Chapter 1 – Reviewing number and financial

mathematics
Solutions to Exercise 1A
1A Building understanding
1 a The factors of 56: 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56 c 11 − (−4) = 11 + 4
= 15
b We can see from parts a and b that the HCF of
16 and 56 is 8. d 2 × (−3) = −6

c The first seven multiples of 3: e −11 × (−2) = (− × −) 22

3(3 × 1), 6(3 × 2), 9(3 × 3), 12(3 × 4),
= 22
15(3 × 5), 18(3 × 6), 21(3 × 7)
f 18 ÷ (−2) = −9
d 3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 4, 3 × 5
5 × 1, 5 × 2, 5 × 3 Exercise 1A
The LCM of 3 and 5 is 15
1 a i −1 − (−2 × 4) + (−2) = −1 − (−8) − 2
e The first 10 prime numbers starting from 2: 2,
= −1 + 8 − 2
3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
=7−2

2 a 112 = 11 × 11 =5

= 121 ii 2 + (3 × (−2)) − (−1) = 2 + (−6) + 1

√ √ =2−6+1
b 144 = 122
= −4 + 1
= 12
= −3
c 3 =3×3×3
3

b i (−10 ÷ 2 + (−1)) × 2 = (−5 − 1) × 2

= 27
√3 √3 = (−6) × 2
d 8 = 23 = −12
=2
ii (4 ÷ (−1) − 3) × (−3) = (−4 − 3) × (−3)

3 a −9 + 18 = 9 = (−7) × (−3)
= 21
b 2 + (−3) = 2 − 3
= −1

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2 Essential Mathematics for the AC 9 Third Edition
√3
c i 1 − (−2)2 + 23 f 4 + 8 ÷ (−2) − 3 = 4 + (8 ÷ (−2)) − 3
√3
= 13 − (−2) × (−2) + 2 × 2 × 2 = 4 + (−4) − 3
=1−4+8 =4−4−3
= −3 + 8 = −3
=5 g (−24 ÷ (−8) + (−5)) × 2
√3
ii 125 − (−3)3 − 22 = ((−24 ÷ (−8)) − 5) × 2
√3 = (3 − 5) × 2
= 53 − (−3) × (−3) × (−3) − 2 × 2
= 5 − (−27) − 4 = (−2) × 2

= 5 + 27 − 4 = −4

= 32 − 4 h −7 − (−4 × 8) − 15 = −7 − (−32) − 15
= 28 = −7 + 32 − 15
= 10
2 a −4 − 3 × (−2) = −4 − (3 × (−2))
i − 3 − 12 ÷ (−6) × (−4)
= −4 − (−6)
= −3 − (12 ÷ (−6)) × (−4)
= −4 + 6
= −3 − (−2) × (−4)
=2
= −3 − ((−2) × (−4))
b −3 × (−2) + (−4) = (−3 × (−2)) − 4 = −3 − 8
= (+6) − 4 = −11
=2
j 4 × (−3) ÷ (−2 × 3) = (4 × (−3)) ÷ (−6)
c −2 × (3 − 8) = −2 × (−5) = (−12) ÷ (−6)
= 10 =2

d 2 − 7 × (−2) = 2 − (7 × (−2)) k (−6 − 9 × (−2)) ÷ (−4)

= 2 − (−14) = (−6 − (9 × (−2)) ÷ (−4)
= 2 + 14 = (−6 − (−18)) ÷ (−4)
= 16 = (−6 + 18) ÷ (−4)

e 2 − 3 × 2 + (−5) = 2 − (3 × 2) − 5 = 12 ÷ (−4)

=2−6−5 = −3

= −9

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 3

l 10 × (−2) ÷ (−7 − (−2)) r (7 − 14 ÷ (−2)) ÷ 2 = (7 − (14 ÷ (−2))) ÷ 2

= (10 × (−2)) ÷ (−7 + 2) = (7 − (−7)) ÷ 2
= −20 ÷ (−5) = (7 + 7) ÷ 2
=4 = 14 ÷ 2
=7
m 6 × (−5) − 14 ÷ (−2)
= (6 × (−5)) − (14 ÷ (−2)) s 2 − (1 − 2 × (−1)) = 2 − (1 − (2 × (−1)))
= −30 − (−7) = 2 − (1 − (−2))
= −30 + 7 = 2 − (1 + 2)
= −23 =2−3
= −1
n (−3 + 7) − 2 × (−3) = 4 − (2 × (−3))
= 4 − (−6) t 20 ÷ (6 × (−4 × 2) ÷ (−12) − (−1))
=4+6 = 20 ÷ (6 × (−8)) ÷ ((−12) + 1)
= 10 = 20 ÷ (((−48) ÷ (−12)) + 1)
o = 20 ÷ (4 + 1)
−2 + (−4) ÷ (−3 + 1) = −2 + ((−4) ÷ (−3 + 1)) = 20 ÷ 5
= −2 + ((−4) ÷ (−2)) =4
= −2 + 2
=0 3 a Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28
Multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21, 28
p − 18 ÷ ((−2 − (−4)) × (−3)) LCM of 4 and 7 is 28
= −18 ÷ ((−2 + 4) × (−3))
b Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24
= −18 ÷ (2 × (−3)) Multiples of 12: 12, 24
= −18 ÷ (−6) LCM of 8 and 12 is 24
=3 c Multiples of 11: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88,
99, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, 187
q − 2 × 6 ÷ (−4) × (−3)
Multiples of 17: 17, 34, 51, 68, 85, 102, 119,
= ((−2) × 6) ÷ (−4) × (−3) 136, 153, 160, 187
= −12 ÷ (−4) × (−3) LCM of 11 and 17 is 187
= (−12 ÷ (−4)) × (−3) d Multiples of 15: 15, 30
= 3 × (−3) Multiples of 10: 10, 20, 30
= −9 LCM of 15 and 10 is 30

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4 Essential Mathematics for the AC 9 Third Edition

4 a Factors of 20: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 f 13 + 23 − 33

Factors of 8: 1, 2, 4, 8 = (1 × 1 × 1) + (2 × 2 × 2) − (3 × 3 × 3)
HCF of 20 and 8 is 4
= 1 + 8 − 27
b Factors of 100: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 = −18
Factors of 65: 1, 5, 13, 65
√3 √ √3 p
HCF of 100 and 65 is 5 g 27 − 81 = 33 − 92

c Both 17 and 37 are prime numbers, so there =3−9

are no common factors other than 1. = −6
HCF of 37 and 17 is 1. √3 √ √3 p
h 27 − 81 = 33 − 92
d Factors of 23: 1, 23
=3−9
Factors of 46: 1, 2, 23, 46
HCF of 23 and 46 is 23 = −6
√3 √ √3 √3 √ √3
√ √ i 27 − 9− 1= 33 − 32 − 13
5 a 23 − 16 = (2 × 2 × 2) − 42
=3−3−1
=8−4
= −1
=4
√3
√3 √3 j (−1)101 × (−1)1000 × −1 = (−1) × 1 × (−1)
b 52 − 8 = (5 × 5) − 23
=1
= 25 − 2
= 23 6 a = −2, b = 6, c = −3
c (−1)2 × (−3) = (−1 × (−1)) × (−3) a a2 − b = (−2)2 − 6
= 1 × (−3) =4−6
= −3 = −2

d (−2)3 ÷ (−4) = (−2 × (−2) × (−2)) ÷ (−4) b a − b2 = −2 − (6)2

= (−8) ÷ (−4) = −2 − 36
=2 = −38
√ √3 √ √3
e 9 − 125 = 32 − 53 c 2c + a = 2 × (−3) + (−2)
=3−5 = (2 × (−3)) − 2
= −2 = −6 − 2
= −8

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 5

d b2 − c2 = (6)2 − (−3)2 (2 − 5) × (−2) = −3 × (−2)

= 36 − 9 =6
= 27 d −10 ÷ 3 + (−5) = 5
−10 ÷ (3 + (−5)) = −10 ÷ (3 − 5)
e a3 + c2 = (−2)3 + (−3)2
= −10 ÷ (−2)
= −8 + 9
=5
=1
e 3 − (−2) + 4 × 3 = −3
f 3b + ac = (3 × 6) + (−2 × (−3)) 3 − ((−2) + 4 × 3) = 3 − 2 × 3
= 18 + 6 = 3 − (2 × 3)
= 24 =3−6

g c − 2ab = (−3) − (2 × (−2 × 6)) = −3

= −3 − (2 × −12) f (−2)2 + 4 ÷ (−2) = −22

= −3 − (−24) ( (−2)2 + 4) ÷ (−2) = (4 + 4) ÷ (−2)
= −3 + 24 = 8 ÷ (−2)
= 21 = −4
 
= − 22
h abc − (ac)2 = (−2 × 6 × (−3)) − (−2 × (−3))2
= (−12 × (−3)) − 62
8 −6 × 4 − (−7) + (−1)
= 36 − 36 ((−6 × 4) − (−7)) + (−1) = −18
=0 (−6 × 4) − ((−7) + (−1)) = −16
− 6 × (4 − (−7)) + (−1) = −65
7 a −2 × 11 + (−2) = −18
− 6 × (4 − (−7) + (−1)) = −60
−2 × (11 + (−2)) = −2 × (11 − 2) There are four possible answers.
= −2 × 9
= −18 9 Find the LCM of 28 and 36
Multiples of 28: 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 68, 186,
b −6 + (−4) ÷ 2 = −5 214, 252
( − 6 + (−4)) ÷ 2 = (−6 − 4) ÷ 2 Multiples of 36: 36, 72, 108, 144, 180, 216, 252
= −10 ÷ 2 Margaret and Mildred will meet again in 252
days.
= −5

c 2 − 5 × (−2) = 6
10 a Let one number be x and the other number
be y.

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6 Essential Mathematics for the AC 9 Third Edition

x + y = 5 and x − y = 9 12 a i 42 = (4 × 4)
Rearrange one of the equations to make y the = 16
subject: x = 5 − y.
Substitute this equation into the second ii (−4)2 = (−4 × (−4))
equation:
= 16
(5 − y) − y = 9
5 − 2y = 9 b a2 = 16
−2y = 9 − 5 42 = 16 and (−4)2 = 16
=4 a = 4 or a = −4
y = −2
c a3 = 27
Substitute y = −2 into the original equation.
x + (−2) = 5 a=3
x = 5 − (−2) d If a2 = 16, a = ±4 because a negative number
=7 multiplied by a negative number results in a
The two numbers are −2 and 7. positive number.
If a3 = 27, a = 3 occurs because a negative
b Let one number be x and the other number number cubed results in a negative number.
be y. Therefore the cubed number must be positive
x + y = −3 and x × y = −10 to yield a positive solution.
Rearrange one of the equations to make y the
√3
subject: x = −3 − y.
p3
e −27 = (−3)3
Substitute this equation into the second
= −3
equation:
(−3 − y) × y = −10 √ √
f −16 = ((−4) × 4)
−3y − y2 = −10 This does not produce a squared function in
the square root; therefore it cannot be solved
−y2 − 3y + 10 = 0
using real numbers. Squared numbers produce
y2 + 3y − 10 = 0 positive numbers.
(y + 5) (y − 2) = 0
y = 2 and −5 g −22 is the same as −1 × 22
If y = 2, x = −5. If y = −5, x = 2.
i −22 = −1 × 4
The two numbers are −5 and 2.
= −4

11 Find the HCF of 24 and 32. ii −53 = −1 × 125

Factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
= −125
Factors of 32: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
8 is the HCF, so the groups should have eight iii − (−3)2 = −1 × 9
people in each.
= −9

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 7

iv − (−4)2 = −1 × 16 f True: if a > b and both numbers are doubled,

= −16 then their difference will always yield a
positive number, which is > 0.
h (−2)2 and −22 are not the same.
(−2)2 = 4
14 a i Factors of 6: 1, 2, 3, 6
−2 = −1 × 4 = −4
2
1+2+3=6

i (−2)3 and −23 are the same. ii This can be done through trial and error.
(−2)3 = −8 20: 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 = 22
−23 = −1 × 8 = −8 21: 1 + 3 + 7 = 11
22: 1 + 2 + 11 = 14
j A prime numbers has no factors other than 1 23: a prime number
and itself. 24: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 12 = 36
Therefore the HCF of any two prime numbers 25: 1 + 5 = 6
can only be 1, as it is the only factor they both 26: 1 + 2 + 13 = 16
have in common. 27: 1, 3, 9, 27 = 13 so not perfect
28: 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28
k As there are no factors of prime numbers, the 29: a prime number
only multiples they have in common is their 30: 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 10 + 15 = 42
product, a × b. 28 is the only perfect number between 20
and 30.
13 a and b are both positive and a > b.
iii Factors of 496:
a False: if a > b then a − b will always yield a 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248, 496
positive number, which is > 0. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248
= 496
b False: if either a or b are negative then the
product will be a negative number, which is b i Number
< 0. of rows 1 2 3 4 6 5
.
c True: if a > b then the quotient will always be . ..
> 1. Since both numbers are negative, their Diagram . .. ...
quotient will be positive result, which is > 0. . .. ... ....
. .. ... .... .....
d True: a negative number squared results in
. ....................
a positive solution. The difference between
the square of a negative number and the same Number
number squared is 0. of dots 1 3 6 10 15 21

ii Each triangular number is the number

e False: if a > b then −b + a will always yield a
of rows added to the previous triangular
positive number, which is > 0.
number.

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8 Essential Mathematics for the AC 9 Third Edition

The 7th triangular number will be 7+ the ii 0, 1, 0 − 1 = −1, 1 − (−1) = 2,

6th triangular number, so 7 + 21 = 28 −1 − 2 = −3, 2 − (−3) = 5,
The 8th triangular number will be −3 − 5 = −8, 5 − (−8) = 13,
8 + 28 = 36 −8 − 13 = −21, 13 − (−21) = 34
The first four negative Fibonacci numbers
c i 0, 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, are 0,1, −1 and 2.
2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 5 = 8, 5 + 8 = 13,
8 + 13 = 21, 13 + 21 = 34

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