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XII Plane-1

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13 views6 pages

XII Plane-1

Uploaded by

unikpaudel11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plane:

It is defined as the surface in which a straight line joining any two points on it
completely lies on the surface.

A
B A
A B B
A B
A B

Planes Not planes


Equations of plane:
a) General equation of the plane:
a,b,c
The equation of the plane in general form is
ax + by + cz + d = 0 ……. (i) normal
where a , b ,c ,d are constants.
Note that the constants a , b , c represent the direction ratios of the normal to the
plane (i).
b) Intercepts form: Y

Let x-intercept (OA) = a B


y-intercept (OB) = b plane

& z-intercept (OC) = c O A


X
Then the equation of the plane is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 C
= = =1 Z
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
c) Normal form:
Let p = length of perpendicular drawn plane
Y
from the origin to the plane. Then equation
of the plane is
𝑙x + my + nz = p
p
where 𝑙 , m ,n are the direction cosines of the
O
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane. X

Z
d) One point form:
Equation of the plane passing through the given point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) is
a(x - 𝑥1 ) + b(y - 𝑦1 ) + c(z - 𝑧1 ) = 0

∙(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

e) Plane through the intersection of two planes:


Let given two planes are
𝑎1 x + 𝑏1 y + 𝑐1 z + 𝑑1 =0 ………………. (i)
& 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2 y + 𝑐2 z + 𝑑2 =0 ……………….. (ii)
Then the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the
planes (i) and (ii) is
𝑎1 x + 𝑏1 y + 𝑐1 z + 𝑑1 + k(𝑎2 x + 𝑏2 y + 𝑐2 z + 𝑑2 ) = 0
where k is a constant.
f) Plane through the given three points:
Theorem: To find the equation of the plane passing through the points
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) .
Solution: Given points are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) .
We know that equation of the plane through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) is
a(x - 𝑥1 ) + b(y - 𝑦1 ) + c(z - 𝑧1 ) = 0 ……………… (i)
It passes through the points (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) .
∴ a(𝑥2 - 𝑥1 ) + b(𝑦2 - 𝑦1 ) + c(𝑧2 - 𝑧1 ) = 0 ……………… (ii)
& a(𝑥3 - 𝑥1 ) + b(𝑦3 - 𝑦1 ) + c(𝑧3 - 𝑧1 ) = 0 ……………… (iii)
Eliminating a , b , c from equations (i) , (ii) and (iii) we get
x − 𝑥1 y − 𝑦1 z − 𝑧1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
This is the required plane passing through the given points.
Angle between two planes :
The angle between two planes is defined as the angle between their normals.
Let two planes are
𝑎1 x + 𝑏1 y + 𝑐1 z + 𝑑1 =0 ………………. (i)
& 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2 y + 𝑐2 z + 𝑑2 =0 ……………….. (ii)
So, angle between these two planes is given by
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
cosθ =
𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2
Case I : Condition for perpendicularity:
Two planes will be perpendicular if
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
Case II: Condition for parallelism:
Two planes will be parallel if
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Length of perpendicular to the plane:
The length of perpendicular from the given point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) to the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is P (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

a 𝑥1 + b 𝑦1 + c 𝑧1 +𝑑 p
p=
𝑎2 + 𝑏2+ 𝑐 2
Distance between two parallel planes:
Let two parallel planes are
ax + by + cz + 𝑑1 =0 ………………. (i)
& ax + by + cz + 𝑑2 =0 ……………….. (ii)
∴ Distance between planes (i) and (ii) is
𝑑 1 − 𝑑2
d=
d
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2

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