12728 J. Phys. Chem.

C 2010, 114, 12728–12735

Synthesis of One-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials Wrapped by Silver Nanoparticles and

Their Antibacterial Behavior

Aping Niu,† Yujie Han,‡ Jian Wu,‡ Ning Yu,† and Qun Xu*,†
College of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou UniVersity,
Zhengzhou 450052, China
ReceiVed: May 23, 2010; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed: June 22, 2010

One-dimensional (1D) carbon nanomaterials wrapped by silver nanoparticles were fabricated via a facile and
environmentally benign route with the assistance of supercritical carbon dioxide. Transmission electron
microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that carbon nanofibers
(CNFs) were densely coated by silver nanoparticles under the optimized experimental condition. In the case
of carbon nanotube/silver (CNT/Ag) nanohybrids, these silver nanoparticles on the surface of carbon nanotubes
were predominantly spherical in shape with excellent dispersion, and their sizes were smaller than that on
carbon nanofibers. The UV-vis spectra presented a surface plasmon resonance vibration band at 448 and
414 nm for CNFs and CNTs, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles were of
a face centered cubic structure. Some crucial factors, which affect the growing and arraying of Ag nanoparticles
along the axis of 1D carbon nanomaterials, had been investigated. As examples for promising applications,
the antibacterial activities of the as-prepared one-dimensional nanocomposites were also studied.

1. Introduction (CNTs) have attracted more interest in various fields, including

chemical and biological sensors,30,31 separation membranes,32
As one of the members of the noble metallic nanomaterials energy storage,33 and improved accessibility of reactants to the
family, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have sparked intense active sites.34 It has been confirmed by calculations and
excitement in nanotechnology and biotechnology due to their experiments that 1D metal NPs can show a greater local field
high catalytic activity and excellent antimicrobial activity.1 For enhancement,35,36 and the axial ratio for the 1D NPs has a special
instance, they can be used as electrocatalysts for fuel cells,2 for effect.37 Considering that CNTs and CNFs belong to 1D
the reduction of organic halides,3 in biolabel materials,4 and in nanomaterials, they can evidently improve the physical proper-
antibacterial materials.5-9 Recently, because of increasing at- ties of metal NPs.38 It is anticipated that the composite of 1D
tention on preventing diseases in public health hygiene,10-13 a carbon materials and zero-dimensional Ag nanoparticles can
great deal of effort has been ploughed into the biosynthesis of contribute to antimicrobial efficiency.
antimicrobial silver materials. Some antimicrobial composites Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has become an important
have been investigated, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) tool for materials processing.38,39 Among SCFs, supercritical
(PMMA) nanofiber containing AgNPs,7 silver/poly(ethylene carbon dioxide (SC CO2) is extensively employed. As a green
oxide) (PEO) nanocomposites, and silver/polyrhodanine nano- solvent, SC CO2 is a substitute for conventional organic solvents
fibers.8,9 Meanwhile, some biological systems (bacteria, fungi, because it is nontoxic, nonflammable, inexpensive, naturally
and algae) used for AgNP synthesis have also been reported.14-16 abundant, and environmentally benign. Its low viscosity, high
Many protocols are used to synthesize AgNPs, involving a diffusivity, and negligible surface tension play important roles
template method,17,18 chemical reduction,19,20 and photochemical in preparing superior products of fine and uniform particles.40
reduction.21 Conventionally, the reduction of silver ions (Ag+) These unique properties of SC CO2 make it an attractive medium
is obtained by chemical methods. The biological toxicity and for delivering solutes to small areas with complicated surfaces
the environmental hazard of some residual reducing agent are and poorly wettable substrates to attain a high uniformity and
inevitable, such as NaBH4,22 formamide,23 dimethylformamide, homogeneity.41,42 In addition, the high solubility of SC CO2 in
and hydrazine.23,24 Therefore, exploring a simple, fast, and many organic solvents leads to a decrease of the solvent strength.
environmentally friendly method to synthesize silver nanopar- This antisolvent effect has been used to construct nanomaterials,
ticles is necessary. such as Eu2O3-coated CNTs,43 platinum/CNT nanocomposites,44,45
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have inherent advantages, such as metal nanowire-filled CNT nanocomposites, etc.46
excellent chemical stability and mechanical stability. As a substrate Considering the unique characteristics of AgNPs, 1D carbon
for an antimicrobial system, its nanofibrous structure can offer materials (CNFs and CNTs), and SC CO2, it intrigues us to study
higher cell adherence compared with other structures.25-27 Besides, the fabrication of 1D carbon nanomaterials wrapped by AgNPs
considering their other functional properties, they have been with the assistance of SC CO2. In this study, we choose glucose,
used for the fillers in polymer composites, or used as the a commonly available and nontoxic chemical, as the reducing
biosensors.28,29 As another 1D carbon material, carbon nanotubes agent to take the place of the traditional agent. Silver nitrate
(AgNO3) was used as the salt precursor. The 1D carbon
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: qunxu@ materials/Ag nanohybrids were obtained in an ethanol/CO2
zzu.edu.cn. Tel: +86 371 67767827. Fax: +86 371 67767827.
†
College of Materials Science and Engineering. system. We studied the effects of the various pressures and
‡
Department of Bioengineering. temperatures of SC CO2 on the AgNPs wrapping around CNFs.
10.1021/jp104720w  2010 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 07/06/2010
1D Carbon Nanomaterials Wrapped by Ag Nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 12729

Figure 1. (A) TEM images of a pristine CNF and (B) a AgNP-decorated CNF prepared in the experimental condition of 12 MPa and 65 °C for
3 h. (C) Typical XRD pattern of the CNF/Ag nanocomposites fabricated under 12 MPa/65 °C.

It can be found that AgNPs adsorbed on CNTs presented a glucose used as a reducer were dissolved in 2 mL of ethanol.
regular shape and excellent dispersion compared with Ag After a few minutes, the AgNO3 solution was added into the
deposited on CNFs, so the different formation mechanism of ethanol solution. Consecutively, the mixture was quickly
AgNPs and their assembly on CNFs and CNTs is studied. transferred into a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave. CO2 was then
Further, the antibacterial activities of the obtained 1D carbon charged into the autoclave, adjusting the temperature and
materials/Ag nanohybrids against E. coli are also studied. pressure of the autoclave to the desired value and keeping the
SC CO2 condition for 3 h under magnetic stirring. The CO2
2. Experimental Section was then vented slowly, and the sample was collected and
2.1. Materials. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from labeled.
Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., and anhydrous 2.3. Characterization. Transmission electron microscopy
ethanol (C2H5OH) was offered by Anhui Ante Biochemical (FEI Tecnai G2 20) was used to characterize the morphology
Company, Ltd. Anhydrous glucose was of analytical grade and of AgNPs wrapping around carbon materials, which were
used as a reducing agent. All the chemicals were used without conducted with an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. The optical
further purification. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon properties have been studied using UV-visible spectroscopy.
nanotubes (CNTs) were purchased from Pyrograf Products, Inc. X-ray diffraction patterns of the products were recorded on a
(U.S.A.) and Timesnano without any pretreatment. CO2 with a Rigaku D/MAX-3B using Cu KR radiation at a scanning speed
purity of 99.9% was provided by Zhengzhou Gas Company and of 15.24° (2θ)/min in the range of 20-85°. The surface
used as received. morphology of CNF/Ag nanocomposites was also studied by a
2.2. Fabrication of 1D Carbon Nanomaterials Wrapped scanning electron microscope (FEI QUANTA-200).
by Ag Nanoparticles. AgNPs wrapping around 1D carbon 2.4. Test of Antibacterial Activity. The antibacterial proper-
materials were obtained by the following experimental process: ties of the as-prepared 1D carbon materials wrapped by AgNPs
carbon materials were dispersed in 2 mL of ethanol solution against Escherichia coli were tested using the spread plates and
and ultrasonicated for 2-3 h at room temperature to form a optical density (OD), which was measured using a UV-vis
homogeneous solution. AgNO3 used as a silver precursor and spectrophotometer at 600 nm. E. coli was cultivated in a
12730 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 Niu et al.

suspensions. The nanohybrid suspensions with different volumes

(1 mL (1%), 0.5 mL (0.5%), 100 µL (0.1%), 50 µL (0.05%))
were then added into 100 mL of the nutrient broth with 5 mL
of the E. coli suspension. The nutrient broth solution of bacterial
suspensions without any nanohybrids added was made as the
control. Subsequently, the resultant solutions were inoculated
at 37 °C with a shaking incubator. The concentration of the
bacterial suspensions was determined by spectrophotometry.
Meanwhile, 100 µL suspensions of bacteria were spread on each
LB agar plate and incubated overnight in the dark at 37 °C.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Carbon Nanofibers Decorated by Ag Nanoparticles.
Figure 1A shows the TEM image of a pristine single CNF. The
diameter of the CNF is about 80 nm. It can be observed that
the wall of the CNF is smooth and the center presents a cup-
shaped structure. Figure 1B shows the typical TEM image of
Figure 2. UV-vis spectra for the CNF/Ag nanocomposites fabricated CNF/Ag nanocomposites obtained under 12 MPa and 65 °C.
at 12 MPa and 65 °C for 3 h and pure AgNPs obtained at 65 °C for
3 h.
By comparison, we can see that the sidewall of the CNF was
densely wrapped with a silver nanoparticle layer, which shows
that AgNPs could adsorb on the surface of the CNF. Meanwhile,
sterilized nutrient broth and then incubated overnight at 37 °C the TEM image indicates that the size of AgNPs coated on CNFs
with a shaking incubator. During the test with optical density is small and its average size is 8 nm. The formation of AgNPs
and Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates, the as-prepared nanohybrids on the outer surface of CNFs is confirmed by X-ray diffraction
were uniformly distributed in 4 mL of sterile water to form analysis (Figure 1C). The strong diffraction peaks at 2θ values

Figure 3. (A, B) Representative SEM images of the CNF/Ag nanocomposites gained at 12 MPa/65 °C. (S1, S2) Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX)
of the chosen sample regions in (B).
1D Carbon Nanomaterials Wrapped by Ag Nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 12731

SCHEME 1: Sketch of the Formation of CNF/Ag

Nanocomposites in SC CO2 Conditions

the pressure increases to 11 MPa, the AgNPs distribute along

the CNFs and their aggregation is weakened. When the pressure
reaches 12 MPa, the CNFs are densely wrapped by AgNPs with
smaller particle sizes. This phenomenon can be explained as
the following (Scheme 1). At lower SC CO2 pressures, the
AgNPs in solution are abundant and the collision probability is
comparatively higher, which contributes to the aggregation of
AgNPs. When the pressure is increased, more small silver
crystals can be quickly deposited and homogeneously coat on
the CNFs under stirring; therefore, the aggregation is avoided.
Considering that CNF/Ag nanohybrids are induced by the SC
CO2 antisolvent effect, it can be concluded that experimental
pressure is a decisive factor for the AgNP coating on the CNFs.
Figure 4. TEM images of CNF/Ag nanocomposites obtained at
To optimize the reaction temperature, a temperature variation
different pressures with the same temperature (65 °C): (A) 10, (B) 11,
and (C) 12 MPa. study was carried out at 12 MPa. TEM images of AgNPs
obtained at different temperatures are presented in Figure 5. It
can be observed that the AgNPs are well distributed, but their
of 37.46, 44.02, 64.22, and 77.12° can be indexed to diffractions
from the (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystalline planes of
face-centered cubic (fcc) silver (JCPDS Card File 4-783).
UV-vis absorption spectra were carried out to characterize the
optical absorbance of the synthesized CNF/Ag nanocomposites.
For comparison, the directly reduced AgNO3 was used as the
control experiment. Figure 2 shows the spectra of both samples
fabricated at 12 MPa and 65 °C. It can be observed that CNF/
Ag nanocomposites and pure AgNPs have a maximum peak at
448 nm, which corresponds well to the silver plasmon,47 and
CNF/Ag nanocomposites have a relatively strong and sharp
absorption peak compared with pure AgNPs. To further confirm
the experimental phenomenon, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) was employed to characterize the decorated CNFs. The
representative SEM image presented in Figure 3A indicates that
a great deal of AgNPs were attached and distributed along the
CNFs. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) shows the
signal of elemental silver in the chosen regions in Figure 3B,
where an optical absorption band exists at 3 keV due to surface
plasmon resonance.48
For the supercritical CO2-assisted reaction system, experi-
mental pressure has an important effect on the solvent power.
We study the effect of SC CO2 on AgNPs wrapping around
CNTs by adjusting the experimental pressure from 10 to 12
MPa. Figure 4 shows the TEM images of the synthesized CNF/ Figure 5. TEM images of Ag-wrapped CNFs produced in the same
Ag nanocomposites. The results indicate that, when the experi- SC CO2 conditions (12 MPa for 3 h), with different temperatures: (A)
mental pressure is 10 MPa, there is just aggregated AgNPs. As 60, (B) 65, and (C) 70 °C.
12732 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 Niu et al.

Figure 7. UV-visible absorption spectra of CNF/Ag and SWCNT/

Ag nanocomposites synthesized at 12 MPa and 65 °C for 3 h.

Figure 6. TEM images of the SWCNT/Ag nanohybrids in the same

SC CO2 conditions (12 MPa for 3 h), with different temperatures: (A)
60 and (B) 65 °C.

distribution density is relatively sparse at 60 °C. Although, when Figure 8. Typical XRD pattern of the SWNT/Ag nanohybrids obtained
temperature rose to 65 °C, well-assembled CNF/Ag nanocom- in SC CO2 at 65 °C/12 MPa for 3 h.
posites with a thicker density and the tiny size of the crystals
could be obtained. When the temperature further rose to 70 °C, surface of the SWCNT bundles is anchored with uniform and
there are scarcely anu AgNPs on the CNFs. The results indicate spherical nanoparticles. The average size of these particles
that the experimental temperature is also an important factor measured from TEM images is about 4-6 nm, which is smaller
on the preparation of CNF/Ag nanohybrids. In fact, the rate of than that on CNFs. The UV-vis spectra of AgNPs deposited
the redox reaction depends on the temperature. At lower temper- on SWCNTs can be observed from Figure 7. It is found that
atures, it is slow and the reaction is inadequate. At higher AgNPs decorating on SWCNTs present a blue shift from 448
temperatures, the reaction rate accelerates, and more silver ions to 414 nm comparing with AgNPs on CNFs. The phenomenon
are reduced. In addition, with the temperature increasing, the density of blue shift means that the AgNPs have a smaller size, which
of CO2 in the autoclave diminishes. Therefore, the amount of CO2 is also conformed from the TEM characterization.49 Figure 8 is
dissolved in ethanol decreases at the same pressure, which makes the XRD pattern of SWCNT/Ag composites obtained at 12 MPa
the degree of supersaturation become low, and ultimately, AgNPs and 65 °C. The peaks at 37.9, 44.1, 64.8, 77.4, and 81.6°
precipitated from solution are reduced. Considering these factors, correspond to the strongest reflection of (111), (200), (220),
it can be supposed that the redox reaction rate and antisolvent effect (311), and (222) of the silver phase, respectively. The average
of CO2 reach a balance at 65 °C, at which the well-decorated CNF/ particle size (Å) can be calculated from the broadening (111)
Ag nanocomposites can be obtained. It can be concluded that the reflection by using the Scherrer formula, D ) (Kλ)/(β cos θ),
optimal condition for preparing CNF/Ag nanocomposites is 65 °C where D is the mean particle size in Å, λ is the wavelength of
and 12 MPa. the X-ray (λ ) 0.154 nm), K is the Scherrer constant (K )
3.2. Carbon Nanotubes Decorated by Ag Nanoparticles. 0.9), θ is the angle of the peak maximum, and β is the full
We also conducted the parallel experiments of AgNPs wrapping width at half-maximum (fwhm) of the (111) plane (in radians).
around CNTs. First, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) The average size of AgNPs is calculated to be 5.0 nm, which
were selected as a template to prepare CNT/Ag nanohybrids. is identical to the estimated values from the TEM images.
Figure 6 shows a set of TEM images of SWCNT/Ag nanocom- Figure 9 shows the TEM of CNT/Ag nanocomposites
posites prepared at 60 and 65 °C. The diameter of the SWCNTs prepared at different pressures. It can be observed that the shape
used in the experiment is 1-2 nm. It can be observed that the of the AgNPs is more regular and their distribution is well
1D Carbon Nanomaterials Wrapped by Ag Nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 12733

SCHEME 2: Schematic Illustration for the Generation

of CNF/Ag and CNT/Ag Nanohybrids with the Assistance
of SC CO2

Figure 9. TEM images of SWCNT/Ag nanocomposites obtained at

the same temperature (65 °C) and different pressures: (A) 10, (B) 11,
and (C) 12 MPa.

distributed with the increasing of pressure. The effect of pressure

on preparing CNT/Ag nanocomposites is in accord with that of
CNF/Ag nanocomposites. However, the shape and size of
AgNPs attached on CNTs are apparently better. Next, we will can be illustrated by mechanism 2. It is well known that CNTs
discuss the formation mechanism of the two 1D carbon materials consist of rolled graphene sheets, and the surface of CNTs is
as a template for Ag. special and has some defect sites. Their surfaces are more
3.3. Formation Mechanism of AgNPs on Different Sub- inclined to being wetted in an ethanol/CO2 system, which
stratessCNFs and CNTs. This work demonstrates the feasibil- enables the positive metal ions to preferably absorb or localize
ity of wrapping 1D carbon materials with AgNPs via the on the defect sites. The positive metal ions can then be in situ
reduction of metal nitrate precursors in an ethanol/CO2 system. deoxidized and decorate on the activated CNTs.50,51 This leads
In this work, SC CO2 played a pivotal role in decorating 1D to a more homogeneous nucleation and formation of smaller
carbon material with AgNPs. First, SC CO2 is miscible with silver nanoparticles compared with that of CNFs as the substrate.
ethanol at suitable conditions. When ethanol acts as a solvent 3.4. Antibacterial Behavior of Ag Nanoparticles Wrap-
for precursors, the zero surface tension of supercritical CO2 ping Around 1D Carbon Materials. In our study, the
makes ethanol dampen the surface of carbon materials well antibacterial activities of CNF/Ag and SWCNT/Ag nanohybrids
during the whole experimental process. Consequently, SC CO2 obtained under 12 MPa/65 °C were investigated. The growth
helps the precursor easily absorb on the surface of carbon rate of the bacterium E. coli was determined in a nutrient broth,
materials and enhances the physical attraction of the two and the results were determined by optical density (OD,
substances. Second, SC CO2 may act as the antisolvent for the
Ag nanoparticles in the expanded ethanol system. As the
dissolution of CO2 increases, the solvent power of the liquid
phase on AgNPs is decreased, which can lead to the phase
separation, and AgNPs precipitate out of the supersaturated
solution.
The inherent properties of carbon materials as a substrate are
a key factor for the size and morphologies of the formed AgNPs.
Scheme 2 illustrates the synthetic mechanism of AgNPs on
CNFs and CNTs. CNF/Ag composites were obtained by
mechanism 1 in Scheme 2. Because the outer surface of CNFs
is comparatively glazed (Figure 1A) and ethanol is a polar
solvent, whereas CNFs are tantamount to a nonpolar solvent,
the surface wetting of CNFs is difficult. A metal precursor
cannot be deoxidized in situ on the surface of CNFs; it just can
be deoxidized in solution. When the dispersed Ag+ was
deoxidized to AgNPs, because of the dissolution of CO2 in
solution, the solvent power of the liquid phase on AgNPs was
decreased, which can lead to AgNPs precipitating out of the
supersaturated solution and depositing on CNFs. The formation Figure 10. Growth inhibition by CNF/Ag nanocomposites of various
mechanism of CNT/Ag nanohybrids in an ethanol/CO2 system concentrations against E. coli.
12734 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, No. 29, 2010 Niu et al.

Figure 11. Growth inhibition by CNT/Ag nanocomposites of various

concentrations against E. coli.

absorbance) measurements. E. coli was incubated in a growth

medium containing 1D carbon materials/Ag nanohybrids, and
the change of optical density of the medium with incubation
time was measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer at 600
nm. Figure 10 shows the results of the CNF/Ag nanohybrids
against E. coli. In Figure 10, compared with the control, no
increase of absorbance with time was observed in 1% and 0.5%
resultant solutions, whereas the absorbance of the medium
containing 0.1% and 0.05% CNF/Ag nanohybrids increased with
incubation time. The results indicate that the CNF/Ag nanohy-
brid possesses antibacterial activity against E. coli and the
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 0.5%. Figure 11
shows the antibacterial activities of CNT/Ag nanohybrids. In Figure 12. Inhibitory effects of various concentrations of CNT/Ag
the case of CNT/Ag nanohybrids, it can be seen that the optical nanocomposites against E. coli after 4 h of incubation.
density of the control and the bacterial suspensions of 0.1%
and 0.05% CNT/Ag nanohybrids were high in comparison with are proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that the
that of the bacterial suspensions with 1% and 0.5% silver-loaded prepared 1D carbon nanomaterials wrapped by silver nanopar-
CNTs. This also depicts that, with time, the growth of E. coli ticles can exhibit good antibacterial activity against E. coli and
cells is inhibited in the nutrient broth containing 1% and 0.5% inhibit the bacterial growth at their concentration higher than
silver-loaded CNTs. For quantitative measurements, the spread 0.5%.
plate method was adopted. The nutrient agar was spread onto a
Petri plate, and E. coli culture was spread onto it. Figure 12 Acknowledgment. We are grateful to the National Natural
shows the formation of bacterial colonies on the control and Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20974102, 50955010, and
silver-loaded CNF after 4 h of cultivation. Compared with the 20804040) and the Natural Science Foundation of Henan (Nos.
control, a marked difference was observed in the plates 092300410048 and 092102310051) and for the financial support
containing 1% and 0.5% CNT/Ag nanohybrids (Figure 12) in from the Ministry of Personnel and the Program for New
that the growth of bacterial colonies was almost prevented. This Century Excellent Talents in Universities (NCET).
confirms that silver nanohybrids can efficiently inhibit the
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