesstohotorel ect
ri
cal
lyli
vepar tsaswellastomov ingones.
Theuseofguardswhi chreducenoiselev
elsatt hesamet imearealsocommon.
Asamat t
erofpolicy,machiner
yhazardsshoul dbedeal twithinthi
si ntegr
ated
wayinst
eadofdeal i
ngwi t
heachhazardinisol ation

PUWER
Machi
nerypur
chasedaf
ter1993hasstri
ngentspeci
fi
cati
onsandanymachi
ner
y
pur
chasedpri
ort
o1993donothav ethesemeasures.I
faft
er1993any
machi
neryhadbeensol
ditthenbecomesanewpi eceofmachiner
yandt
hese

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page49
cont
rol
measur
eswoul
dthenhav
etobeputi
npl
ace.

Designofmachinery
.
Toelimi
nateandreducedangerandr educetheneedt oapproachmustbe
i
ncludedinthedesi
gncr i
teri
a.Youmustmakei tdiff
icul
ttoaccessusingfixed
guardswhereappropri
ate.Suit
ablepr
otecti
veequi pmentincl
udingt
ripdev i
ces
thr
oughpressurematsmustbepr ovi
ded.Suff
icientITISshouldbeprovided,the
machineshouldbewellmai nt
ainedandallmanual sshouldbeinthecorrect
l
anguage.

Desi
gnf eaturesandcont rols.
 Cor rectty peanduserf r
iendly.
 Ty pemostsui t
able.
 Unl i
kelyt obeconf using.
 Easi lydistinguishedbyshape, si
zeandt ext
ure(emergencybutt
on
swi tches, dasheset c) .
 Direct l
ylinkedt ooper at
ion.
 Desi gnf eat ure.
 Goodmai ntenancepr ocedur es.
 Guar dsinpl acei fothermet hodsf ai
ltomakemachi nesaf e.
 Saf etyinter l
ocks( naturaldefencesy st
em topreventoperati
on)
.
 Locki ngi solator s(
immobi l
isi
ng).
 Saf etybyposi t
ion.
 Keepdanger ouspar tsoutofr each.
 Lay out–keepmachi nesfarenoughapar tt
oall
owsaf emov ementar
ound
themachi ne( paperpr ess).

Guardsmustbedesi gnedwi t
hthepeople/oper
atorinmind.Forstrengt
hand
dur
abil
it
y,effectonmachi nerel
i
abil
it
y,y
oumustbeabl et oseet heoperat
ion
(meshortranspar entpanel)
,eff
ectonotherhazardse.
g.vibrat
ionandextra
noi
se.
 Theper fectoperator.
 Thesloppywor ker.
 Thecar elesswor ker.

Goodmaint
enancepr
ocedur
esmustbepr
ovi
ded,
ppm t
omoni
torandi
nsome
casesmi
nimise.

Hi
erar
chyofGuar di
ng.
 Fixedguar di
ng.
 Interlockbui
ltint
omachi
ner
y.
 Adj ustabl
e.
 Tripsanddev ices.

Adv
ant
ages:
-

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page50
  Fi
xedguardsarealwaysbolted.
 Physi
calbar
ri
ertopreventaccess.
 Nomov i
ngparts,
robust,wit
hstandsprocessandenvironment
al
condi
ti
ons.
 Removableonl
ywithaspecial t
oole.
g.spanner:
-incr
easedrel
iabi
l
ity
.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:-
 Maintenancedif
fi
cult
iesandrepai
rs.
 Noprotecti
onwhenr emov ed–opentoinj
ury
.
 Del
iberateremoval–specialt
oolf
oraccess.

Thef eaturesar ethatdeliber ateremov alofafi

xedguar disanoffence:iti
sa
breachofl iabi l
ityanddut y .Ifi
tisremov edformai nt
enancepurposes,itmustbe
repl
acedi mmedi atelyafterwar ds.
 Notsui t
ablef orallmachi nerye.g.dir
ectfeedthiswoul
dt henhav ean
interlockguar d.
 Mechani cal,elect
rical,hydraul
i
c, pneumaticsli
nkedtomachi necontrol
s
wheni nterl
ocki sused.
 Whencl osedt hemachi newouldoper at
e.
 Openwhenmachi nei satrest.
 Openguar densur esaf emachi ne.
 Mai nt enancecost sar ehigher.
 Needt odesi gnoutf ail
uretohar m onbreakdownetc.

Openi
ngandclosi
ngofguar
dwil
lnotal
l
owmachi
netooper
ate.
Ci
rcumvent
ingiswhenguar
dsar
ejammedandt
amperedwi
thtocont
inue
pr
oducti
vi
ty.

Adj
ust
ableGuards.
 Unavoidableexposuret
odangerouspar
tswhenmachi neisi
nuse.
 Preventsaccessonlywhenadangerexi
sts(
afixedguardwithadjust
able
elements).
 Design–machi nenonoperat
ionalwi
thopenguard.Onlyoper
ablewith
guardclosed.

Aguar
drel
ieson:
-
 Corr
ectadj
ustmentandmai
ntenance.
 AdequateI
TIS.

Tr
ipdev
ices.
Tr
ipdev
isesoperatewhenapersonapproachest
hedangerarea
 Trigger
sautomat i
cst
oppageorreversepr
iort
odangerpoint
.
 Sensiti
vetri
pmechanisms.
 Faststoppage.
 Brakeassistedsomet
imes.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page51
  Tri
pwires,
photoelect
ri
cbeams,pressur
emat scanbeusedt
opr
event
ent
ry,t
hesewil
lalsobedesignedwithbir
dsinmind.
 Overri
demaint
enance.
 Soft
waresyst
emsf ai
l
ureorel
ectr
icalf
ail
ure.

Twohandedcont r
ol device.
Theadvantagesar e:-
 Itissi mple.
 Easyt omaint ainandrepai
r.
 Gi vesy ouspaceandgoodv isibi
li
ty.
 Bot hhandsmustbeont hecontrols.
Thedi
sadv antagesar e:-
 Itrequi r
esst rengthandcharacter.
 Easi lyoverridden.

Lect
ure12-
03-
08El
ect
ri
cit
y.

P.
A.TTest ing.Thef oll
owi ngi sacheckl istforuserchecks: -
 I sther earecentP. A.
Tt estlabel attachedt ot heequipment .
 Ar et hereanybar ewi resv i
si ble?
 I sthecabl ecoveringundamagedandf reefrom cut sandabr asions( apart
from l ightscuff
ing).
 I sthecabl etoolongort ooshor t
?( Doesi tpr esentat ri
phazar d).
 I sthepl ugingoodcondi ti
on, forexampl e, t
hecasi ngi snotcrackedand
thepi nsarenotbent .
 Ar et hereanytapedornon- st andardj ointsint hecabl e?
 I stheout ercovering( sheat h)oft hecabl egr i
ppedwher eitentersthepl ug
ort heequi pment .(Thecol our edinsulat i
onoft heinternalwir
esshoul dnot
bev isibl
e).
 I stheout ercaseoft heequi pmentdamagedorl ooseandar eallscrewsi n
place.
 Ar et hereanyov erheat ingorbur nmar ksont heplug, cabl
e,socketsort he
equi pment ?
 Ar et het r
ipdevi
ces( RCDs)wor kingef fectively(t
estbypr essingthet est
but ton) .
 I sthepol ari
tycorrect?
 Ar et hecablesandcor esef fectiv
elyter mi nated?
 I stheequi pmentsui tabl efort heenv ironment ?

El
ectri
calFi
res/
Explosi
on.
Causesincl
ude:-
 Mal f
uncti
on.
 Lackofmai nt
enance.
 Incorr
ectuseofinst
all
ati
onsandequi
pment
.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page52
  I
gnit
ion–Heat ,
Light,El
ectr
icmotors.
 Shortci
rcui
ts–ov er
heati
ngcables.
 Fl
ammabl egasesandv apours.
 Stat
icel
ectr
icaldi
scharges.

ShortCircui
ts.
Causesinclude:-
 Faul t
yInsulat
ion.
 Uni nt
endedf l
owofcur rentbet
weentwoconduct
orsorbet
weenone
conductorandear t
h.
 Twi stedorbentcables.
 Dependsonv ol t
age,distanceandcondi
ti
onofi
nsul
ati
ngmater
ial
s.
 Neart owat er
, duetoleaks.

Faul
tDevelopment .
 Currentincr
eases,sur
roundingareaheat
sup.
 I
fthef usefail
stooperatethewrongfuserat
ingcoul
dbeused.
 Excesscur r
entjeopar
disesthefuse.

Combust
ibl
eMateri
als.
 Shouldbekeptawayfr
om heat
edwi
res.
 Couldbeigni
tedbyhotspar
ks.

Pr
otect
ionDevi
ces.
 Fuse–Pr otectstheequipmentr athert hant heperson.
 RCD–Pr ot
ectst heper
sonf r
om t heel ect r
ici
tysupply.
 RV–r educest hesever
it
yofel ectricalsy stem byreducedv
olt
agee.
g.
110Vinatransformerwithcentretappedt oear t
h.
 DoubleInsulat
ion–Usedwi t
hmoder nequi pment.

Fuse:
-
 Mustusethecor r
ectAmpr ati
ng.
 Giv
esequipmentpr ot
ection.
 Acti
onisgiveninanov ercurrentsi
tuat
ion.
 Li
mitat
ion:usageofincorrectsizef
usesandsl
owr
esponset
imes.

RCD:
-
 Sensesleakage.30mAcur rentt
oearthandbreaksthecir
cui
twi
thi
n30
msecs.
 Rapidresponseaffordssomepr ot
ecti
onagainstshocknotl
i
keafuse.
 Sensiti
veandreli
able.
 Simpleandsafetestingfornon-
elect
ri
calper
sonnel.

ReducedVol
tage:
-
 Useofvolt
agebel
owsuppl
ylev
elf
oranci
l
lar
yser
vices.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page53
  Toprotectoperator
s.
 Downto50v olt
s.
 Lesscurrenttocausei
njur
y.

Doubl
eInsul
ati
on:-
 Thepr ovi
si
onoft wosepar
atel
ayersofinsul
ati
onbet
weenl
i
vepar
tsand
t
hepartbeinghandled.
 Donotneedt ohav eanear
thconnect
ion.
 Mustnotbedamaged.

El
ectr
icalHazards.
El
ectr
icalhazardscanberemember
edbyusi
ngt
heacr
ony
m BSAFE,
wit
hthe
hazar
dsbei ng:
-
 Burns.
 Shock.
 Arcing.
 Fir
e.
 Explosion(st
ati
c).

Ef
fectsofshock.
Thei nit
ialeff
ectofanelect
ri
calshockwoul
dbepai n,wit
hpossibleelectr
ical
burns.Thecur rentf
lowingt
hroughthebodywoul dcausethemuscl esto
cont r
actof t
encausingthevi
cti
mt ogri
pti
ghterontheliv
econduct or.I
n
sev er
ecasest hiswouldbefoll
owedbyunconsciousnessandconv ulsi
ons.
Sev erecasescouldleadtobreathi
ngst
oppingandpossiblydeath.Theremay
beent ranceandexitwoundev i
denceandevidencewheretheelectri
cit
yhas
trackedundert heskin.

Shoul dashockoccurt oawor kcol leaguet hef i

rstactionwoul dbet o
eli
mi natet hesuppl yinasaf emannert oprev entany oneel sereceiv
inga
shock.Youshoul dsendf orhelpandensur et hear eaissaf e.Youmustensur e
thatanyf i
rstaidersdonotr eceiveanel ectricshock.Pl acet hev i
cti
mi nt
os
safeposi t
ionideal l
ytherecoveryposi t
ion.Wi ththev icti
mi nasaf epositi
onit
i
st henpossi bletosear chforentrance/exitwounds.Thei ncidentmustbe
reportedt oRI DDORbyt hequickestpr acti
cabl emeansandwi t
htheuseof
form F2508.
Permi ts&Cont rols.
 Gener alentrypointpermits.Thiswoul donlyper mitaccesst oenterthe
areaonl yitdoesnotcov erel ectr
icalisolati
on.
 El ectr
icalIsolati
onCer t
if
icate.Thishasi tsownst atuscov erst
he
el
ect r
icalisolati
on.
 Cont r
olswoul di
nclude:
Earthing
Bondi ng.

Ear
thi
ng.
Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page54
Theelectrici
tysupplycompanyhasoneofi t
sconductorssol
idl
yconnectedto
theearthandev erycircui
tsuppliedbythecompanymusthav eoneofits
conductorsconnect edtoearth.Thismeanst hati
fthereisafaul
t,suchasa
breakintheci r
cuit
,thecurrent,knownast heeart
hfaultcur
rentwill
ret
urn
dir
ectl
yt oearth,whichformst hecircui
tofleastr
esi
stance,t
husmai nt
aini
ngthe
supplycircui
t.ThisprocessisknownasEar thi
ng.

Bondi ng.
Wher eotherpotenti
al metall
icconduct orsexistneartoelectr
icalconductorsina
buil
ding,theymustbeconnect edt othemai neartht
erminaltoensur e
equipotenti
albondingofal l
conduct orst oearth.Thi
sappliestogas, waterand
centralheati
ngpipesandot herdev icessuchasl i
ghti
ngpr ot
ectionsystems.
Supplement ar
ybondi ngisrequiredinbat hroomsandki tchenswher e,for
exampl e,metalsi
nksandot hermet all
i
cequi pmentsur f
acesar epresent.This
i
nvolv estheconnectionofaconduct orfrom thesinktoawat ersupplypipe
whichhasbeenear thedbyequi potenti
al bonding.Therehavebeensev er
al
fat
aliti
esduet oel
ect ri
cshocksf rom ‘l
ive’servi
cepipesorkitchensinks.

Lect
ure19-03-08 Fi r
e.
Cl
assesoff ir
e.
Howf irespreads.
Pri
nciplesofcombust
ion.
Heattransfer.

Fi
reprevent
ionandf
ir
epr
ecaut
ionsar
ebot
hli
nkedbyFi
rer
iskassessmentand
cont
rols.

Theappr
opr
iat
elegi
slat
ionwoul
dbeTheRegul
ator
yRef
ormsFi
reSaf
etyOr
der
.

TheFi
reTr
iangle.
Thefi
ret
rianglei
sbasedont
hepr
inci
plesofcombust
ion(
bur
ning)
.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page55
 FUEL
Fl
ammabl
eGases
Fl
ammabl
eli
qui
ds/sol
i
ds

TheFi
re
Tri
angl
e

OXYGEN I
GNITION
Alway spresentinair SOURCE
Additionalsour
cesf r
om HotSurf
aces
Oxidisingsubstances. El
ectr
ical
Equipment
Stat
icEl
ectr
ici
ty
Smoki
ng/Naked
f
lame

Mustbeabl
etodr
awandl
abel
inanexam.

Pri
nci
plesofCombust ion.
 Oxy gen,fuelandani gnitionsourceall
needtobepresentforf
ire.The
strategyintheev entofaf i
rei
st oremovesomeoralloftheit
emsand
thereforeint
erferewi t
ht hecombust i
onprocess.
Exampleswoul dbe:-
 Tor emov eHeat–Cool .
 Tor emov eOxy gen–Smot her.
 Tor emov eFuel –St arve.

Met
hodsofExti
nguishi
ng.
 Star
vati
on(Remov alofFuel)
.
 Smother(Remov alofOxygen).
 Cooli
ng(Int
erfer
ingchemicall
ywit
hthecombust
ionpr
ocess)
.

SourcesofI
gni
ti
on.
 Nakedfl
ames.
 Exter
nal
spar
ks.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page56
  I
nter
nalsparks.
 Hotsur
faces.
 St
ati
celectr
ici
ty.

Exter
nal Sparks:Gri
ndi ngmet als,weldi
ng,impacttools,el
ectri
calswit
chgear
.
NakedFl ames: Smoki ngmat erials,
heati
ngandcooki ng.
I
nternalSparks: El
ectrical(faulty&nor mal)machinery,l
i
ght i
ng.
HotSurfaces: Li
ghting, cooking, heati
ngappli
ances,processequi pment,
poor
venti
lat
ion,fault
yorbadl ylubricatedequipment,hotbear i
ngs/dri
vebelt
setc.

Ther
ewoul
dalsobeanArsonpot
ent
ial
.Theremedytoli
mitt
hearsonpot
ent
ial
woul
dbetoemploysecur
it
yet
candtoimprovemanagementcont
rol
s.

Pr
ecaut
ions.
 War ningSigns.
 HotWor kPermits.
 Ear t
hBondi ng.
 Pr ohi
bitSmoking.
 Saf eSystemsofWor k.
 Aut hori
sedCompet entoper
ati
ves.

SourcesofFuel .
 Solids:Wood, paper,cardboard,pl
astics,rubber ,f
oam, t
extil
es,wal
lpaper,
har
dboar d.
 Liquids:Paints,varnishes,thi
nners,adhesiv es,petr
ol,whit
espiri
ts,
par
affi
n, acetone,vapour s.
 Gases: Vapour susual l
yheav i
erthanai r(
fal ltolowerlevel
s)andcatchfi
re
i
nthecor rectconcent rati
onwithair.Thisiscal ledfl
ashf l
ame.
 Gases: Flammabl eincludeLPG( li
quidpet roleum gas)incyli
ndersusual
ly
But
ane, Propane, Acetylene(usedforwel ding) ,
hydrogen.

Anexpl
osi
oncanoccuri
ftheai
r/
gasmi
xtur
eiswi
thi
ntheexpl
osi
ver
ange.

Oxy
geni nAir.
Ox
ygeni nairi
senhancedby :
-
 Nat uralorpower edventi
lat
ionsyst
ems.
 Cy li
ndersprovidi
ngoxy gen.
 Ni tr
ates,chl
orates,ChromatesandPeroxi
desr
eleaseoxy
genast
heybur
n
i
.e.theyareoxidisi
ng.

I
tiswor
thnot
ingt
hatRustdepl
etesoxy
gen.

Stati
cElectr
icit
y.
Stat
icelectri
ci
tyi
sapotent
ialsour
ceofi
gni
ti
onandcomesinav ar
iet
yof
forms.Lighteni
ngisanat
uralfor
m ofst
ati
cel
ect
ri
cit
y.Hi
ghvol
tagestat
icspar
ks

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page57
canbeemittedfrom mat eri
alssepar at
ion:
-
 Unwindingplastic.
 Pouri
nghighlyf lammablel i
quids,walki
ngacrossinsul
atedfl
oors,
Remov i
ngsy ntheticmaterialssuchasov er
all
scouldallpr
oducestati
c.
 Stat
icisalsopr onetodev elopindryatmospheressuchasf l
oursi
losetc.

Fi
reTermi
nology
.
Thefol
l
owingter
minol
ogymustbeknownf
ort
heexam:

FlashPoi nt–Av apourorgascapabl eofbei ngigni

tedmoment ari
lybyanoutsi
de
sour cebutwi llgooutast hereisinsuffi
cientvapourorgasbeingev ol
vedto
cont i
nue.
FirePoint-Fur therheati sappli
edwhenmor evapour/
gasevolvesandenought o
sustainaf lamewheni gnit
ed.
Aut oIgni
tion–f urtherheatisappl i
edandf uelwil
lnowigni
tewithoutext
ernal
sour ce,t
hisi sknownassel fignit
ion.(anexampl ewoul
dbespont aneous
combust ionofhay ).
UpperandLowerFl ammabl eLimi ts–Thesear etheri
chestandweakest
concent r
ationsoff lammabl egasorv apour swhichwhenmi xedwi thai
rare
capabl eofi gni
tionandf lamepr opagation.

Fl
ammabl
eRange.
 Bet
weenupper&l owerfl
ammabl
elimi
tsi
ncr
easesasthet
emperat
ure
i
ncreases.
 Wit
hinthisr
ange,
nof l
ameisr
equi
redast
hefuelcoul
daut
oigni
te.

Pr
inci
plesofheatt ransfer(
spreadoffir
e)
 Conv ecti
on( Hotairr
ises,r
oofvoidset
c.)
 Conduct i
on( Transmissi
onthroughmateri
als)
 Radiation(Transmissionbyheatwaves)
 DirectBurning(Contact–directfl
ame)

Di
rectbur
ningi
sacombi
nat
ionofconv
ect
ion,
conduct
ionandr
adi
ati
on.

SmokeSpr
eadWithinBuil
dings.
Smokewil
lgett
rappedwi thi
nspacesbet weenstructur
es.
 Thesmokewi ll
spreadhorizontal
lyuntil
spacesar efi
ll
ed.
 Smokewillpassthroughholes,gaps–cei l
ings,f
loorsandwall
set c.
 Smokewillrapi
dlyr
iseupst ai
rcasesandl i
ftwell
st oal
lareasl
eftopen.
 Thetemperatur
ewi l
l r
api
dlyri
se.
 Toxi
csmokeandgasesmayber eleasedduringtheroute.

Cl
assesofFir
e.
 A, B,
C, DandElectr
icalsour
ces.
 Thereareexti
nguishingagentsf
oreachcl
assoff
ir
e.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page58
Addit
ionallytheref
orey oumustconsi der:-
 Dr ypowderandf oam f orgasesorl i
quefiedgases.
 Dr ysandandspeci alpowder s( graphit
eorsodaash)f ormet alfi
res.
 F- cl
assf i
resar econcer nedwi thf atfr
ying.F-classexti
nguisher sare
denotedbyay ell
owpat chont heext i
nguisher.
 Cl assF–hi ght emper atures,cookingoi l
s,fats(cateri
ng,restaurants)was
notaBr it
ishst andar d.
 Elect r
icalfi
reshav enocl ass.Itisimpor t
antt oremembert hatwith
el
ect r
icalfi
res, equipmentcanst orelethalvoltagesfoll
owingi solat
ion
hencespeci alisedext inguisherssuchasCar bonDi oxi
de(bl ackpatch)or
drypowder s( bluepat ch)ar eused.

ClassA–f i
reswhi chi nv olv esol idmat erialssuchaswood, paper ,
car dboar d,
textil
es, f
ur nitureandpl ast i
cswher etherear enor mal lygl owi ngember sdur i
ng
combust ion.Suchf iresar eext ingui shedbycool i
ngwhi chi sachi evedusi ng
wat er.
ClassB–f ireswhi chi nv olv el i
quidsorl iquefiedsolidssuchaspai nt s,oil
sorf ats.
Thesecanbef urthersubdi videdi nt o:
ClassB1–f ireswhi chi nv olvel i
qui dst hatar esolubl ei nwat ersuchasmet hanol.
Theycanbeext ingui shedbyCar bonDi oxi de,drypowder ,wat erspr ay ,l
ightwat er
andv apor i
zingl iquids.
ClassB2–f ireswhi chi nv olvel i
qui dsnotsol ubleinwat ersuchaspet rolandoi l.
Theycanbeext ingui shedbyusi ngf oam, carbondi oxi de, drypowder ,li
ghtwat er
andv apor i
zingl iquid.
ClassC–f i
reswhi chi nv olv egasessuchasnat uralgasorl iquef i
edgasessuch
asbut aneorpr opane.Theycanbeext i
ngui shedusi ngf oam ordr ypowderi n
conjunct ionwi t
hwat ertocool anycont ainersinvolvedornear by.
ClassD–Fi reswhi chi nv olvemet alssuchasal umini um ormagnesi um.Speci al
drypowderext i
ngui sher sar er equi redt oext i
nguisht hesef i
reswhi chmay
cont ainpowder edgr aphiteort alc.
ClassF–f ireswhi chi nv olv ehight emper aturecooki ngoi lsorf atsi nlarge
cater i
ngest ablishment sorr est aur ants.
Electricalfires–f ir
esi nvol vingel ect ri
cal equipmentorci rcui t
rydonotconst i
tute
af i
recl assoft heirown, asel ectri
ci tyisasour ceofi gni ti
ont hatwi llfeedaf ir
e
untilswi t
chedof fori solat ed.Butt herear esomepi ecesofequi pmentt hatcan
store, wit
hincapaci tors, l
et hal voltagesev enwheni sol ated.Ext inguisher s
speci fi
callydesi gnedf orel ect r
ical use, l
ikecar bondi oxi deordr ypowdershoul d
alway sbeusedf ort hist ypeoff i
rehazar d.

Ty pesofext inguisher
.
Itisi mportantnott omis-
inter
prett
ypesofexti
ngui
sherwit
hclassesof
ext i
nguisher.Classofextingui
sherwouldincl
udewater
,powder,CO2etc.The
followingar etypesofexti
nguisherofwhichther
earetwoforms,fi
xedand
por tabl
e.
Fixedi nclude:-
 I nertGases.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page59
  Spri
nklerSy stems.
 Fir
eCur t
ai ns.
 Atri
um Sy stems.
Por
tabl
einclude: -
 Fir
eBlanket s.
 HoseReel s.
 HandHel dExt ingui
sher
s.
 Fir
eBucket s(sand)
.
 DousingHel i
copter
s.
 Fir
eBoat s.
 Fir
eengines.
 Fir
eBeat ers.

Fi
reRi
skAssessment s.
The5stepstor i
skassessmentmustbef ol
lowed,al
so:
-
 Assessf irer
isks.
 Checkdet ecti
onmet hods.
 Peopl emustbeabl etoescapesaf el
y(incl
udi
ngdisabledpersons)
.
 Theremustbeapr ov
isi
onoff i
refi
ghtingequi
pment .
 Pr ov
isionsmustbemadet obeabl etomakepeopl eawarethereisaf
ir
e.
 Equipmentchecksandmai ntenancemustbeupt odat e.

Mai
nHazards.
 Oxygendepl
eti
on.

 Fl
amesandheat .
 Smoke.
 Gaseouscombusti
onproduct
s.
 St
ructur
alf
ail
ureorbui
l
dingsfai
l
ure(
col
l
apsi
ngf
oll
owi
ngf
ir
edamage)
.

Pot
ent
ialharmst opeopl e.
 Bur ns(radi
ati
onori nhal
ati
onburns.)
 Inhalati
onoft oxi cfumes.
 Respi r
atorydifficultyduetotheeffectsofsmoke.
 Depl et
edoxy gensuppl y.
 Crushori mpacti njuri
esduetopeopl etr
yingtoescape.
 Psy chologi
cal postt raumati
cstress(part
icul
arl
yinoldper
sons,
disabl
ed
andment all
ydi sabledpeople).

Fir
eDr i
ll
s.
Firedril
lsar eoftenheldast heysatisfyalegalr
equirementandalsof orm part
ofFirecerti
ficationspecif
icati
oncompl i
anceprocedures.Theyarevitalin
assessinganor ganisat
ionseffecti
venessofEmer gencyEv acuati
onpr ocedures.
Afiredril
lwillalsoassistwithempl oyeef amil
i
ari
sati
onoff i
realarm procedures,
escaper outesandassembl ypoints.Firewardenswill
al sobenefi
tfr
om r egul
ar

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page60
fi
redr i
l
lsast heygetachancet opr acticetheirdut i
estoenablet hem t
ohone
thei
rskill
spr iortoar eal emer gency .Provisi
onsmustbemadedur i
ngfir
edr i
l
ls
fordisabledper sonsandv i
si t
orsonsi tedur i
ngt hedril
l.
.
...
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
...
..
....
..
..
...
..
....
..
...
..
..
..
..
...
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
...
.
PossibleQuest i
on:
Whatpr ecaut i
onsshoul dbet akenf ort hesaf etyofdisabledpersonsshouldf i
re
breakout ?
 I ntegraltoescapepr ocedur e.
 I dentifytheper sonswhowoul dneedhel p.
 Al locatement orshipt othosewhowoul drequirehelp.
 Consi derescaper out esfort hedi sabledpeopl e.
 Enabl ethesaf euseofl i
fts.
 Consi deremer gencyhel psummoni ngar rangement s.
 Tr ainst afftobeabl et ohelp.
 Cr eatesaf ehav enswi t
ht heuseoff i
rewal l
s.

Visuall
yimpairedper sons:
Visi
on–f amili
arwithescaper outes
Sensor y–speciali
stgr oupadv i
ce,li
ghts,vi
brati
on,testsystem aspar toffir
edr il
l.
Mobi l
ity–Speciali
stAdv ice.
Lif
tsar enotappropriateunlessdesignedf orusebydi sabledper sonsinaf i
re
sit
uation.
Ment alHandicappedpeopl ewoul drequirere-
assuranceandcl osesuper vi
sion.
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
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Fi
rePr
ecaut
ions.

Fi
redet
ect
ion&war
ningsy
stems

Youmusthaveasuit
ablefi
redetect
ionandwar
ningsy
stem.Thi
scanr
angef
rom ashout
edwar
ningt
o
acomprehensi
veel
ectr
ical
detecti
onandwarni
ngsyst
em.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page61
What
eversy
stem y
ouhav
eitmustbeabl
etoadequat
elywar
npeopl
einal
lci
rcumst
ances.

Ameansf
orf
ight
ingasmal
lfi
re
Mul
ti
pur
posef
ir
eext
ingui
sher
swi
thaguar
ant
eedshel
fli
femaybeaccept
abl
e.

Asarul
eofthumby
oushoul
dhav
eoneext
ingui
sherf
orev
ery200m2off
loorspacewi
thami
nimum
ofoneperf
loor
.

Saf
erout
esf
orpeopl
etol
eav
ethepr
emi
ses

 Thei
deal
sit
uat
ioni
swhent
her
ear
eal
ter
nat
iveescape
routesf rom al l partsoft hepr emi ses, alt
hought hisisnot
alway spossi ble.
 Wher eonl yoner outei sav ail
ableot hercompensat ory
featuresmaybenecessar ye. g.maki ngescaper out esf i
re
resistingori nst all
ingaut omat icf i
redet ection.
 Thest ai
rwayandar eaneart heexi tshoul dbekeptcl earof
combust iblesandobst ructions.
 Theescaper out eshoul dleadt oaf inalexit.
 Wher et hest airwayi snotf ireresisting,thef inalexitshoul d
bev isibl
eandaccessi blef rom thedi schargepoi ntoft he
stairwayatgr oundf loorlev el.
High- r
iskr oomsdonot
gener all
yopendi rectlyintoaf i
re-resisti
ngst airway .
 Ifyourf i
rer iskassessmentshowst hatpeopl eusi nganyf l
oor
woul dbeunawar eofaf irey oumayr equireaddi ti
onal fi
re-
protect i
onmeasur es,e.g.anaut omat i
cf i
re-detectionand
war ningsy st em.
 Corr i
doorwi dt hsshoul dbeappr opriatef orwheel chai ruse.
 Closeal ldoor s/windowst odel ayt hespr eadoff ire.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page62
Sui
tabl
efi
reexi
tdoor
s
Fi
reexitdoor
sandanydoor
sont
heescaper
out
esshoul
dbeoper
abl
ewi
thoutakeyandwi
thoutany
speci
ali
stknowl
edge.

I
npubl
i
cbui
l
dingspush(
pani
c)bar
sorpushpadsmayber
equi
red.

Ot
hermat
ter
stoconsi
der

 Adequat
eli
ght
ing(
youmayhav
etoconsi
deremer
gency
l
i
ght
ing)
.
 Suit
ablef
ir
esafet
ysignsinallbutthesmal
l
estpremises.
 Fi
tti
ngoffi
redoors(andfr
ames) .
 Trai
ningf
oryourstaf
foranyoneelseyoumayreasonably
expectt
ohel
pint
heev
entofaf
ir
e.
 Amanagementsy
stem t
oensur
ethatf
ir
esaf
etysy
stemsar
e
mai
ntai
ned.
 Reducetheamountoff
lammablemater
ial
sintheworkpl
ace.
 Ensuret
hatdanger
oussubst
ancesar
estoredcorr
ect
ly.

Somev er
ysmallandsi
mpl
epremisesmaybeabletosat
isf
yall
thesest
epswit
houtdi
ff
icul
tybuty
ou
shoul
dstil
lbeabl
etodemonst
rat
ethatanappr
opri
atepr
ocesshasbeencar
ri
edout.

Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page63
Pr
epar
edbyGar
ethJenki
ns Page64