Automotive Lubricants

Reference Book
Second Edition

List of Chapters
Chapter 1—Introduction and Fundamentals Chapter 3—Crankcase Oil Testing
1.1 Lubricants in History 3.1 Introduction
1.2 Functions of a Lubricant 3.2 Laboratory Bench Tests
1.3 Approval of Lubricants for Use 3.2.1 Tests for Physical Properties
1.4 Friction and Wear, Lubrication and Tribology 3.2.2 Chemical Tests and Properties
1.4.1 The Mechanics of Friction 3.3 Performance Testing
1.4.2 Dry Friction 3.3.1 Bench Performance Tests
1.4.3 Lubricated Sliding 3.3.2 Laboratory Engine Tests
1.4.4 Boundary Lubrication 3.3.3 Field Testing
1.4.5 Extreme Pressure (EP) Conditions 3.4 Precision and Accuracy; Testing Statistics of .
1.4.6 Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication Automotive Lubricants
1.5 Solid and Grease Lubricants 3.4.1 Basic Statistical Principles
1.5.1 Solid Lubricants 3.4.2 Laboratory Tests on Petroleum
1.5.2 Greases Products
1.6 Unlubricated Conditions 3.4.3 Engine Tests
1.7 Lubrication Requirements of Different 3.4.4 Reference Lubricants
Systems 3.4.5 Reference Fuels
1.7.1 Simple Systems 3.5 Tests on Used Oils
1.7.2 Internal Combustion Engines 3.5.1 Tests for Evaluation of Oil Condition
1.7.3 Special Systems 3.5.2 Testing for Equipment Condition
1.8 References 3.6 References
Chapter 2—Constituents of Modern Lubricants Chapter 4—Crankcase Oil Quality Levels and
2.1 Base Stocks Formulations
2.1.1 Conventionally Refined Petroleum 4.1 Evolution of Quality Levels
Base Stocks 4.1.1 Gasoline Engine Oils
2.1.2 Modern Conversion Processes 4.1.2 Diesel Engine Oils
2.1.3 Reclaimed Base Stocks 4.1.3 Multipurpose Gasoline/Diesel Oils
2.1.4 Other Types of Base Stocks 4.1.4 Super Tractor Universal Oils (STUOs)
2.2 Additives 4.2 Formulating a Crankcase Oil
2.2.1 Pour Point Depressants 4.2.1 Choice of Base Stocks
2.2.2 Viscosity Modifiers 4.2.2 Choice of Viscosity Modifier
2.2.3 Anti-Oxidants 4.2.3 Developing the Performance Package
2.2.4 Detergents and Detergent Inhibitors 4.2.4 Evaluating and Finalizing a
2.2.5 Dispersants Formulation
2.2.6 Detergent Formulations 4.3 Specialized Crankcase Oils
2.2.7 Anti-Wear Additives 4.4 References
2.2.8 Friction Modifiers Chapter 5—Practical Experiences with Lubricant
2.2.9 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors Problems
2.2.10 Emulsifiers 5.1 Use of Inappropriate Lubricants
2.2.11 Demulsifiers 5.2 Lubricant/Design Interactions
2.2.12 Anti-Foam Additives 5.3 Inadequate Test Procedures
2.2.13 Other Additives 5.4 New Marketing Initiatives
2.2.14 Interchangeability of Additives 5.5 References
2.3 References
Automotive Lubricants Reference Book
Second Edition
Chapter 6—Performance Levels, Classification, Chapter 8—Other Specialized Oils of Interest
Specification, and Approval of Engine Lubricants 8.1 Small-Engine Oils (Two- and Four-Stroke
6.1 Definitions Engines)
6.2 Performance Measurement 8.1.1 Automobile Engines
6.2.1 Performance Parameters 8.1.2 Mopeds, Motorscooters, and
6.2.2 Performance Requirements for Lawnmowers
Gasoline Engine Oils 8.1.3 Chainsaws
6.2.3 Performance Requirements for 8.1.4 Motorcycles
Diesel Engine Oils 8.1.5 Outboard Motors
6.2.4 Problems with Engine Test 8.1.6 Small-Engine Oil Tests and
Procedures Specifications
6.3 The Organizations Involved and Their Roles 8.1.7 General-Purpose Two-Stroke Oils
6.3.1 The United States 8.2 Gas Turbine Oils
6.3.2 Europe 8.3 Railroad Oils
6.3.3 Japan 8.4 Hydraulic Oils
6.3.4 Other Countries 8.5 Lubricants for Air-Conditioning Systems
6.3.5 The International Scene 8.6 Industrial Lubricants in Automotive
6.4 General Comments Manufacturing Plants
6.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 8.7 References
of Establishing a New Quality Level
Chapter 9—Blending, Storage, Purchase, and Use
6.4.2 Motor Industry and User Quality
9.1 Deciding on Oil Composition
Level Philosophies
9.2 Purchasing the Components
6.5 References
9.2.1 Component Specifications
Chapter 7—Other Lubricants for Road Vehicles 9.2.2 Checking Incoming Materials
7.1 Gear Oils 9.3 Oil Blending
7.1.1 Introduction 9.3.1 Batch Blending
7.1.2 Additives 9.3.2 Automated and In-Line Blending
7.1.3 Automotive Gear Oil Formulation 9.4 Quality Control
7.1.4 Gear Oil Testing 9.5 External Monitoring Schemes
7.1.5 Gear Oil Specifications and Quality 9.6 Storage of Lubricants
Levels 9.6.1 Bulk Storage in Tank
7.1.6 Limited-Slip Differentials 9.6.2 Barrel Storage
7.2 Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF) 9.6.3 Cans and Small Packages
7.2.1 Introduction 9.7 Purchasing Lubricants
7.2.2 Characteristics of a Conventional 9.7.1 Quality Considerations
Automatic Transmission 9.8 Oil Use for Small Users
7.2.3 Requirements of an Automatic 9.9 Use of Lubricants in Large Plants
Transmission Fluid (ATF) 9.10 Complaints and Troubleshooting
7.2.4 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) 9.10.1 Complaint Procedure
Testing 9.10.2 Laboratory Examination of Samples
7.2.5 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) 9.10.3 The Usual Causes of Complaints
Formulation
Chapter 10—Safety, Health, and the
7.2.6 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Environment (SHE)
Approvals and Specifications 10.1 Introduction
7.2.7 Tractor Hydraulic Fluids 10.2 Notification Laws for New Substances
7.3 Greases 10.3 Classification and Labeling
7.3.1 Introduction 10.4 Toxicology of Lubricants
7.3.2 Characteristics of Common Greases 10.4.1 Base Stocks
7.3.3 Grease Manufacture 10.4.2 Additives
7.3.4 Grease Testing 10.4.3 Unused Lubricants
7.3.5 Use of Grease in Motor Vehicles 10.4.4 Used Lubricants
7.4 References 10.5 Biodegradability
Automotive Lubricants Reference Book
Second Edition

10.6 Lubricant Effects on Automotive Emissions b. SAE J2227 International Tests and
10.7 Disposal of Used Lubricants Specifications for Automotive Engine Oils
10.8 Transportation 8. Approximate Engine and Rig-Test Prices—2001
10.9 Marketing Aspects
10.10 References 9. Engine Oil Viscosity Classification (SAE J300)
Chapter 11—The Future 10. Crankcase Lubricant Performance Standards
11.1 The Influences for Change a. ILSAC GF-3 Minimum Performance
11.1.1 End Users Standard for Passenger-Car Engine Oils
11.1.2 Oil Companies b. ACEA European Oil Sequences 2002
11.1.3 Vehicle Manufacturers c. Recommended Guideline—Global
11.1.4 Technical Societies Performance Specification for Diesel Engine
11.1.5 Environmental Pressures Oil (Global DHD-1 )
11.2 Predicting the Future d. Global Performance Specifications for
11.3 Changes to Existing Types of Formulations Light-Duty Diesel Engine Oil (Global DLD-1,
11.3.1 Alternative Base Stocks DLD-2, and DLD-3)
11.3.2 Additive Technology 11. Gear Oil Classifications (SAE J306 and J308)
11.4 External Factors Influencing Oil Quality a. SAE J306 Automotive Gear Lubricant
11.4.1 New Hardware Viscosity Classification
11.4.2 Hardware Problems b. SAE J308 Axle and Manual Transmission
11.4.3 Demands of Ancillaries Lubricants
11.4.4 Alternative Fuels 12. Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Specifications
11.4.5 Emissions Effects and Approvals
11.4.6 Safety, Health, and the Environment
(SHE) 13. Automotive Lubricating Greases (SAE J310)
11.4.7 Oil Supply and Consumer Buying 14. Small-Engine (2T/4T) Lubricant Tests and
Habits Classifications
11.5 Developments in Testing, Classifications, a. The CEC/API Two-Stroke Classification:
and Approvals Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine
11.5.1 Test Costs Lubricants Performance and Service
11.5.2 Quality Approval Procedures Classification (SAE J2116)
11.5.3 Oil Quality Development b. The ICOMIA Specification: Lubricating Oil
11.6 Future Crankcase Oils for Two-Stroke Cycle Marine Engines—
11.7 Other Automotive Lubricants Reduced Environmental Impact (ICOMIA
11.8 Conclusions Standard No. 27–97)
11.9 References c. JASO T 903:1998: Motorcycles—
Appendices Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Oils
15. Physical and Chemical Properties of Engine Oils
1. Glossary (SAE J357)
2. Common Automotive Acronyms 16. Useful Industry Websites
3. Basic Petroleum Chemistry Index
4. The S.I. System of Units About the Authors
5. Engine Oil Tests (SAE J304)
6. Precision of Laboratory Tests
7. Engine Oil Performance Classifications (SAE J183
and J2227)
a. SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and
Engine Service Classification (Other than
“Energy Conserving”)