‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

URINARY & LYMPHATIC &

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
 URINARY SYSTEM

 The urinary system is the most important excretory system of the body as it plays a vital role in
maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations within the body.
Components of the Urinary System : The urinary system includes following structures:
1. Kidneys, paired
2. Ureters, paired
3. Urinary bladder, unpaired
4. Urethra, unpaired
 The kidneys secrete urine, ureters convey urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder, the
urinary bladder collects and stores urine and urethra discharges urine from urinary bladder to
the exterior.
Functions of the Urinary System
1. Formation and secretion of urine.
2. Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance to establish the internal environment of body
cells.
3. Excretion of toxic metabolic products such as urea and creatinine.
4. Removal of various drugs that have been taken into the body.
 URINARY SYSTEM
Kidneys
 Kidneys are the major excretory organs of the body and remove most waste products of the
body, many of which are toxic.
 They are reddish brown bean-shaped organs measuring 10 cm X 6 cm X 3 cm.
 They lie retroperitoneally in the lumbar region.
 In the supine position, the kidneys extend from approximately T12 to L3.
 The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney because of the large size of the right
lobe of the liver.
Each kidneys has:
 Convex upper & lower ends. The Suprarenal gland related to the upper end.
 Convex lateral border.
 Concave medial border that shows a vertical slit called the hilum.
 The hilum transmits, from anterior to posterior, the renal vein, renal artery & the renal pelvis
(VAP).
URINARY SYSTEM
 URINARY SYSTEM

Macroscopic Structure of Kidney

The naked eye examination of coronal section of kidney presents following features:
 The inner two-third of the cut surface of a kidney is occupied by darkly stained pyramidal-
shaped areas called pyramids (8-15 in number). The tips of pyramids called papillae project
into the minor calyces.
 The outer one-third of the cut surface of a kidney, i.e. the part lying external to the bases of
the pyramids is called cortex.
 The renal columns similar to cortical tissue extend between the pyramids. The renal columns
and pyramids constitute the medulla.
 The minor calyces surround the renal papillae. These minor calyces from several pyramids
joined together to form two or three major calyces.
 The major calyces converge to form a funnel-shaped channel called renal pelvis.
 The renal pelvis then narrows to form a narrow tube, the ureter, which leaves the kidney and
connects it to the urinary bladder.
URINARY SYSTEM
 URINARY SYSTEM
Ureters
 Each ureter is a 25 cm (10 in.) long narrow muscular tube which connects the renal pelvis
with the urinary bladder.
 The renal pelvis is the upper funnel-shaped portion of the ureter within kidney.
 The ureter conducts urine from renal pelvis to the urinary bladder by peristaltic contraction
of smooth muscle in its wall.
Parts:
 Abdominal: upper 1/2.
 Pelvic: lower 1/2.
 Intramural (inside urinary bladder).
Anatomical stricture:
1. At the pelviureteric junction.
2. Where it crosses the pelvic brim (common iliac artery).
3. At its termination in the bladder mucosa.
 URINARY SYSTEM
Urinary Bladder
 The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir for urine.
 It is located in the true pelvis between the pubic symphysis and rectum in the male and
between the pubic symphysis and uterus in the female.
 The bladder has widely varying capacity (average about 200-300 mL).
 In the male, the prostate gland is positioned below the neck of the urinary bladder.
Parts of the urinary bladder
The shape of urinary bladder is determined by the volume of urine it contains. An empty bladder
is pyramidal in shape with an apex, body, fundus and neck.
 The apex directed upward and is secured by median umbilical ligament.
 The body receives the ureters along the supralateral angles
 The neck is the most fixed part of the urinary bladder and the urethra exists at its neck.
 A triangular area between the two ureteric openings and a single urethral opening is called
trigone of the urinary bladder. Over the trigone, the mucous membrane remains smooth
even if the bladder is empty.
URINARY SYSTEM
 URINARY SYSTEM
Urethra
 The urethra is a tubular continuation of the neck of the urinary bladder.
 It conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has two
muscular sphincters: (a) internal and (b) external.
(a) The internal urethral sphincter at the junction of the bladder and urethra is formed by
detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. It is involuntary in nature and well- developed in
females.
(b) The external urethral sphincter is formed by the sphincter urethrae muscle of the urogenital
diaphragm. It is made up of skeletal muscle fibers, hence voluntary in nature.
The male urethra is long, about 20 cm (3 in.) in length and S-shaped.
 It traverses the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm and penis to empty outside the body.
 It has 3 parts: prostatic, membranous and penile (spongy) parts
The female urethra is short, about 4 cm (1.5 in.) long and empties urine into the vestibule of the
vagina.
URINARY SYSTEM
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

 Definition: a part of the vascular system, concerned with collection of lymph.

 Functions of lymphatic system:
1. Drains excess tissue fluid to the venous system, i.e. tissue fluid which could not be drained by
the venous system.
2. Absorbs fat from the intestine and transports it to the blood.
3. Helps to provide immunological defenses against disease causing agents.
 Parts:
(a) Lymph.
(b) Lymphatic vessels.

(c) Lymphoid tissue

 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. The Lymph:
Definition:
 Clear colorless fluid which escapes from the capillaries by filtration into the tissue spaces as it
becomes tissue fluid.
 It returns back to blood stream through lymph vessels.
 The lymph fluid from the digestive tract has a milky appearance specially after meal.
 Composition:
A. Plasma.
B. Proteins.
C. Lymphocytes.
D. Others as waste products and micro-organisms.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

2. Lymph vessels (lymphatics):

1) Lymphatic capillaries : Fine, blind-end, valveless tubes; unite with each other to form smaller
vessels which join to form larger lymph vessels.
2) Lymphatic vessels :
 Thin- walled, multivalved like veins. The valves inside the lymph vessels give their beaded
appearance and keep the direction of lymph drainage toward the venous blood stream.
 The smaller lymphatics join together to form larger vessels called lymph ducts.

1) Lymphatic ducts : Two main lymphatic ducts are present in the body.
1. Right lymph duct: Drains lymph from the right side of the head & neck, thorax and right arm.
2. Thoracic duct: Drains lymph from the rest of the body.
 Each duct ends into the corresponding brachiocephalic vein.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

3. Lymphoid tissue:
 It includes lymph nodes and other collections of lymphoid tissues such as: thymus, palatine
tonsils, adenoids and spleen (The largest lymphoid organ in the body).
Lymph nodes (glands):
 The lymph passes through lymph nodes before reaching the main lymph vessels.
 They act as filters preventing the passage of germs and their toxins to the blood stream.
 They are present in groups near the proximal ends of regional vessels.
 Example:
1. Axillary: for upper limb & breast.
2. Cervical: for head & neck.
3. Mediastinal: for thoracic organs.
4. Inguinal: for lower limbs.
5. Iliac: for pelvic organs.
6. Aortic: for abdominal organs.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Spleen
 The spleen is the largest lymphoid
organ in the body.
 It is located deep in the left
hypochondrium of abdominal cavity
between fundus of stomach and the
diaphragm.
 It is purplish and varies in size in
different individuals. Usually it is of
the size of a closed fist of that
individual.
 It is related to 9, 10 and 11 left ribs
 It has a hilum through which passes
splenic artery and vein and is
related to tail of pancreas
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The glands are classified according to its structure and function into:
 Exocrine glands:
 Pour its secretions through ducts. Example; sweat and salivary glands
 Endocrine (ductless) glands:
 Pour its hormones directly into the blood. Example; pituitary and thyroid glands.
 Mixed glands:
 They have exocrine and endocrine functions. Example; pancreas.
Endocrine system
 The endocrine system is one of the two major control systems of the body (the other being the nervous
system) and plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the body.
 The disorders of the endocrine system lead to important clinical conditions such as diabetes mellitus,
diabetes insipidus, Cushing’s syndrome and varieties of reproductive malfunctions.
The endocrine system consists of:
1. Endocrine glands, which exist as separate distinct organs, viz. pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands.
2. Scattered masses of endocrine cells within the exocrine glands, viz. islet of Langerhans within pancreas, interstitial cells
of testis, corpus luteum of ovary, etc.
3. Diffuse neuroendocrine cells, viz. neuroendocrine cells distributed in the lining epithelium of duodenum, stomach etc.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Endocrine glands
 The endocrine glands are ductless glands and pour their
secretion directly into the bloodstream. The cells of
endocrine glands abut directly against the vascular channels.
Most of such groups of gland cells are arranged in cords or
plates. These cords are separated by sinusoids or blood
capillaries.
 The secretion of endocrine glands is known as hormone or
chemical messenger which cause activation or inhibition of
even a distantly situated target tissues and/or organs.
 The important endocrine glands of the body are as follows:
1. Pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
5. Pineal gland
6. Thymus gland
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis Cerebri)

 The pituitary gland is the most complex
endocrine gland.
 It weighs about 0.5 g and its normal
dimensions are 10 mm X 13 mm X 6 mm.
 It is located in the bony fossa of the skull
(pituitary fossa or hypophyseal fossa or sella
turcica), below the hypothalamus and
connected to it by a stalk of tissue called
infundibulum.
The pituitary gland consists of two distinct parts:
1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
2. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Function of Pituitary gland
 Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary) has a type of cells called Chromophils which possess secretory
granules.
 The chromophils are of two types: acidophils and basophils:
(a) Acidophils: According to the function, the acidophils are classified into the following three types:
(i) Somatotrophs: They regulate body growth by secreting GH (growth hormone).
(ii) Corticotrophs: They act on suprarenal glands by secreting ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone).
(iii) Mammotrophs: They act on mammary glands by secreting prolactin hormone.
(b) Basophils: According to their function, the basophils are classified into two types:
(i) Thyrotrophs: They act on thyroid gland by secreting TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).
(ii) Gonadotrophs: They act on gonads by secreting:
• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
• LH (luteinizing hormone) in females
• ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) in males
 Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary) does not secrete any hormone, rather it simply serves as a
depot for the storage of the hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) secreted in the
hypothalamus.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid gland
 Thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland of the body and weighs about 20
g. It lies in front of the lower part of the neck.
 It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus.
 The lobes are conical in shape and are placed on either side of the upper part
of trachea and lower part of larynx.
 The isthmus extends across the anterior aspect of the trachea opposite the
3rd and 4th tracheal rings.
Function:
 The thyroid gland secretes three hormones:
1. T3 (triiodothyronine or thyroxine) secreted by cuboidal cells of thyroid
follicles.
2. T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) secreted by cuboidal cells of thyroid
follicles.
The T3 and T4 are essential for growth of the body.
They also maintain BMR (basal metabolic rate) of the body. In peripheral tissues,
3. Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) secreted by parafollicular cells.
The calcitonin plays an important role in calcium homeostasis.
It lowers the blood calcium level when calcium level is elevated.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Parathyroid glands
 There are four parathyroid glands.
 They are small, oval, yellowish brown bodies measuring about 2X3X5 mm,
roughly equal to the size of a split pea.
 The two (superior and inferior) parathyroid glands are found embedded on the
posterior surface of each lateral lobe of the thyroid gland
Function:
 The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). The parathyroid
hormone (also called parathormone) is important in maintaining blood
calcium level. It mobilizes calcium from bones and raises blood calcium level.
 In addition, it inhibits osteoblastic activity and promotes osteoclastic activity
of bone.
 Further, it converts vitamin D into an active principle 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidney and thus increases absorption of
calcium into the kidney.
NB.: Parathormone and calcitonin from the thyroid gland act in a complementary
manner to maintain blood calcium levels within a normal range. This is needed for
the following functions:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Blood clotting
3. Nerve impulse transmission
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)

 There are two suprarenal glands, the right and the left situated on the upper pole of each kidney.
 The right suprarenal gland is shaped like a hat and the left is semilunar in shape.
 Like kidneys they are retroperitoneal and surrounded by abundant adipose tissue. They are about 4 cm long and 3 cm
thick.
Structure and Secretion of Hormones
 Each suprarenal gland is a composite organ consisting of two distinct parts:
 (a) an outer part, called adrenal cortex.
 (b) an inner part, called adrenal medulla.
Adrenal Cortex: The adrenal cortex is the outer larger part of the adrenal gland. It is divided into three distinct zones:
1. An outer zone, called zona glomerulosa. secretes mineralocorticoids
2. A middle zone, called zona fasciculata. secretes glucocorticoids
3. An inner zone, called zona reticulata. secretes adrenal androgens (sex steroids)
Adrenal Medulla: The adrenal medulla is the inner soft part of the adrenal gland.
 The cells of adrenal medulla are called chromaffin cells because secretory granules within their cytoplasm specifically
stain brown when treated with potassium dichromate solution.
 The chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines which are of two types, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
 Release of catecholamines from the medulla is controlled by sympathetic nerves.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Scattered masses of endocrine cells in exocrine glands

 In addition to the presence of endocrine tissues in distinct endocrine glands such as pituitary,
thyroid, etc., some endocrine tissues such as islets of Langerhans of pancreas, interstitial
cells (Leydig cells) of testis, corpus luteum of ovary occur as scattered mass within an
exocrine gland.
Diffuse neuroendocrine cells
 There are certain scattered neuroendocrine cells such as
(a) Rennin-producing juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
(b) Gut-associated endocrine cells or enteroendocrine cells, found scattered in the epithelial
layer of mainly stomach and small intestine.
 The enteroendocrine cells of the stomach produce gastrin which acts on the fundic glands of the
same organ.