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What is DBMS?
• Data is defined as facts or figures, or information that's stored in or
used by a computer. An example of data is information collected for
Introduction to DBMS •
a research paper.
Database Management System (DBMS) is software for storing and
Unit- 1 retrieving users’ data while considering appropriate security measures. It
consists of a group of programs that manipulate the database.
• The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs
Dr. P. Venu Madhav the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a
DBMS helps users and other third-party software store and retrieve data.
Asst. Professor • DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their
requirements. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and
Dept. of ECE other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and
the software application.

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History of DBMS Characteristics of DBMS

• 1960 – Charles Bachman designed the first DBMS system • Provides security and removes redundancy
• 1970 – Codd introduced IBM’S Information Management System (IMS) • Self-describing nature of a database system
• 1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model,
also known as the ER model • Insulation between programs and data abstraction
• 1980 – Relational Model became a widely accepted database • Support of multiple views of the data
component • Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
• 1985- Object-oriented DBMS is developed.
• Database Management Software allows entities and relations
• 1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
• 1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS, and that displaces among them to form tables.
all other personal DBMS products. • It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
• 1995: First Internet database applications Durability).
• 1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to • DBMS supports a multi-user environment that allows users to
integrate XML into DBMS products. access and manipulate data in parallel.

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Typical DBMS Functionality DBMS vs. Flat File

DBMS Flat File Management System
• Define a database : in terms of data types, structures and constraints It does not support multi-user
• Construct or Load the Database on a secondary storage medium Multi-user access
access
• Manipulating the database : querying, generating reports, insertions,
deletions and modifications to its content Design to fulfill the need of small It is only limited to smaller DBMS
and large businesses systems.
• Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of users and programs –
yet, keeping all data valid and consistent Remove redundancy and Integrity. Redundancy and Integrity issues
Other features:
Expensive. But in the long term
– Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access It’s cheaper
Total Cost of Ownership is cheap
– “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
– Presentation and Visualization of data Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated
transactions transactions

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CSV Vs TXT as DataBase Database Management System (DBMS)

• General-purpose software system that

facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating
databases.
• Can also write your own set of
programs to create and maintain the
database, i.e. your own Special-
purpose DBMS software.

Database + Software = Database System

A simplified database system environment Slide 1- 8

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Database Implementation View of Data

• A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an
• Defining a database
abstract view of the data. That is, the system hides certain details of
– Data types how the data are stored and maintained
– Structures
– Constraints
• Constructing a database
– Storing the data itself on a storage medium
• Manipulating a database (using Data Manipulating Language)
– Querying
– Updating
– Generating reports

Slide 1- 9

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Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Using the Database Approach

• Self-describing nature of a database system: A DBMS catalog stores the
description of the database. The description is called meta-data). This allows the Advantages Implications of Using the
DBMS software to work with different databases. • Providing backup and recovery Database Approach
services.
• Insulation between programs and data: Called program-data independence. • Reduced application development time:
• Providing multiple interfaces incremental time to add each new
Allows changing data storage structures and operations without having to to different classes of users.
change the DBMS access programs. application is reduced.
• Representing complex • Flexibility to change data structures:
relationships among data. database structure may evolve as new
• Data Abstraction: A data model is used to hide storage details and present the requirements are defined.
users with a conceptual view of the database. • Enforcing integrity constraints
• Availability of up-to-date information –
on the database.
very important for on-line transaction
• Support of multiple views of the data: Each user may see a different view of the • Drawing inferences and taking systems such as airline, hotel, car
database, which describes only the data of interest to that user. actions using rules. reservations.
• Potential for enforcing • Economies of scale: by consolidating data
• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing : Allowing a set of and applications across departments
standards: this is very crucial
concurrent users to retrieve and to update the database. Concurrency control wasteful overlap of resources and
within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or for the success of database personnel can be avoided.
completely aborted. OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of applications
database applications.
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Users of DBMS Categories of End-users

Following are the various category of users of DBMS
• Casual : Access database occasionally when needed
Component Name Task • Naïve or Parametric : they make up a large section of the end-user
The Application programmers write population. They use previously well-defined functions in the form
Application of “canned transactions” against the database. Examples are bank-
programs in various programming languages
Programmers tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of
to interact with databases.
operations.
Database Admin is responsible for managing • Sophisticated : these include business analysts, scientists,
Database Administrators the entire DBMS system. He/She is called engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
Database admin or DBA. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely
with the stored database.
The end users are the people who interact • Stand-alone : mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-
with the database management system. They use packaged applications. An example is a tax program user that
End-Users creates his or her own internal database.
conduct various operations on databases like
retrieving, updating, deleting, etc.

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Types of DBMS
Database Languages in DBMS
Hierarchical DBMS • A DBMS has appropriate languages and interfaces to express
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is
Stored Hierarchically (top-down or bottom-up) format. Data is represented using a
database queries and updates.
parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS, parents may have many children, but • Database languages can be used to read, store and update the data
children have only one parent. in the database
Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to
address the need to model more complex relationships like the orders/parts many-to-
many relationship. In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be • Data Definition Language (DDL)
accessed through several paths. • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Relational Model • Data Control Language (DCL)
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. • Transaction Control Language (TCL)
This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables.
Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated using SQL.
Object-Oriented Model
In the Object-oriented Model data is stored in the form of objects. The structure is
called classes which display data within it. It is one of the components of DBMS that
defines a database as a collection of objects that stores both data members’ values and
operations.

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Tasks that come under DDL Tasks that come under DML: Tasks that come under DCL Tasks that come under TCL
• Create: It is used to create • Select: It is used to retrieve data • Grant: It is used to give user • Commit: It is used to save the
objects in the database. from a database.
access privileges to a transaction on the database.
• Alter: It is used to alter the • Insert: It is used to insert data into database.
structure of the database. • Rollback: It is used to restore
a table.
• Drop: It is used to delete • Revoke: It is used to take back the database to original since
• Update: It is used to update existing
objects from the database. permissions from the user. the last Commit.
data within a table.
• Truncate: It is used to remove
all records from a table. • Delete: It is used to delete all
records from a table.
• Rename: It is used to rename
an object. • Merge: It performs UPSERT
• Comment: It is used to operation, i.e., insert or update
comment on the data operations.
dictionary. • Call: It is used to call a structured
query language or a Java
subprogram.
• Explain Plan: It has the parameter
of explaining data.
• Lock Table: It controls concurrency.

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Data model Schema and Instance Data Independence

• The data which is stored in the database at a • Data independence can be explained using the three-schema architecture.
particular moment of time is called an instance of the • Data independence refers characteristic of being able to modify the schema at one
database. level of the database system without altering the schema at the next higher level.
• The overall design of a database is called schema.
• A database schema is the skeleton structure of the
database. It represents the logical view of the entire
database.
• A schema contains schema objects like table, foreign
key, primary key, views, columns, data types, stored
procedure, etc.
• A database schema can be represented by using the
visual diagram. That diagram shows the database
objects and relationship with each other.
• A database schema is designed by the database
designers to help programmers whose software will
interact with the database. The process of database In the database, actual data changes quite
creation is called data modeling. frequently. For example, in the given figure, the
• A schema diagram can display only some aspects of a database changes whenever we add a new
schema like the name of record type, data type, and grade or add a student. The data at a particular
constraints. Other aspects can't be specified through moment of time is called the instance of the
the schema diagram. For example, the given figure database.
neither show the data type of each data item nor the
relationship among various files.

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Three schema Architecture

Logical Data Independence Physical Data Independence
• Logical data independence refers • Physical data independence can be • The three schema architecture is
characteristic of being able to defined as the capacity to change also called ANSI/SPARC architecture
change the conceptual schema the internal schema without having
without having to change the or three-level architecture.
to change the conceptual schema.
external schema. • This framework is used to describe
• If we do any changes in the storage
• Logical data independence is size of the database system server, the structure of a specific database
used to separate the external then the Conceptual structure of the system.
level from the conceptual view. database will not be affected.
• If we do any changes in the • The three schema architecture is
• Physical data independence is used
conceptual view of the data, then to separate conceptual levels from also used to separate the user
the user view of the data would the internal levels. applications and physical database.
not be affected.
• Physical data independence occurs • The three schema architecture
• Logical data independence occurs at the logical interface level.
at the user interface level. contains three-levels. It breaks the
database down into three different
categories.

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Objectives of Three schema Architecture Interfaces for DBMS

• The main objective of three level architecture is to enable multiple users to access • User-friendly interfaces provided by DBMS may include the
the same data with a personalized view while storing the underlying data only once. following:
Thus it separates the user's view from the physical structure of the database. This
separation is desirable for the following reasons: • Menu-Based Interfaces
• Different users need different views of the same data. • Forms-Based Interfaces
• The approach in which a particular user needs to see the data may change over time. • Graphical User Interfaces
• The users of the database should not worry about the physical implementation and
internal workings of the database such as data compression and encryption • Natural Language Interfaces
techniques, hashing, optimization of the internal structures etc. • Speech Input and Output Interfaces
• All users should be able to access the same data according to their requirements. • Interfaces for Parametric Users
• DBA should be able to change the conceptual structure of the database without
affecting the user's • Interfaces for the Database Administrator (DBA)
• Internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to physical
aspects of the storage.

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Components of Database System Database Components & System Utilities

Environment
• DBMSs have database
utilities that help the DBA
manage the database system.
Common utilities have the
following types of functions
• Loading. A loading utility is used
to load existing data files—such
as text files or sequential files—
into the database.
• Backup. A backup utility creates a
backup copy of the database,
usually by dumping the entire
database onto tape or other mass
storage medium.

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Application of DBMS
Popular DBMS Software Sector Use of DBMS
For customer information, account activities,
Banking
Here is the list of some popular DBMS systems: payments, deposits, loans, etc.
• MySQL Airlines For reservations and schedule information.
• Microsoft Access
For student information, course registrations, colleges,
• Oracle Universities
and grades.
• PostgreSQL
It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintain
• dBASE Telecommunication
balances, etc.
• FoxPro
For storing information about stock, sales, and
• SQLite Finance purchases of financial instruments like stocks and
• IBM DB2 bonds.
• LibreOffice Base
Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.
• MariaDB
• Microsoft SQL Server It is used to manage the supply chain and track the
Manufacturing
production of items. Inventories status in warehouses.
For information about employees, salaries, payroll,
HR Management
deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.

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Advantages of DBMS
Centralized Architecture
Disadvantage of DBMS
• DBMS offers a variety of techniques to • DBMS may offer plenty of advantages, but
store & retrieve data it has certain flaws-
• DBMS serves as an efficient handler to • The cost of Hardware and Software of a • In Centralized Architecture, the
balance the needs of multiple DBMS is quite high, which increases the mainframe computers are used for
applications using the same data budget of your organization. processing all system functions
• Uniform administration procedures for • Most database management systems are including User application Programs
data often complex, so training users to use the and User Interface Programs as well as
• Application programmers are never DBMS is required. DBMS functionalities.
exposed to details of data • In some organizations, all data is integrated • This is because in earlier days, most
representation and storage. into a single database that can be damaged users accessed such systems via
• A DBMS uses various powerful because of electric failure or corruption in Computer Terminals, which can’t
functions to store and retrieve data the storage media. Process and they have only display
efficiently. • Using the same program at a time by capability.
• Offers Data Integrity and Security multiple users sometimes leads to data • The Processing used to take place in
• The DBMS implies integrity constraints loss. these Computer Systems and the
to get a high level of protection against • DBMS can’t perform sophisticated display information is sent to display
prohibited access to data. calculations terminals and these terminals are
• A DBMS schedules concurrent access to connected to mainframe computers
the data in such a manner that only one via various kinds of Networks.
user can access the same data at a time
• Reduced Application Development
Time

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Client Server Architecture in DBMS:

DBMS Architecture 1-level, 2-Level, 3-Level
1-Tier, 2-Tier and 3-Tier
1-Tier Architecture 2-Tier Architecture 3-Tier Architecture
• A Database Architecture is a representation of DBMS design. It
helps to design, develop, implement, and maintain the database Advantages Advantages Advantages
management system. Simple Architecture Easy to Access Enhanced scalability
• A DBMS architecture allows dividing the database system into Cost-Effective Scalable Data Integrity
Easy to implement Low Cost Security
individual components that can be independently modified, Easy Deployment Disadvantages:
changed, replaced, and altered. Simple More Complex
• It also helps to understand the components of a database. Difficult to Interact

• A Database stores critical information and helps access data quickly

and securely.
• Selecting the correct Architecture of DBMS helps in easy and
efficient data management.

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