Sampling and Quantization

Module-1
1 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Topics to be discussed
⦁ Model of digital communication systemand bandwidth of signals

⦁ Sampling

⦁ Types of Sampling

⦁ Quantization

⦁ Types and Characteristics of Quantization

⦁ Quantization error and Quantization noise

⦁ Reconstruction of a message from its samples

2 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Goals in Communication System Design
⦁ To maximize transmission rate,R
⦁ To maximize system utilization,U
⦁ To minimize bit error rate,Pe
⦁ To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
⦁ To minimize system complexity,C x
⦁ To minimize required power,Eb/N0

3 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Information Source

⦁ Discrete output values e.g.Keyboard

⦁ Analog signal source e.g.output of a microphone

⦁ Character

⦁ Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z,0 to 9)

⦁ Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits using one of the standardized
codes such as

⦁ ASC II:Am erican Standard Code for Information Interchange

⦁ EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

4 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Digital Message
⦁ Messages constructed from a finite number of symbols; e.g., printed language consists of
26 letters, 10 numbers, “space” and several punctuation marks. Hence a text is a digital
message constructed from about 50 symbols
⦁ M - ary
⦁ A digital message constructed with M symbols
⦁ DigitalW aveform
⦁ Current or voltage waveform that represents adigital symbol

5 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Bit Rate
⦁ Actual rate at which information is transmitted per second
⦁ Baud Rate
⦁ Refers to the rate at which the signaling elements are transmitted, i.e. number of
signaling elements per second.
⦁ Bit Error Rate
⦁ The probability that one of the bits is in error or simply the probability of error

6 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Bandwidth
⦁ Bandwidth is defined as a band containing all frequencies between upper cut-off
and lower cut-off frequencies

7 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Different definition of bandwidth
a) Half-power bandwidth d) Fractional power containment bandwidth
b) Noise equivalent bandwidth e) Bounded power spectral density
c) Null-to-null bandwidth f) Absolute bandwidth

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(1): Sine Wave 1

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

9 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Ex(1): Sine Wave 1

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

Bandwidth=5f-f =4f
If f=1Mhz, then the bandwidth = 4Mhz

T=1 microsecond; we can send two bits per microsecond so the data rate = 2 * 106 =
2Mbps
10 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(2): Sine Wave 2

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

11 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Ex(2): Sine Wave 2

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

Bandwidth=5f-f =4f
If f=2Mhz, then the bandwidth = 8Mhz

T=0.5 microsecond; we can send two bits per 0.5 microseconds or 4 bits per microsecond, so the data
rate = 4 * 106 = 4Mbps

Double the bandwidth, double the data rate!

12 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(3): Sine Wave 3

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )]

13 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

 Ex(3): Sine Wave 3

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )]

Bandwidth=3f-f =2f
If f=2Mhz, then the bandwidth = 4Mhz

T=0.5 microsecond; we can send two bits per 0.5 microseconds or 4 bits per microsecond, so the data
rate = 4 * 106 = 4Mbps

Still possible to get 4Mbps with the “lower” bandwidth, but our receiver must be able to discriminate
from more distortion!
14 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Shannon’s information capacity theorem
Shannon’s theorem gives the relationship between the channel bandwidth and
the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a noisy channel .

Shannon’s Theorem

S
I  B log 2 (1  )
N

I: channel capacity (maximum data-rate) (bps)

B : RF bandwidth
S/N: signal-to-noise ratio (no unit)

15 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
⦁ The elements which form a digital communication system is represented by the
following block diagram for the ease of understanding.

16 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
Source
⦁ The source can be an analog signal.
⦁ Example:A Sound signal

InputTransducer
⦁ This is a transducer which takes a physical input and converts it to an electrical signal
(Example: microphone).
⦁ This block also consists of an analog to digital converter where a digital signal is
needed for further processes.
⦁ A digital signal is generally represented by a binary sequence.
17 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Source Encoder
⦁ The source encoder compresses the data into minimum number of bits.
⦁ This process helps in effective utilization of the bandwidth.
⦁ It removes the redundant bits (unnecessary excess bits,i.e.,zeroes)
Channel Encoder
⦁ The channel encoder,does the coding for error correction.
⦁ During the transmission of the signal, due to the noise in the channel, the signal may
get altered
⦁ Hence to avoid this,the channel encoder adds some redundant bits to the transmitted data.
⦁ These are the error correcting bits.
18 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Digital Modulator
⦁ The signal to be transmitted is modulated here by a carrier.
⦁ The signal is also converted to analog from the digital sequence, in order to make it
travelthrough the channel or medium.
Channel
⦁ The channel or a medium, allows the analog signal to transmit from the transmitter end
to the receiver end.
Digital Demodulator
⦁ This is the first step at the receiver end.
⦁ The received signal is demodulated as well as converted again from analog to digital.
⦁ The signal gets reconstructed here.
19 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Channel Decoder
⦁ The channel decoder,after detecting the sequence,does some error corrections.
⦁ The distortions which might occur during the transmission, are corrected by adding
some redundant bits.
⦁ This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the original signal.
Source Decoder
⦁ The resultant signal is once again digitized by sampling and quantizing so that the pure
digital output is obtained without the loss of information.
⦁ The source decoder recreates the source output.

20 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
Output Transducer
⦁ This is the last block which converts the signal into the original physical form, which was
atthe input of the transmitter.
⦁ It converts the electrical signal into physical output (Example: loud speaker).
Output Signal
⦁ This is the output which is produced after the whole process.
⦁ Example − The sound signal received.

21 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Glimpse of Pulse Code Modulation
⦁ There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of
modulation employed.
⦁ Of them all,the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).

22 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Glimpse of Pulse Code Modulation

23 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Analog to Digital Conversion Blocks in D C S

Digital info.

Textual Format
source info.
Pulse
Analog Transmit
Sample Quantize Encode modulate
info.

Pulse
Bit stream waveforms Channel
Format
Analog
info. Low-pass
Decode Demodulate/
filter Receive
Textual Detect
sink
info.

Digital info.

24 Dr. T.Ilavarasan, Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT