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Linear Transformation1

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17 views16 pages

Linear Transformation1

Uploaded by

Marife Pelegrino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR

TRANSFORMATION
Function of the form:
𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.

Consider an example: Let


1 0
1
𝐴= 2 −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 =
−1
3 4
Then,
1 0 1
1
𝐴𝑣 = 2 −1 = 3
−1
3 4 −1
1
This shows that A transforms v into 𝑤 = 3
−1
We can describe this transformation more generally. The matrix equation
1 0 𝑥 𝑥
2 −1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
3 4 3𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥
gives a formula that shows how A transforms an arbitrary vector 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑅 2
𝑥
into the vector 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 3 . We denote this transformation by
3𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
𝑇𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝐴 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 .
3𝑥 + 4𝑦
With this example we consider some terminology.

 A transformation(or mapping or function) T from 𝑅 𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑅 𝑚


is a rule that assigns to each vector v in 𝑅 𝑛 a unique vector
𝑇 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑚 .
 The domain of T is 𝑅 𝑛 .
 The codomain of T is 𝑅 𝑚
 We indicate this by writing 𝑻: 𝑹𝒏 → 𝑹𝒎
 For a vector v in the domain of T, the vector T(v) in the
codomain is called image of v under (the action of)T
 The set of all possible images T(v)(as v varies throughout the
domain of T) is called range of T
domain
codomain

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚
1
1
image of 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑤 = 𝑇𝐴 𝑣 = 3
−1
−1

𝑥
range of 𝑇𝐴 is consists of all vectors in the codomain 𝑅3 that are form 𝑇𝐴 𝑦 =
𝑥 1 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 −1 which describes the set of all linear combination of
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 4
1 0
the column vectors 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −1 of A. In other words, the range of T is the
3 4
column space of A.
Learn about functions that map a vector space V into a vector space W
T: V W

range
V: domain of T

v w

image of v
T: V W
W: codomain of T
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

 DEFINITION
A transformation 𝑇: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 is called a linear transformation. If
1. 𝑇 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑇 𝑢 + 𝑇 𝑣 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑛 and

2. 𝑇 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑇 𝑣 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑐

Thus, a linear transformation is a function from one vector space to


another that preserves the operations of addition and scalar
multiplication.
Consider once again the transformation 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 defined by
𝑥
𝑥
𝑇 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
3𝑥 + 4𝑦
Lets check that T is a linear transformation. To verify(1), we let
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑢 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑦
1 2
Then
𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑇 𝑢+𝑣 = 𝑇 𝑦 + 𝑦 =T 𝑦 +𝑦 = 2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
1 2 1 2
3 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 4 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
= 2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 2𝑥1 − 𝑦1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑦2
3𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑦1 + 4𝑦2 3𝑥1 + 4𝑦1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑦2
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑥1 𝑥2
= 2𝑥 − 𝑦1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦2 =𝑇
1 2
𝑦1 + 𝑇 𝑦2 = T 𝑢 + 𝑇(𝑣)
3𝑥1 + 4𝑦1 3𝑥2 + 4𝑦2
𝑥
To show (2), we let 𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥 𝑐𝑥
𝑇 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑇 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑇 𝑐𝑦
𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑥
= 2 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑐 2𝑥 − 𝑦
3 𝑐𝑥 + 4 𝑐𝑦 𝑐 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑐 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑇 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑇 𝑣
3𝑥 + 4𝑦
The definition of a linear transformation can be streamlined by
combining(1)operation of addition and (2)scalar multiplication
𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓
𝑇 𝑐1 𝑣1 + 𝑐2 𝑣2 = 𝑐1 𝑇 𝑣1 + 𝑐2 𝑇 𝑣2 for all 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑐1 , 𝑐2
Example:
𝑥 1 0 1 0 𝑥
𝑥
𝑇 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 −1 = 2 −1 𝑦
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 4 3 4

1 0
So, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 2 −1
3 4
 Properties of Linear Transformation  Proof
1. 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝟎 1. 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝑻 𝟎 = 𝟎

2. 𝑻 −𝒗 = −𝑻 𝒗 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽 2. 𝑻 −𝒗 = 𝑻 −𝟏 𝒗 = −𝟏 𝑻 𝒗 =
−𝑻 𝒗
3. 𝑻 𝒖 − 𝒗 = 𝑻 𝒖 + −𝟏 𝒗 = 𝑻 𝒖 +
3. 𝑻 𝒖 − 𝒗 = 𝑻 𝒖 − 𝑻 −𝟏 𝒗 = 𝑻 𝒖 − 𝑻(𝒗)
𝑻 𝒗 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑽

1. Let V, W be two vector spaces. Define 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 as


𝑇 𝑣 = 0 for all v ∈ 𝑉
then T is a linear transformation, to be called the zero transformation
2. Let V be a vector space. Define 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑉 𝑎𝑠
𝑇 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉
then T is a linear transformation, to be called the identity transformation of V
NULL SPACE or KERNEL
 Is the set of all vectors
that lose their identity
under the
transformation.

RANGE or IMAGE
 Is the set of all vectors
that can be obtained
by applying T to
vectors from the
original space
ISOMORPHISM
 A linear transformation T: V → 𝑊 is called an isomorphism if it is both
onto and one-to-one. The vector spaces V and W are said to be
isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊, and we write V ≅
𝑊.

 The word isomorphism comes from the two Greek roots: iso, meaning
“same” and morphos, meaning “form”. An isomorphism 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊
induces a pairing 𝑣 ↔ 𝑇 𝑣 between vectors v in V and vectors T(v) in
W that preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Applications of Linear Transformations
 Linear Transformations are widely used in various
fields such as computer graphics, where they are
essential for rendering 3D objects onto a 2D
screen. They are also crucial in solving systems of
linear equations, which is a fundamental problem in
numerous scientific and engineering disciplines.
References:
www.google.com/slideplayerchap.6lineartransformations-pptdownload
www.mandal.ku.edu/m290NotesChSIX.pdf
www.deepai.org/lineartransformationdefinition
www.google.com/slideplayer/lineartransformation,nullspacesandranges-
pptdownload
www.google.com/linear_algebra_-_A_Modern_Introduction_4th_Edition
www.google.com/imageslinearalgebraforcomputerscientists
www.google.com/imageslineartransformationroleinAI
www.google.com/image:astretchingandflippingtwo-dimensionallinear
www.quora.com/imagesinectiveandsurective
Thank you

Prepared by:
Joecel R. Ponce

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