GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
COLLEGE
GANDHINAGAR
GANDHINAGAR

1 &

LAB
LAB MANUAL
MANUAL
FOR
FOR

SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
(Code:
(Code: 3161010)
3161010)
(ELECTRONICS
(ELECTRONICS AND
AND COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT)
DEPARTMENT)

Commissionerate
Commissionerate of
of Technical
Technical Education,
Education,
Gandhinagar,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Gujarat
 GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,
COLLEGE, GANDHINAGAR
GANDHINAGAR
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
OF ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS AND
AND COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

7 Aa

CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE

This
This is
is to
to certify
certify that
that Mr/Miss
Mr/Miss _______________________________________
Enrollment
Enrollment No.
No. ____________________________has
has satisfactorily
satisfactorily completed
completed the
the
term
term work
work for
for the
the subject
subject Satellite
Satellite Communication
Communication (3161010)
(3161010)
prescribed
prescribed by
by Gujarat
Gujarat Technological
Technological University
University during
during the
the academic
academic
term
term ________________

Date: Signature
Signature of
of faculty
faculty

Signature
Signature of
of HOD
HOD

EC
EC Dept.
Dept.
Tilte of Experiment Date Grade Sign
1. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF A
A SATELLITE.
SATELLITE.

2. UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
CONCEPTS OF
OF SATELLITE
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION.
COMMUNICATION.
3. TO
TO SET
SET UP
UP DIRECT
DIRECT COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK
LINK
BETWEEN
BETWEEN UPLINK
UPLINK TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER AND
AND DOWNLINK
DOWNLINK
RECEIVER
RECEIVER USING
USING TONE
TONE SIGNAL.
SIGNAL.

4. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP AN
AN ACTIVE
ACTIVE SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
LINK
LINK AND
AND DEMONSTRATE
DEMONSTRATE LINK
LINK FAIL
FAIL OPERATION.
OPERATION.

5. STUDY
STUDY OF
OF SATELLITE
SATELLITE TRANSPONDER.
TRANSPONDER.

6. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP UPUP SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK LINK
WITH THE HELP OF VIDEO CAMERA.
WITH THE HELP OF VIDEO CAMERA.
7. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP AN
AN AUDIO
AUDIO VIDEO
VIDEO TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION
THROUGH SATELLITE
THROUGH SATELLITE LINK.LINK.
8. TO
TO TRANSMIT
TRANSMIT &
& RECEIVE
RECEIVE THE
THE FUNCTION
FUNCTION
GENERATOR WAVEFORMS THROUGH
GENERATOR WAVEFORMS THROUGH A SATELLITE A SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK.LINK.
9. TO
TO TRANSMIT TONE THROUGH
TRANSMIT TONE THROUGH SATELLITE
SATELLITE LINK.
LINK.

10. TO
TO DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE AUDIO
AUDIO SIGNAL
SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
BANDWIDTH
OF
OF THE
THE SATELLITE
SATELLITE LINK.
LINK.
11. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY THE
THE DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF DIGITAL
DIGITAL SATELLITE
SATELLITE
RECEIVER.
RECEIVER.
12. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY THE
THE GLOBAL
GLOBAL POSITIONING
POSITIONING SYSTEM AND
SYSTEM AND
GPS
GPS RECEIVER.
RECEIVER.
13 Assignment
Assignment No.1
No.1

14 Assignment
Assignment No.2
No.2

Link
Link for
for Virtual
Virtual Lab
Lab https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/cdeepthermals/page2.html
https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/cdeepthermals/page2.html
 https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/pratham.php

“+ Course
Course Learning
Learning Outcomes:
Outcomes:

Course
Course At
(At the
the end
end of
of this
this course,
course, the
the learner
learner will
will be
be able
able to:
to: In
In context
context
Outcome
Outcome with*
lwith*

CO
CO 1:
1: Visualize
Visualize thethe architecture
architecture of of satellite
satellite systems
systems asas aa means
means ofof high
high speed, high T
speed, high +P
T+P
range
range communication
communication system.
system.
CO
CO 2:
2: State
State various
various aspects
aspects related
related to to satellite
satellite systems
systems such
such as
as orbital equations, T
orbital equations, +P
T+P
subsystems in a satellite, link budget, modulation and multiple access
subsystems in a satellite, link budget, modulation and multiple access schemes. schemes.
CO
CO 3:
3: Solve
Solve numerical
numerical problems
problems related
related toto orbital
orbital motion
motion and
and design
design ofof link budget T
link budget +P
T+P
the
the given
given parameters
parameters andand conditions.
conditions.
**T=Theory
T = Theory P
P== Practical
Practical

** Laboratory
Laboratory Plan:
Plan:
Laborator
Laborator Name
Name of
of Experiment
Experiment COs
y
y Nos.
Nos.

1. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF A
A SATELLITE.
SATELLITE. 1

2. UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
CONCEPTS OF
OF SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION.
COMMUNICATION. 1

3. TO
TO SET
SET UP
UP DIRECT
DIRECT COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK
LINK BETWEEN
BETWEEN UPLINK
UPLINK 2
TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER AND
AND DOWNLINK
DOWNLINK RECEIVER
RECEIVER USING
USING TONE
TONE SIGNAL.
SIGNAL.

4. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP AN
AN ACTIVE
ACTIVE SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK
LINK AND
AND 2
DEMONSTRATE LINK FAIL OPERATION.
DEMONSTRATE LINK FAIL OPERATION.

5. STUDY
STUDY OF
OF SATELLITE
SATELLITE TRANSPONDER.
TRANSPONDER. 2

6. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP UP
UP SATELLITE
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION LINK
LINK WITH
WITH THE
THE HELP
HELP OF
OF 1&2
VIDEO CAMERA.
VIDEO CAMERA.
7. TO
TO SETUP
SETUP AN
AN AUDIO
AUDIO VIDEO
VIDEO TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION THROUGH
THROUGH SATELLITE
SATELLITE 2&3
LINK.
LINK.
8. TO
TO TRANSMIT
TRANSMIT & & RECEIVE
RECEIVE THE
THE FUNCTION
FUNCTION GENERATOR
GENERATOR WAVEFORMS
WAVEFORMS 2&3
THROUGH A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
THROUGH A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LINK. LINK.
9. TO
TO TRANSMIT
TRANSMIT TONE
TONE THROUGH
THROUGH SATELLITE
SATELLITE LINK.
LINK. 2&3

10. TO
TO DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE AUDIO
AUDIO SIGNAL
SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
BANDWIDTH OFOF THE
THE SATELLITE
SATELLITE 2
LINK.
LINK.
11. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY THE
THE DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF DIGITAL
DIGITAL SATELLITE
SATELLITE RECEIVER.
RECEIVER. 2

12. TO
TO STUDY
STUDY THE
THE GLOBAL
GLOBAL POSITIONING
POSITIONING SYSTEM
SYSTEM AND
AND GPS
GPS RECEIVER.
RECEIVER. 1&2

Major
ajor Equipments:
Equipments:
 Satellite Communication Trainer
Digital
Digital Storage
Storage Osciloscope,
Osciloscope, Mixed
Mixed Domain
Domain Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope
Spectrum
Spectrum Analyzer
Analyzer

List
List of
of Open
Open Source
Source Software/learning
Software /learning website:
website:
SCILAB
SCILAB
https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/cdeepthermals/page2.html
https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/cdeepthermals/page2.html
https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/pratham.php
https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/satlab/pratham.php

** Rubrics
Rubrics for
for Laboratory
Laboratory Work
Work Evaluation:
Evaluation:

Rubric
Rubric No.
No. Parameter
Parameter for
for Evaluation
Evaluation Points
Points
Distribution
Distribution

R1 Active
Active Participation
Participation in
in Lab
Lab 02
02 Points
Points

R2 Equipments/Instruments
Equipments/Instruments handling
handling and/or
and/or Programming
Programming 02
02 Points
Points
ability
ability

R3 Team
Team /Group
/Group Work
Work 02
02 Points
Points

R4 Effective
Effective Lab
Lab Practices
Practices 02
02 Points
Points

R5 Timely
Timely Submission
Submission of
of Lab
Lab Work
Work 02
02 Points
Points

Total
Total Points
Points =
= 10
10 Points
Points

Table-1
Table-1

¢* Points
Points to
to Marks
Marks Conversion
Conversion Table:
Table:
For
For Exp
Exp No.
No. Points
Points to
to Marks
Marks Equation
Equation

11 to
to 10
10 Marks
Marks Obtained
Obtained =
= (Points
(Points Earned)/5
Earned)/5

11
11 to
to 12
12 Marks
Marks Obtained
Obtained =
= (Points
(Points Earned)/10
Earned) /10

“+ Laboratory
Laboratory Instructors:
Instructors:

1.
1. Prof.
Prof. Suhas
Suhas Patel Asst. Prof.
Patel - Asst. Prof. (EC)
(EC)
2.
2. Prof.
Prof. Hina K. Patel- Asst. Prof. (EC)
Hina K. Patel- Asst. Prof. (EC)
 i HOINEG,
< %
é ta) fF GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR
, SF - ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. DEPT.
Of iim a seen

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
AIM: TO STUDY DESIGN OF A SATELLITE.

THEORY:-

A satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical
path. The moon is Earth's original, natural satellite, and there are many manmade
(artificial) satellites, usually closer to Earth.

> The path a satellite follows is an orbit. In the orbit, the farthest point from Earth is
the apogee, and the nearest point is the perigee.
> Artificial satellites generally are not mass-produced. Most satellites are custom built
to perform their intended functions. Exceptions include the GPS satellites (with over
20 copies in orbit) and the Iridium satellites (with over 60 copies in orbit).
> Approximately 23,000 items of space junk -- objects large enough to track with
radar that were inadvertently placed in orbit or have outlived their usefulness -- are
floating above Earth. The actual number varies depending on which agency is
counting. Payloads that go into the wrong orbit, satellites with run-down batteries
and leftover rocket boosters all contribute to the count.

Launching of a Satellite:-

All satellites today get into orbit by riding on a rocket or by riding in the cargo bay of the
Space Shuttle. Several countries and businesses have rocket launch capabilities, and
satellites as large as several tons make it safely into orbit on a regular basis.
After a rocket launches straight up, the rocket control mechanism uses the inertial
guidance system to calculate necessary adjustments to the rocket's nozzles to tilt the
rocket to the course described in the flight plan. In most cases, the flight plan calls for
the rocket to head east because Earth rotates to the east, giving the launch vehicle a free
boost. The strength of this boost depends on the rotational velocity of Earth at the
launch location. The boost is greatest at the equator, where the distance around Earth is
greatest and so rotation is fastest.

Diagram of a Satellite

Attitude control
Grapple fixture

Power source
Internal computer

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. DEPT.

Anatomy of Satellite:-

1. Altitude Control:-

e Satellites must take precise measurements from their place in orbit So they don't
wobble, satellites are stabilized.
e Stabilizing a satellite is attitude control.
e The attitude of a satellite is its position in space - its orientation .Attitude determines
what a satellite looks at - which way its cameras are facing, and the angle the satellite
makes with the object it is orbiting.
e To stabilize a satellite, the satellite must have a system that keeps it moving evenly
through its orbit.
e Satellites often use a spinning or gyroscopic motion to keep them stable.
e A satellite's measurements and pictures will be inaccurate and fuzzy if it is not
stabilized.
e A satellite's orbit is more likely to decay - slowly change course either toward the
Earth or out into space - if it is not stabilized.
e In stabilizing a satellite, the direction that the satellites’ instruments and solar panels
are facing is also important .It is easier and cheaper to power a satellite that has solar
panels that are constantly exposed to the sunlight; this is necessary for satellites with
extraordinarily high energy requirements; however, this is not possible if the satellite
is spinning.
e There are several ways to stabilize a satellite:
= spin stabilized
=" spun/despun
= Three-axis stabilized.

2. Body:-

The body of a satellite, also known as the bus of a satellite, holds all of the scientific
equipment and other necessary components of the satellite. Satellites combine many
different materials to make up all of their component parts. Since satellites are
essentially pieces of scientific or communications equipment that must go into space,
engineers must design a bus that will take the equipment safely into space.
There are several goals that engineers must accomplish when choosing materials for the
satellite's bus. Among these are:
> Outer Layer: protecting the satellite from collisions with micrometeorites, or other
particles floating in space.
>» Anti-radiation: protecting the satellite from the radiation of the sun.
> Thermal Blanketing: using thermal blanketing to keep the satellite at a comfortable
temperature for the instruments to function.
> Conduction: conducting heat away from the satellite's vital instruments
>» Structural Support
> Connecting Materials
Generally, the smaller the satellite, the better. When choosing the materials for a bus,
the following factors are also usually taken into consideration: cost, weight, longevity
how long the material will last), and whether the material has proven to be functional
on other satellites before.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. DEPT.

3. Communications:-

>» All satellites need to have some means of communication with Earth; the satellite
may need to receive instructions and transmit the information it collects, or it may
relay information sent to it to another site on Earth.
» This is generally done using some type of antenna.
>» Antennas are defined simply as a piece of equipment that allows transmission and
reception of radio signals. Since the information is transmitted using radio waves,
which move at the speed of light, this method allows for very fast communications
(only a very small time lag).
>» Antennas come in many families: simple, dishes, patch arrays, and inflatable

4. Grapple Fixture:

> The Canadarm can be used for launching or retrieving satellites (satellites can also be
launched using rockets)
> So that the Canadarm can grip these satellites, they are built with a part called a
grapple fixture, which is attached to the bus of the satellite
>» The original grapple fixture consisted of a foot-long metal pin, a base plate, and a
target
> The end of the Canadarm (called its End Effectors) has three snare wires which wrap
around the grapple fixture using small motors
> The wires are then retracted, and the satellite is pulled snugly against the end of the
Canadarm
> Today, grapple fixtures have removable grapple pins so that if the Canadarm fails, an
astronaut can manually remove the pin to release the satellite
> Grapple fixtures now have an electrical connector on the end of the pin
>» This can join with an electrical adaptor (called a Special Purpose End Effectors or
SPEE) at the end of the Canadarm
» This allows electrical power and data communications to move from the shuttle to
the satellite when it is grappled
» This is used to preserve a satellite's batteries during deploy and retrieval activities
>» The Canadarm is unable to grasp older satellites, or satellites not expected to be
repaired in orbit, because they were not fitted with grapple fixtures when they were
originally launched
» The Canadarm can also only capture satellites which are in the same orbital path as
the shuttle (for example, the shuttle never flies in a polar orbit).

5, Internal Computer:-

All satellites must have a method of storing and analyzing the data collected by the
satellite, and a way of controlling its various systems:
>» This is usually performed by some type of computer
>» The satellite subsystem that fulfils this role is called Telemetry Tracking and Control
(TT&C).
> TTS&C is the brain of the satellite and its operating system

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 %
E GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR
a ° ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. DEPT.

> It logs every activity of the satellite, receives information from the ground station,
and takes care of any general upkeep, or "housekeeping", the satellite needs to do
TT&C is made up of three components: Telemetry, Tracking, and Control.

6. Power Source:-
> Every satellite needs a source of power
> Factors to consider are cost, durability, and effectiveness (amount of power
generated)
> Satellites use up a lot of electricity
» Think! How could a power source be mounted in or on a satellite?
> Some possible power sources for satellites include: Solar panels, Batteries and
Nuclear power Heat generators

7. Orbits:-

A satellite's orbit works because of a balance between two forces. The orbit is a
combination of the satellite's velocity - the speed it is travelling in a straight line - and
the force of the Earth's gravitational pull on the satellite. These forces are similar to the
forces that keep all the planets in their places in the solar system. That gravitational pull
is the result of the mass or weight of the Earth and the mass of the satellite. Basically,
gravity keeps the satellite's velocity from sending the satellite flying out in a straight
line away from the Earth, and the satellite's velocity keeps the force of gravity from
pulling the satellite back to Earth. To illustrate this concept, think of a yo-yo. There is a
long string that holds the weight of the yo-yo ball at the end. The yo-yo ball is the
satellite, and your hand holding the end of the string is the Earth (not to scale of course).
If you swung that yo-yo in a circle, then the string would act as the gravity. Without the
string, the yo-yo ball would fly off into space, but without the weight and forward
motion of the yo-yo ball, the string would flop towards the ground.
Since the Earth turns from west to east on its axis, satellites can either seem, from Earth,
to be moving very quickly or very slowly. A satellite in orbit travelling towards the east
would seem to be moving very slowly to an observer on Earth. On the other hand, a
satellite moving toward the west would seem to be moving quickly to someone on
Earth. From Earth, there is only one orbit that would seem like it wasn't moving, and
that's a geostationary orbit, also known as geosynchronous.
The advantage of having a satellite in one orbit rather than another orbit usually
depends on its inclination - the angle at which a satellite's orbit is tilted in relation to the

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 i HOINEG,
< %
é ta) fF GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR
, SF - ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. DEPT.
Of iim a seen

Earth's equator. When engineers are designing a satellite, and designing its function,
they must choose an orbit that is appropriate to its function. So, a satellite that is in an
orbit very high up will not be able to see objects on Earth in as much detail as orbits that
are lower, and closer to the Earth's surface. Similarly, the speed of the satellite moving
in the orbit, the angle over the Earth the satellite takes, the areas which the satellite can
observe, and the frequency with which the satellite passes over the same portions of the
Earth are all important factors to consider when choosing an orbit.
Finally, the place from which a satellite is launched is important in determining its orbit.
For example, a satellite launched from NASA's launchpad in Cape Canaveral, Florida has
a lesser degree of inclination, so it is not tilted very far off from the line of the equator. A
satellite launched from a place with a higher latitude, like Canada, would have a higher
angle of inclination, so satellites launched into polar orbits might be launched from
somewhere as far north as Canada. To put a satellite into equatorial orbit, for example,
it would be best to launch it from somewhere close to the equator. Often, NASA launches
its rockets carrying satellites into equatorial and geostationary orbit from a launchpad
in French Guyana.
Essentially, there are two major divisions in orbit types; there are circular and there are
elliptical orbits. Circular orbits comprise: geostationary, polar, sun-synchronous, and
equatorial orbits. Highly elliptical orbits come in all different shapes and sizes. Orbits of
different shapes have different eccentricities.

Conclusion:

Exercise:
1.What is Satellite?
2.Define Satellite Communication.
3.Prepare Two Page Report on anyone Geostationary Satellite.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

>
(@ } GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028
ie

Experiment No: 2

AIM: UNDERSTANDING BASIC CONCEPTS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION.

THEORY:

THE UPLINK (TRANSMITTER):

f
mevor + Satellite Uplink Transmitter
f , ' 4KHz )

® ® ® ® ® ®
MIC
1 2 3 4 SELECT
Re as
a) AB15- 626 (Tx)| ——g
( INTERNAL
RF OUT Ge (i) ® @) )
EXTERNAL
VIDEO AUDIO 1 AUDIO 2 MIC IN
XN J . J \. J

In uplink station, the signals have to be sent at differing frequency, usually in the higher
14GHz band, to avoid interference with downlink signals. Another function performed
by the uplink station is to control tightly the internal functions of the satellite itself
(such as station keeping accuracy). Uplinks are controlled so that the transmitted
microwave power beam is extremely narrow, in order not to interface with adjacent
satellites in the geo-arc. The powers involved are several hundred watts.

THE TRANSPONDERS (SATELLITE LINK):

Bos Basic Satellite Communication Training System - SarelliveLink Emulator

\®9 ® @ @ o| © ©@© 0 @® 0|
f el ? ; 4 Muect } ’ a » + seuect

3 TRANSPONOER UPLINK (Rx) «ABTS 620(Em) TRANSPONDER DOWNLINE (Tx)

aoe
f f 5

we \ lovey j a OUT

Satellite Communication | Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

HONE,

i ee GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

amen’ SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

Each satellite has anumber of transponders with access to a pair of receive/transmit

antennas and associated Electronics for each channel. For example, in Europe, the
uplink sends signals at a frequency of about 14GHz, these are received, down-converted
in frequency to about 11/12 GHz and boosted by high power amplifiers for re-
transmission to Earth. Separate transponders are used for each Channel and are
powered by solar panels with back up batteries for eclipse Protection. The higher the
power of each transponder, the fewer channels will be possible with a given number of
solar panels, which in turn, is restricted by consumption for a satellite such as ASTRA
1A is 2.31 kW with an expected lifetime of 12.4 years. Satellites are conveniently
categorized into the following three power ranges.

e Low Power - These have transponders powers around the 20W mark and are
primarily general telecommunication satellites. Due to the low transmission
power of each transponder they can support many channels with the available
collected solar energy. Many of these transponders relay program material for
cable TV operators but, unfortunately, receiving dishes of monstrous proportions
are necessary for noise free reception, often in excess of 1 meter. Even so,
domestic TV reception is not the primary reason for the existence of such high
channel capacity satellites. Transponder bandwidths can vary.

e Medium Power
- These satellites have typical transponder powers of around
45 W, such those on board Astra 1A. Such satellites are now commonly termed
semi-DBS (direct broadcast service) and represent the first serious attempt to
gain public approval by offering the prospect of dustbin-Lid-sized dishes of 60cm
diameter. Medium power satellites usually operates in the frequency band 10.95
GHz to 11.70 GHz and form the fixed satellite service (FSS). The transponder
bandwidths are commonly 27 MHz or 36 MHz Some medium power satellites,
such as the Eutelsat II series, also a number of transponders that can be active in
the 12.5 GHz to 12.75 GHz band.

e High Power - These pure DBS satellites have transponder powers exceeding
100W and have a correspondingly reduced channel capacity of around four
perhaps five channels. The specified dish size is minimal, about 30 to 45 cm in
the central service area. European transponder frequencies are in the band 11.70
to 12.50 GHz which is known as the DBS band. It has agreed that the transponder
bandwidths are 27 MHz.

THE DOWNLINK RECEIVER (RECEIVER):

The medium used to transmit signals from satellite to earth is microwave
electromagnetic radiation which is much higher in frequency than normal broadcast TV
signals in the VHF/UHF bands. Microwave still exhibit a wave-like nature inherit a
tendency to severe attenuation by water vapour or any obstruction in the line of sight of
the antenna. The transmitted microwave equipment is used, and certain installation
precautions are taken, the background noise can ruin the signal. A television receive
only (TVRO) site consists of an antenna designed to collect and concentrate the signal
to its focus where a feed horn is precisely located. This channels microwaves to an

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

4 EROINEG,

f ta 3 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

==. SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

electronic component called a low noise block (LNB), which amplifies and down-
converts the signals to a more manageable frequency for onward transmission, by cable,
to the receiver located inside the dwelling.

Bavout Satellite Downlink Receiver

@ @ /@ @ @1 I
1 2 3 a SELECT

- AB15 - 626 (Rx) aes

| @ |/@
(z VIDEO tj | auoio 4
| \@
auDio 2| | votume |

THE ANTENNA:

The antenna or ‘dish’ is concerned with the collection of extremely weak

microwave signals and bringing them to a focus. The surface must be highly reflective
to microwaves and is based on a three-dimensional all incident radiation, parallel to its
axis, to a focus.

There are two main types of antenna. Briefly, a prime focus antenna, has the head unit
mounter in the Central axis of the paraboloid whereas the offset focus configuration, has
the head unit mounter at the focal point ofa much larger paraboloid of which the
observable dish is a portion. Antennas are normally made from steel, aluminium or
fiberglass with embedded reflective foil.

THE LOW NOISE BLOCK (LNB):

The function ofa LNB is to detect the weak incoming microwave signals via an internal
tuned resonant probe, provide low noise amplification, and finally down convert the
whole block of frequencies to one suitable for cable transmission. It is common nowa
days for the combination of feed horn, polarizer and LNB to be manufactured as a single
sealed unit. The entire assembly is often referred to as an LNB, for convenience, but it
should be remembered that this is not strictly the case.

DOWNLINK FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS:

The ITU has split the world up into three regions. The approximate frequency
allocations above 10 GHz are as follows.

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 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

4 CROINEe

ee GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

amen’ SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

Region 1: Europe, CIS, Africa and Middle East

Fixed satellite service (FSS) band: 10.70-11.70
GHz
12.50-12.75 GHz
17.70-21.20 GHz
Direct broadcast service (DBS): 11.70-12.50 GHz
Broadcast satellite service (BSS): 21.40-22.00 GHz (from 2007)

Region 2: America and Greenland

Fixed satellite service (FSS) band:
11.70-12.20 GHz
17.70-21.20 GHz
Direct broadcast service: 12.70-12.20 GHz
Broadcast satellite service (BSS): 17.30-17.80 GHz (from 2007)

Region 3: India, Asia, Australasia and the pacific

fixed satellite service (FSS) band: 11.70-12.75GHz
17.70-21.20 GHz
Direct broadcast service (DBS): 11.70-12.50 GHz
Broadcast satellite service (BSS): 21.40-22.00 GHz (from 2007)

CONCLUSION:

Exercise :
1. Write Short note on LOW EARTH (LEO).
2. Explain MEDIUM EARTH (MEO).
3. Discuss GEOSTATIONAR
Y/GEOS YNCHRONOUS (GEO).

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

an
(fy } GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
aaten® SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

Experiment No: 3
AIM: TO SET UP DIRECT COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN UPLINK
TRANSMITTER AND DOWNLINK RECEIVER USING TONE SIGNAL.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink receiver connecting cables, Pair of
Dish antennas.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains outlet with the lead provides.
2. Switch ON the transmitter and the frequency LED will come on.
3. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.
4 The transmitting frequency can be selected by means of a select switch provided
on the front panel.
5. Pressing the select switch will increase the frequency from 2.40GHz, 2.427
GHz, 2.454 GHz, 2.481 GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner. This
indicates that each channel is allocated a bandwidth of 27MHz.
6. The best part is that it holds good for receiver also and PLL means that when
Both receiver and transmitter show same frequency, they are accurate to less
than 10 KHz of each other and no tuning and repeated adjustments are required.
7. Now bring the transmitter to 2.400 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC
lead to R.F. out of Tx.
8. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the
same direction to that of Dish of Receiver.
9. The satellite Downlink receiver could be switched on now after plugging into AC
mains outlet.
10. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.
11. The receiving frequency can be selected by means of a select switch
provided on the front panel.
12. Pressing the select switch will increase the frequency from 2.40GHz, 2.427GHz,
2.454 GHz, and 2.481GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner.
13. Set the frequency to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.
14. Nowconnect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver. The receiver noise will be
squelched to silence.
15. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of Transmitter.
16. Keep the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 and also mic 1 KHz switch to 1 KHz.
Similarly, the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 at Rx end also. This will make the
receiver sound to 1 KHz test tone.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
1.What are the components of a human-made satellite?
2.How are satellites launched?
3.Why does a satellite stay in orbit?

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

AIM: TO SETUP AN ACTIVE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LINK AND

DEMONSTRATE LINK FAIL OPERATION.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink receiver, satellite link emulator,
connecting cables, Pair of Dish antennas.

PROCEDURE:

1. Bring the transmitter to 2.400 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.
2. The Dish of Tx should be selected by means of a select switch provided on the
front panel.
The LED will read- 2.400 GHz.
Ww

4. The receiving frequency can be selected by means of a select switch provided on

the front panel.
5. Pressing the select switch will increase the frequency from 2.400GHz,
2.427GHz, and 2.454 GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner.
6. Set the frequency to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.
7. Now connect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver. The receiver noise will be
squelched to silence.
8. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of Transmitter.
9. Keep the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 and also mic 1 KHz switch to 1 KHz.
Similarly, the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 at Rx end also. This will make the
receiver sound to 1 KHz test tone.
10. Bring the transmitter to 2.481 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.
11. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction
to that of Dish of uplink Satellite link emulator.
12. Bring the uplink Satellite link emulator to 2.481 GHz.
13. Upllinking frequency channels 2.481 GHz & 2.454 GHz having a bandwidth of 27
MHz each.
14. Bring the Downlink satellite link emulator to 2.400 GHz.
15. Set the frequency of down link Rx to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.
16. Now connect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver
17. Point the Dish to Dish of Downlink sat-link emulator.
18. Down linking from a satellite is carried out at lower frequencies. There are two
down linking frequency channels 2.400 GHz & 2.427 GHz having a bandwidth of
27
MHz each.
19. Setup the link in a TRIANGLUIR fashion with Tx, Rx and Sat- Link emulator at 3
vertices of a triangle. Make sure that Dish of Tx should point towards Dish of sat-
link emulator and Dish of Rx should point towards Dish of sat-link emulator. Set
the distance between antennas to approx. 5 meters centre by measuring tape.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

20. Check the link with the help of 1 KHz test tone.
21. Repeat the experiment by selecting a different unlinking & down linking channel
frequencies.
22. Selecting different frequencies at Uplinking end say, Transmitter (2.481) And
uplink channel of satellite (2.540) and also different frequency at receiver (2.400)
and Downlink channel of satellite (2.427) will result in link fail.

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
1.Why Uplink Frequency is Greater than Downlink Frequency in satellite Communication
System?

Satellite Communication | Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.
5 ENGINES,

i(cay } GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

ew ¢
5_GAMDHINAGAR " SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 5

AIM: TO STUDY THE SATELLITE TRANSPONDER.

THEORY:

The subsystem, which provides the connecting link between transmitting and receiving
antennas of a satellite is known as Transponder. It is one of the most important
subsystem of space segment subsystems.

Transponder performs the functions of both transmitter and receiver (Responder) in a

satellite. Hence, the word ‘Transponder’ is obtained by the combining few letters of two
words, Transmitter (Trans) and Responder (ponder).

Transponder performs mainly two functions. Those are amplifying the received input
signal and translate the frequency of it. In general, different frequency values are chosen
for both uplink and down link in order to avoid the interference between the
transmitted and received signals.

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3.7 to 4.2 GHz

Uplink Signa!
5.9 to 6.4 GHz

Fig 2 . Satellite Communication System Diagram

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

We can easily understand the operation of Transponder from the block diagram itself.
The function of each block is mentioned below.

e Duplexer is a two-way microwave gate. It receives uplink signal from the

satellite antenna and transmits downlink signal to the satellite antenna.
e LowNoise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
e Carrier Processor performs the frequency down conversion of received signal
(uplink). This block determines the type of transponder.
e Power Amplifier amplifies the power of frequency down converted signal
(down link) to the required level.

OPERATION:

Each satellite has a number of transponders with access to a pair of receive/transmit

antennas and associated electronics for each channel. For example, In Europe, the
uplink sends signals at a frequency of about 14 GHz, these are received, down-converted
in frequency to about 11/12 GHz and boosted by high power amplifiers for re-
transmission to earth. Separate transponders are used for each channel and are
powered by solar panels with back up batteries for eclipse protection. The higher the
power of each transponder, the fewer channels will be possible with a given number of
solar panels, which in turn, is restricted by the maximum payload of launch vehicles as
well as cost. Typical power consumption for a satellite such as ASTRA 1A is 2.31 kW
with an expected lifetime of 12.4 years. Satellites are conveniently categorized into the
following three power ranges:

Uplink Select: This push button can be used to select the frequency of operation from
2400, 2427, 2454 and 2481 MHz respectively.
Downlink Select: This push button can be used to select the frequency of operation
from 2400, 2427, 2454 and 2481 MHz respectively. Press the frequency select switch of
satellite emulator down link channel several times so as set the frequency.
Display from 2.400, 2.427, 2.454, 2.481 and then back to 2.400. This is done to ensure
the emulator downlink PLL is locked and displayed frequency is done to ensure the
emulator ON the 1KHz tone on transmitter will make the receiver the receiver sound to
1KHz test tone via satellite, PLL of complete link are O.K and successful sat link is said to
established.
Link Fail: This switch is set upwards/downwards to enable/disable the communication
link.

Conclusion

Exercise:
1.List various types of control required to maintain the satellite in space and explain attitude and orbital control
system in detail.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 6

AIM: TO SETUP UP SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LINK WITH THE HELP OF VIDEO

CAMERA.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite link emulator, Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink receiver
Connecting cables, Pair of Dish antennas, TV, camera.(for audio video input to the
transmitter (Tx) you can use Pattern generator or VCD player or DVD player if
available on your Lab.)

PROCEDURE:

1. Bring the transmitter to 2.481 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.

2. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction to
that of Dish of uplink satellite link emulator.

3. Bring the uplink Satellite link emulator to 2.481 GHz.

4. Bring the Downlink Satellite link emulator to 2.400 GHz

5. Set the frequency of Rx to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.

6. Now connect Dish with to Dish of Downlink sat-link emulator.

7. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of downlink Sat-Link emulator.

8. Setup the linkin a TRIANGLUR fashion with Tx, Rx and sat-link emulator at 3
vertices of a triangle. Make sure that A Dish of Tx should point towards A Dish of Sat-
Link emulator and Dish of Rx should point towards. Dish of Sat-link emulator. If
necessary set the distance between antennas to approx. 5 meters centre to centre to
centre by measuring tape.

9. Connect camera’s audio output to audio1 input of Tx and video output to video input
of the Tx.

10. On receiver side connect video output of Rx to the video input of TV, and connect
audio output of Rx to audio input of TV and put the TV in AV mode. If the audio and
video information received clearly on TV then the communication link is established
correctly.

11. Set the Satellite link emulator, Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink
receiver.

Satellite Communication Subject Code:3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

(fay) GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

* eameat SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
1.What is uplink? Draw and Explain Uplink block-diagram.
2.Also explain all the steps to followed for Uplink power budget preparation.
3.Determine the visibility of a earth station situated at mean sea level at latitude of
48.42 degree north and longitude 89.26 degree west. Assume a minimum angle of elevation of 5n degree.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 7

AIM: TO SETUP AN AUDIO VIDEO TRANSMISSION THROUGH SATELLITE LINK.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink receiver Connecting cables, Pair of
Dish antennas, CD player, TV.

PROCEDURE:

1. Bring the transmitter to 2.400 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.
2.Set the output level of Tx to maximum by turning the RF level fully clockwise.
3. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction to
that of Dish of Receiver.
4. The satellite Downlink receiver could be switched on now after plugging into AC
mains outlet.
5. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.
6. The receiving frequency can be selected by means of a select switch provided on the
front panel.
7. Pressing the select switch will increase will increase the frequency from 2.400 GHz,
2.427GHz 2.454 GHz, 2.481 GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner.
8. Set the frequency to 2.400GHz using frequency control.
9. Now connect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver. The receiver noise will be squelched
to silence.
10. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of Transmitter.
11. Keep the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 and also mic 1 KHz switch to 1 KHz
similarly, the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 at Rx end also. This will make the
receiver sound to 1 KHz test tone.
12. Connect the video camera output to video in of Tx and connect the power supply of
camera. Set the input select switch to video.
13. Connect the video Monitor to video out of Rx and connect the power supply of
Monitor.
14. See if you are able to receive both the audio & video sent at different channels
clearly.
15. Now, connect a T connector at video in of Tx so that the video signal from CCD
camera can be simultaneously viewed on CRO. Similarly, connect another CRO.
Similarly, connect another CRO at Rx end using T connector for visualizing the received
video signal via sitcom link. Also view the audio channel on the other channel on the
other channel of CRO at both Tx and Rx end using T connectors.
16. Find the sync. Level of video signal fed using CRO. If you put a black sheet of paper
or your hand in front of CCD camera so that no light can enter into lens of camera then
negligible signal is present to modulate the video carrier. Therefore, what you see on
LED of CRO is the internal sync. Level of camera. Measure how much mVis it.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

seen,
i(a) : GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
spose, SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

17. If you vary intensity of light in front of camera, meaning that you remove black Sheet
in front of lens. Then varying light from object etc. Will modulate the video signal and
you will see a continuously varying complex video signal on CRO. See of same varying
signal can be retrieved at Rx end. Bringing your hand in front of camera and taking it
away will vary the FM deviation of signal. See if it happens at Rx end also.

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
1.Draw and Explain the block diagram of satellite transponder in detail.
2.Explain Elliptical orbits and Molniya orbit with their uses.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

(i } GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 8
AIM: TO TRANSMIT & RECEIVE THE FUNCTION GENERATOR WAVEFORMS
THROUGH A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION LINK.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and satellite downlink receiver, Satellite link emulator,
connecting cables, Pair of Dish antennas, CRO, Function Generator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Bring the transmitter to 2.481 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.
2. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction to
that of Dish of uplink satellite link emulator.
3. Bring the uplink Satellite link emulator to 2.481 GHz.
4, Bring the Downlink Satellite link emulator to 2.400 GHz
5. Set the frequency of Rx to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.
6. Now connect Dish with to Dish of Downlink sat-link emulator.
7. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of downlink Sat-Link emulator.
8. Setup the link in a TRIANGLUR fashion with Tx, Rx and sat-link emulator at 3 vertices
of a triangle. Make sure that A Dish of Tx should point towards A Dish of Sat-Link
emulator and Dish of Rx should point towards. Dish of Sat-link emulator. Set the
distance between antennas to approx. 5 meters centre to centre to centre by measuring
tape
9. Set the Function Generator O/P (any wave) to 0.5V p/p and don’t exceed this level
else clipping will occur.
10. Connect the Function Generator O/P to video In of Tx and video Out of Rx to CRO.
11. Now very the frequency of function Generator and see the same O/P on CRO.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

5 Nee,
(By GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
1.Write Short notes on Operational Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit (NGSO) Constellation design.
2.Explain calculation of link margins for a VSAT Star network with suitable equations.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.
IN,
A ono ep,

f tay GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

peseeaae SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 9
AIM: TO TRANSMIT TONE THROUGH SATELLITE LINK.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and satellite downlink receiver, connecting cables, pair of
dish antennas.

PROCEDURE:

1. Bring the transmitter to 2.400 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead to
R.F. out of Tx.

2. Set the output level of Tx to max by turningthe RF level fully clockwise.

3. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction to
that of Dish of Receiver.

4. The satellite Downlink receiver could be switched on now after plugging into AC
mains outlet.

5. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.

6. The receiving frequency can be selected by means of a select switch provided on the
front panel.

7. Pressing the select switch will increase will increase the frequency from 2.400 GHz,
2.427GHz 2.454 GHz, 2.481 GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner.

8. Set the frequency to 2.400GHz using frequency control.

9. Now connect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver. The receiver noise will be squelched
to silence.

10. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of Transmitter.

11. Keep the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 and also mic 1 KHz switch to 1KHz
similarly, the switch audio 1 audio 2 to audio 1 at Rx end also. This will make the
receiver sound to 1 KHz test tone on speaker.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
Exercise:
1.What
1.What isis satellite
satellite link
link design?
design?
2.What
2.What are the factors that affect
are the factors that affect the
the design
design of
of satellite
satellite links?
links?
3.How
3.How is the frequency spectrum allocated for satellite links?
is the frequency spectrum allocated for satellite links?
4.
4. What
What isis the
the role
role of
of modulation
modulation andand coding
coding inin satellite
satellite link
link design?
design?
5.How is the power budget calculated for satellite
5.How is the power budget calculated for satellite links? links?

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

ifaye GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

eat SECTOR -28, GANDHINAGAR-302028

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

AIM: TO DETERMINE THE AUDIO SIGNAL BANDWIDTH OF THE SATELLITE LINK.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Satellite uplink transmitter and Satellite downlink receiver connecting cables,
Pair of Dish antennas, CRO, Function Generator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains outlet with the lead provides.
2. Switch ON the transmitter and the frequency LED will come on.
3. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.
4. The transmitting frequency can be selected by means ofa select switch provided on
the front panel.
5. Pressing the select switch will increase the frequency from 2.40GHz, 2.427 GHz, 2.454
GHz, and 2.481 GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner. This indicates that each
channel is allocated a bandwidth of 27MHz.
6. The best part is that it holds good for receiver also and PLL means that when both
receiver and transmitter show same frequency, they are accurate to less than 10 KHz of
each other and no tuning and repeated adjustments are required.
7. Now bring the transmitter to 2.400 GHz and connect the Dish antenna with BNC lead
to R.F. out of Tx.
8. The Dish of Tx should be rotated with the antenna pointing in the same direction to
that of Dish of Receiver.
9. The satellite Downlink receiver could be switched on now after plugging into AC
mains outlet.
10. The LED will read - 2.400 GHz.
11. The receiving frequency can be selected by means of a select switch provided on the
front panel.
12. Pressing the select switch will increase the frequency from 2.40GHz, 2.427GHz,
2.454 GHz, and 2.481GHz and back to 2.400 GHz in cyclic manner.
13. Set the frequency to 2.400 GHz using frequency control.
14. Now connect Dish with BNC lead to the receiver. The receiver noise will be
squelched to silence.
15. Point the Rx Dish to Dish of Transmitter.
16. Now turn on the function generator and set the output signal to 500 mV, 1 KHz and
connect it to the audio 1 input of transmitter.
17. Connect a CRO and analyse the received signal amplitude.
18. Now vary the frequency of function generator upto 10 KHz in upward direction and
upto 100 Hz in the downward direction and note down the changes in the amplitude of
the received signal.
19. The bandwidth is calculated by multiplying the received signal amplitude by 0.707o0f
maximum amplitude receive.

Satellite Communication Subject Code: 3161010

 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG DEPT.

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CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
Exercise:
1.
1. What
What isis the
the typical
typical audio
audio signal
signal bandwidth
bandwidth of of a a satellite
satellite link?
link?
2.
2. How
How does
does thethe audio
audio signal
signal bandwidth
bandwidth of of a a satellite
satellite link
link compare
compare to to other
other types
types of
of communication
communication links?
links?
3.
3. How
How isis the
the audio
audio signal
signal bandwidth
bandwidth of of a a satellite
satellite link
link determined
determined and and measured?
measured?
4.Are
4.Are there
there any
any standards
standards or or regulations
regulations that
that specify
specify the the minimum
minimum or or maximum
maximum audioaudio signal
signal bandwidth
bandwidth for for satellite
satellite links?
links?
5.How
5.How does
does thethe audio
audio signal
signal bandwidth
bandwidth of of a a satellite
satellite link
link affect
affect the
the overall
overall cost
cost and
and efficiency
efficiency of
of the
the communication
communication
system?
system?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 11
AIM: TO STUDY THE DESIGN OF DIGITAL SATELLITE RECEIVER.

THEORY:-

Block diagram of a satellite receiver system.

?
ZL10036 Digital Satellite Tuner 2110313 Satellite Demodulator

Teas
sui
ee tee tei
fre ele a]

OISEgC 2.2
LNB Control interlace

410 16 MHz 2Wire

Extomal Clock or Crystal Serial
Contro! Bus
-

Functions and controls of a typical receiver set

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Connections:
1 Digital LNB IF input
2 Analog Satellite Receiver LNB output
3 Serial Communication Connection
4 S/P DIF Digital audio output
5 RCA video output
6 RCA audio outputs
7 S-VIDEO (chroma-luma) output
8 External TV antenna input
9 External TV antenna output
10 TV scart output
11 Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) output

Connection to TV through RF:

You may connect your unit to TV through RF. For this purpose, you will need one RF
connection cable with one IEC female and one IEC male ends. Connect one end of the
cable to the antenna input of TV and other end to the RF OUT of the unit.

Connection to TV through SCART:

Scart connection allows you to have a better connection in contrast to RF link. For such
a connection, you will need a full scart cable with adequate ends in both sides. Connect
one end of the scart cable to TV and the other to TV scart output of your unit.

Connection to TV through S-VIDEO (applicable to some models):

You may make the connection between your TV and unit with a S-Video, which is a
connection transferring video signal only. It will need an audio connection at the same
time. For this connection, a cable with S-Video ends in both sides is needed. Connect one
end of the cable to S-Video input of your TV and other end to S-Video output of your
unit.

VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) Connection:

You can make VCR connection through Scart. For such a connection, you will need a full
scart cable with adequate ends in both sides. Connect one end of the Scart cable to the
VCR unit and the other end to the VCR scart of your unit.
Audio Booster Connection
> Connection through RCA Output
You may connect your unit to music set through RCA output. For this purpose, use
AUDIO-L and AUDIO-R stereo outputs of your unit.

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> Connection through S/P DIF Output (applicable to some models)

You may connect your unit to audio booster through S/P DIF output. For this purpose,
use the S/P DIF output of your unit (with optic or toslink type cable).

Using DiSEqC Switch:

DiSEqC is a switch circuit. You can use 4 dish antennas with one DiSEqC switch.

= =
Analog Sateline
Receive:

Audio Booster Munie Set

First installation and TV settings:

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After making all the necessary connections of your satellite receiver, insert the plug into
a mains outlet and turn it on by pressing. If your satellite receiver is connected to TV
through RF input, you will need to adjust your TV to UHF channel 65. (Factory setting of
your satellite receiver is UHF 65.)

* After making all connections, turn on your TV and receiver and then press the keys
and MENU in the given order.
* Tune your TV to UHF 65 to see the main menu screen and then store your new TV
settings.
* If it is necessary to change the output channel of your receiver, refer to the section ”RF
output channel setup”.
If your receiver is connected to TV through scart input, you will not need to make any
setting on your TV. When you turn on your TV and receiver, the receiver will be
automatically displayed on the screen. (Some TVs may not have automatic scart
switching feature. In this case, you should tune your TV to AV mode with TV remote
control).

Power On/Off:
Use the key on the remote or on front panel to turn off your satellite receiver. The unit
shows the channel number if it is on and shows the preset time if it is off.

Channel Selection:

The channels in your satellite receiver are ordered from 1 to the number of the last
setted channel. There are a few ways to go to any desired channel:
* You may select a channel by pressing the keys P+ or P-.
* You may make selection by using the numerical keys on the remote control unit. The
numbers you enter shall be displayed on the lower part of the screen. You may make
selection in three different ways.

1. Enter the channel number in 4 digits. For example, for the channel 1875, enter 1, 8, 7
and 5. For the channel 27, enter 0, 0, 2, 7.
2. Enter the channel number and wait for a few seconds. For example, for the channel
168,
Enter 1, 6 and 8 and then wait. For the channel 56, enter 5 and 6 and wait.
3. For quick channel access, hold the last digit of the channel number pressed for a
while. For example, for the channel 3 press the key 3 and hold the key pressed. For the
channel 14, press 1 and 4 and keep 4 pressed.

* You may make a selection by using the program list. (Refer to “Use the Program List”).

Select Satellite:
You may select a satellite to watch the channels of that satellite only. Call the satellite
list by pressing the SAT key when no menu is open. Satellites which have no preset

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channels shall not appear on the satellite list. Move to the satellite you prefer using P+,
P- keys and confirm it by pressing the OK key.
If a satellite is selected by satellite selection, the unit shall start only in the channels of
that satellite (other channels shall not be displayed). If you want to cancel a selected
satellite or to reach all channels of all satellites, select the option of All Satellites.

Switch to Radio- Channels:

Press the TV/RAD key when no menu is open to switch to radio channels. In this way,
the unit shall start on radio channels. If there is no preset radio channel in the position
you are in, a message “No preset channel” shall appear.
When radio channels are selected, the program list shall be effective only on radio
channels (no television channel is displayed). Press the TV/RAD key again to return to
television channels.

Freeze the Picture:

You can freeze the picture on the screen by pressing the PAUSE key. In the models with
PIF feature, the live picture shall continue to appear on the right hand side of the screen.
Further, you may operate the feature of slow motion by pressing the PAUSE key again
and you may move the small picture on the screen by using the keys P+, P-, V+ and V-. It
is enough to press any key other than PAUSE, P+, P-, V+ and V- to return to normal
program.

Use EPG (ELECTRONIC PROGRAM GUIDE):

EPG (Electronic Program Guide) is a table sent by the channel, showing the channel flow
information. If the channel you watch is sending EPG information
(see “Info Bar’), press EPG key to see the information when no menu is open. It is
possible to display the information about the programs which were or will be on the air.
When the EPG menu is open, you will see the program flow information on the left
upper side and selected channels on the lower left side and program flow information of
channels on the right side. You can change channels using P+, P- keys and check future
programs of that channel on the program flow by using V+, V- keys.
You can see the details of the program selected on the right hand side of the screen. The
time and date of the unit must be set correctly so that EPG can show program flow
information properly (refer to “Date and Time Setup”).

Transponder Settings:
Transponder settings are used for recording such transponders broadcasting from a
satellite. It is possible to use the information to enable the unit to search channels
swiftly and correctly. Transponder information is used only at the time of channel
search. It is not important while watching channels. Select “Transponder” from
“Installation” and press the OK key to see the list of all defined transponders of the
satellite selected on the screen. Press the yellow function key for changing the satellite
selected and select a new satellite from the list

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Specifications:

Tuner:- Demodulator:-
Frequency range: 950-2150 MHz Type: QPSK
Input signal level -65 - -25 dBm Symbol Rate: 1-45 Msps
IF frequency 0 MHz Viterbi 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8
Input impedance 75 (2. Reed Solomon: 204, 188, 8
LNB supply: 13/18 Volt, 22kHz System: SCPC, MCPC
DiSEqC: 1.0, 1.2 Video:-
Channel locking: PLL System: MPEG2 ISO13818 MP@ML
Connector: F-female Resolution: 720*576*50
Output: Loop-out (For analogue receiver) Output: PAL
Audio:- Video Output:-
System: MPEG1 ISO 11172-3 TV Scart: Video (CVBS), Video (RGB), Audio
Sampling: 32, 44.1, 48kHz (Stereo)
Audio Mode: Mono, Dual mono, Stereo VCR Scart: Video (CVBS), Audio (Stereo)
Data:- RCA: Video (CVBS), Audio (Stereo)
Standard: RS232 115200,8,n,1 S/P DIF: Digital Audio
Connector: 9pin D-type male S-Video: Luma, Chroma

RF modulator:- Power Source:-

Output channel: 21 - 69 UHF Type: SMPS
Standard PAL-BG, PAL-I Power consumption: 30W (max)
Video Level: 70 + 5 dBuV Working voltage: 230V AC
Output impedance: 75 ©. Other:-
Connector: IEC (female and male) Temperature in operation: 5-40 °C

CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
Exercise:
1.
1. What
What isis aa digital
digital satellite
satellite receiver
receiver and
and how
how does
does itit work?
work?
2.
2. How
How dodo you
you choose
choose the
the right
right digital
digital satellite
satellite receiver
receiver forfor your
your needs?
needs?
3.
3. What
What are
are the
the key
key features
features to to look
look for
for in
in aa digital
digital satellite
satellite receiver?
receiver?
4.
4. How
How dodo you
you setset up
up and
and install
install aa digital
digital satellite
satellite receiver?
receiver?
5.What
5.What are
are some
some common
common troubleshooting
troubleshooting techniques
techniques for for digital
digital satellite
satellite receivers?
receivers?
6.What
6.What are
are the
the differences
differences between
between aa digital
digital satellite
satellite receiver
receiver and and aa cable
cable TV
TV box?
box?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 12
AIM: TO STUDY THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM AND GPS RECEIVER.

THEORY:-

The GPS system consists of a constellation of 24 satellites. While not officially declared
fully operational, for all practical purposes the system is now fully operational. These
satellites orbit the earth at an altitude of about 10,900 miles and at an inclination of 55
degrees. As I will demonstrate in my next column, this orbit translates to an orbital
period of 12 hours. The orbits are distributed around the earth in such a way that at
least 4 satellites are always visible from virtually any point on the surface of the earth.
This provides a means of precisely determining the position of the user in longitude,
latitude, and altitude. The satellites operate at two frequencies, known as L1 and L2.
These two frequencies are 1575.42 MHz and 1227.6 MHz, respectively.

GPS Nominal Constellation

24 Satellites in 6 Orbital Planes
4 Satellites in cach Plane
20.200 km Altitudes, 85 Degree Inclination

Fig 1. Constellation of GPS system

The whole system operates at a system clock frequency of 10.23 MHz, which is an exact
submultiples of the L1 and L2 frequencies. The two transmission frequencies are
modulated with a pseudo-random signal to produce spread spectrum signals. The L1
channel is modulated with both a 1.023 Mbps pseudo-random code known as the C/A
(course/acquisition) code and a 10.23 Mbps PN code known as the P (precision) code.
The L2 channel is only modulated with the P code. The two codes are considerably
different in characteristics. The L1 code repeats every 1023 bits, or every 1 millisecond.
The P code, on the other hand, only repeats itself every 267 days. Furthermore, the P
code can be encrypted by the Department of Defense, so as to make it unavailable to
civilian (or unauthorized) users. This limits the best accuracy obtainable by
unauthorized users to about 30 meters, while allowing authorized users to achieve
accuracies of up to 3 meters. Additionally, the DOD, at its discretion, can disseminate

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slightly inaccurate information pertaining to the location of the satellites, so as to

further degrade the accuracy obtainable by unauthorized users to about 100 meters.
These accuracy degradation capabilities are important, since hostile nations could use
the information against us in times of war.
As time has gone by, however, more potential applications have been developed for GPS
and many techniques have been developed to augment the accuracy available to
unauthorized users. Techniques like carrier phase tracking and differential GPS can
allow users to obtain centimeter level accuracy, especially in cases where
measurements are being made at a fixed location. However, it is well established that
even aircraft positions can be determined to an accuracy of better than several meters,
even in real time.
Other applications include moving map displays in cars and trucks. Attitudes of aircraft
and spacecraft can also be determined with GPS. GPS equipment is currently set-up in
the San Francisco area to allow researchers to measure the amount of shifting in the
earth's surface during the next earthquake. GPS was also recently used to measure the
height of Mount Everest and K2. Forest fire fighters use GPS to define the extent of fires
and townships are using GPS equipped vans to map roads in a small fraction of the time
that would be required for conventional surveying techniques.

a ea

Fig 2.Determining position using GPS

Determining Position
A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the satellites, because that information is
included in satellite transmissions. By estimating how far away a satellite is, the
receiver also "knows" it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere
centered at the satellite. It then determines the sizes of several spheres, one for each
satellite. The receiver is located where these spheres intersect.

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Signals
In order for GPS to work, a network of satellites was placed into orbit around planet
Earth, each broadcasting a specific signal, much like a normal radio signal. This signal
can be received by a low cost, low technology aerial, even though the signal is very
weak.
Rather than carrying an actual radio or television program, the signals that are
broadcast by the satellites carry data that is passed from the aerial, decoded and used
by to the GPS software.
The information is specific enough that the GPS software can identify the satellite, it’s
location in space, and calculate the time that the signal took to travel from the satellite
to the GPS receiver.
Using different signals from different satellites, the GPS software is able to calculate the
position of the receiver. The principle is very similar to that which is used in
orienteering - if you can identify three places on your map, take a bearing to where they
are, and draw three lines on the map, then you will find out where you are on the map.
The lines will intersect, and, depending on the accuracy of the bearings, the triangle that
they form where they intersect will approximate your position, within a margin of error.
GPS software performs a similar kind of exercise, using the known positions of the
satellites in space, and measuring the time that the signal has taken to travel from the
satellite to Earth.
The result of the “trilateration” (the term used when distances are used instead of
bearings) of at least three satellites, assuming that the clocks are all synchronized
enables the software to calculate, within a margin of error, where the device is located
in terms of its latitude (East-West) and longitude (North-South) and distance from the
center of the Earth.

Timing & Correction

In a perfect world, the accuracy should be absolute, but there are many different factors
which prevent this. Principally, it is impossible to ensure that the clocks are all
synchronized.
Since the satellites each contain atomic clocks which are extremely accurate, and
certainly accurate with respect to each other, we can assume that most of the problem
lies with the clock inside the GPS unit itself.
Keeping the cost of the technology down to a minimum is a key part of the success of
any consumer device, and it is simply not possible to fit each GPS unit with an atomic
clock costing tens of thousands of dollars. Luckily, in creating the system, the designers
designed GPS to work whether the receiver’s clock is accurate or not.
There are a few solutions. However the solution that was chosen uses a fourth satellite
to provide a cross check in the trilateration process. Since trilateration from three

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signals should pinpoint the location exactly, adding a fourth will move that location; that
is, it will not intersect with the calculated location.
This indicates to the GPS software that there is a discrepancy, and so it performs an
additional calculation to find a value that it can use to adjust all the signals so that the
four lines intersect.
Usually, this is as simple as subtracting a second (for example) from each of the
calculated travel times of the signals. Thus, the GPS software can also update its’ own
internal clock; and means that not only do we have an accurate positioning device, but
also an atomic clock in the palm of our hands.

Mapping
knowing where the device is in space is one thing, but it is fairly useless information
without something to compare it with. Thus, the mapping part of any GPS software is
very important; it is how GPS works our possible routes, and allows the user to plan
trips in advance.
In fact, it is often the mapping data which elevates the price of the GPS solution; it must
be accurate and updated reasonably frequently. There are, however, several kinds of
map, and each is intended for different users, with different needs.
Road users, for example, require that their mapping data contains accurate information
about the road network in the region that they will be traveling in, but will not require
detailed information about the lie of the land - they do not really worry about the height
of hills and so forth.
On the other hand, hiking GPS users might wish to have a detailed map of the terrain,
rivers, hills and so forth, and perhaps tracks and trails, but not roads. They might also
like to adorn their map with specific icons of things that they find along the way and
that they wish to keep a record of- not to mention waypoints; locations to make for on
their general route.
Finally, marine users need very specific information relating to the sea bed, navigable
channels, and other pieces of maritime data that enables them to navigate safely. Of
course, the sea itself is reasonably featureless, but underneath quite some detail is
needed to be sure that the boat will not become grounded.
Fishermen also use marine GPS to locate themselves and track the movement of shoals
of fish both in real time, and to predict where they will be the next day. The advent of
GPS fixing has also meant that co-operative fishing has become much easier, where
there are several boats all relaying their locations to each other while they locate the
best fishing waters.
Special kinds of marine GPS, known as fish finders, also combine several functions in
one to help fishermen. A fish finder comprises GPS and also sonar, along with advanced
tracking functions and storage for various kinds of fishing and maritime information.

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GPS Accuracy:
The accuracy of a position determined with GPS depends on the type of receiver. Most
hand-held GPS units have about 10-20 meter accuracy. Other types of receivers use a
method called Differential GPS (DGPS) to obtain much higher accuracy. DGPS requires
an additional receiver fixed at a known location nearby. Observations made by the
stationary receiver are used to correct positions recorded by the roving units,
producing an accuracy greater than 1 meter.
When the system was created, timing errors were inserted into GPS transmissions to
limit the accuracy of non-military GPS receivers to about 100 meters. This part of GPS
operations, called Selective Availability, was eliminated in May 2000.

GPS Receiver:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) works on the principle that if you know your
distance from several locations, then you can calculate your location. The known
locations are the 24 satellites located in six orbital planes at an altitude of 20,200Km.
These satellites circle the Earth every 12 hours and broadcast a data stream at the
primary frequency L1 of 1.575GHz which carries the coarse -acquistion (C/A) encoded
signal to the ground. The GPS receiver measures the time of arrival of the C/A code toa
fraction ofa millisecond, and thus determines the distance to the satellite.

Fig 3. GPS Receiver

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Front —-End Configuration #1

. Basic GPS Receiver — L1 (1.57542 GHz)
TriQuint Filter + LNA + Filter Module
| ncaa LNA+ Filter Module
pf

acd

i Freescale
PCTEL M/A-COM
Sarantel Eiters LNA Module TriQuint
I \

M/A-COM A
Peregrine / | TriQuint) \
pesseeedeacateee=nf -=e PN
IF\Amp

\ BPF

5 M/A-COM
Front -End Configuration #®A TriQuint
Sarantel Antenna (incl. Filter) » "veo
Integrated x
eS ee ee ee eet oe oe temo = Racanar ai ae :
Front -End Configuration #®B Laird 7 a ee ee
Active Antenna PCTEL (optional) Ciser XN /
(saves LNA) - ee BPF MiA.COM sa /
ive TR] xX /
dBi 4.) fs /
Antenna
Also Used In the Circuit: Abracon 1QD ec :
Baluns, Capacitors, CTS a TriQuint
Inductors, Oi antron Abracon
Connectors, TriQuint 1aD
Gaskets,
Ground Pads, .
Surge Protection RFPD = Richardson RFPD, Inc.

The Core Subsystems include:

Front End
The GPS L1 signals (Maximum = 24 signals) at 1.575GHz are received at the antenna
and amplified by the Low-Noise-Amplifier (LNA). The RF front-end further filters,
mixes, and amplifies (AGC) the signal down to the IF frequency where it is digitally
sampled by an ADC.

Baseband Processor /CPU

The ADC samples of GPS C/A code signals are correlated by the DSP and then
formulated to make range measurements to the GPS satellites. The DSP is interfaced
with a general-purpose CPU, which handles tracking channels and controls user
interfaces. TI OMAP integrates both DSP and ARM processor on the same chip.

Memory
The processor runs applications stored in memory. The OS is stored in non-volatile
memory such as EE/FLASH/ROM. Applications may be loaded in FLASH or DRAM.

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User Interface
Allows user to input/output data from the receiver using input commands via
microphone, touch screen, and output MP3 to the earplug.

Connectivity
Allows the receiver to connect to the USB port.

CONCLUSION:

Exercise:
Exercise:
1.What
1.What isis GPS
GPS and
and how
how doesdoes it
it work?
work?
2.What
2.What isis the
the accuracy
accuracy of of GPS
GPS and
and how
how isis it
it affected
affected byby various
various factors?
factors?
3.What
3.What isis the
the difference
difference between
between GPSGPS and
and GLONASS?
GLONASS?
4.How
4.How isis GPS
GPS used
used inin navigation
navigation andand mapping
mapping applications?
applications?
5.What
5.What are
are the
the different
different types
types of
of GPS
GPS receivers
receivers and and their
their applications?
applications?
6.What
6.What isis the
the future
future ofof GPS
GPS technology
technology andand itsits potential
potential applications?
applications?

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