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 1
Subject: Chemistry
Class: XI
Chapter: The s-Block Elements
Top concepts

1. The s-block elements of the periodic table are those in which the last
electron enters the outermost s-orbital

2. Elements of group1 are called alkali metals and elements of group 2 are
called alkaline earth metal

3. Group1 elements: Alkali metals

(i) Group 1 elements are called alkali metals because they form hydroxides
on reaction with water which are strongly alkaline in nature

(ii) The general electronic for alkali metals is [noble gas] ns1

Electronic configuration of alkali metals:

Element Symbol Atomic Number Electronic
m configuration
Lithium Li 3
c o [He]2s
1

Sodium Na .
11 [Ne]3s
1

Potassium K a 19 [Ar]4s
1

Rubidium Rb m 37
a
1
[Kr]5s

yn
Caesium Cs 55 [Xe]6s
1

Francium Fr 87 1

d
[Rn]7s

tu
S
(iii)Trends in properties of alkali metals:

1. Atomic and ionic radii: Alkali metals have the largest atomic and ionic radii
in their respective periods of the periodic table. On moving down the group,
the atomic and ionic radii increase

Explanation: As we move in a period, the atomic radius and ionic radius tend
to decrease due to increase in the effective nuclear charge. Therefore alkali
metals have largest atomic and ionic radii in their respective group. On
moving down the group there is increase in the number of shells .Thus there
is an increase in distance between nucleus and outermost electrons which
eventually increases atomic and ionic radii

2. Ionisation enthalpies: Alkali metals have the lowest ionization enthalpy in

each period. Within the group, the ionization enthalpies of alkali metals
decrease down the group
 2
Explanation:Atoms of alkali metals are largest in their respective periods and
therefore, the valence electrons are loosely held by the nucleus. By losing
the valence electron, they acquire stable noble gas configuration. This
accounts for their ease to lose electrons and hence they, have low ionization
enthalpies

3) The second ionization enthalpies of alkali metals are very high.

Explanation: When an electron is removed from the alkali metals, they form
monovalent cations which have very stable electronic configurations (same
as that of noble gases).Therefore it becomes difficult to remove the second
electron from the stable noble gas configurations and hence their second
ionization enthalpy values (IE2) are very high

4. Melting and boiling points: Alkali metals are soft and have low melting and
boiling points

Explanation: Alkali metals have only one valence electron per metal atom
and therefore, the energy binding the atoms in the crystal lattice of the metal
is low. Thus, the metallic bonds in these metals are not very strong and
consequently, their melting and boiling points decrease on moving down from
Li to Cs
m
o
5. Density: Densities of alkali metals are quite low as compared to other
c
.
metals. The densities increase on moving down the group. But K is lighter
than Na
a
m
Explanation: The densities of metallic elements depend upon the type of

a
packing of atoms in metallic state and also on their size. The alkali metals
have close packing of metal atoms in their lattice and because of the large

yn
size of their atoms, they have low densities. On moving down the group from
Li to Cs, there is increase in atomic size as well as atomic mass. But the
d
increase in atomic mass is more and compensates the increase in atomic

tu
size. As a result, the densities (mass/volume) of alkali metals gradually

S
increase from Li to Cs. K is lighter than Na due to increase in atomic size of K

6. Electropositive or metallic character: All the alkali metals are strongly

electropositive or metallic in character

Explanation: The electropositive character of an element is expressed in

terms of the tendency of its atom to release electrons:
 
M 
M  e

As alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies, their atoms readily lose their
valence electron. These elements are, therefore, said to have strong
electropositive or metallic character. Since, the ionization energies decrease
down the group, the electron releasing tendency or electropositive character
is expected to increase down the group

7. Oxidation states: All the alkali metals predominantly exhibit an oxidation

state of +1 in their compounds
 3
Explanation: Alkali metals have only one electron in their valence shell and
therefore can lose the single valence electron readily to acquire the stable
configuration of a noble gas. Since the second ionization energies are very
high, they cannot form divalent ions. Thus, alkali metals are univalent and
form ionic compounds

8. Characteristic flame colouration: All the alkali metals and their salts impart
characteristic flame colouration

Explanation: Alkali metals have very low ionization enthalpies. The energy
from the flame of Bunsen burner is sufficient to excite the electrons of alkali
metals to higher energy levels. Excited state is quite unstable and therefore
when these excited electrons come back to their original energy levels, they
emit extra energy, which falls in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum and thus appear coloured. Characteristic flame colouration by
different alkali metals can be explained on the basis of difference in amount
of energy absorbed for excitation of the valence electron

9. Photoelectric effect: Phenomenon of ejection of electrons when

electromagnetic radiation of suitable frequency strikes metal surface is called
photoelectric effect. Alkali metals exhibit photoelectric effect

m
Explanation: Alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies and therefore, the
o
electrons are easily ejected when exposed to light. Among alkali metals,
c
.
caesium has lowest ionization enthalpy and hence it shows photoelectric
effect to the maximum extent
a
m
10. Hydration of alkali metal ions: Alkali metal ions are highly hydrated.

a
Explanation: Smaller the size of the ion, the greater is the degree of

yn
hydration. Thus, Li+ ion gets much more hydrated than Na+ ion which is more
hydrated than K+ ion and so on. Therefore, the extent of hydration decreases
d
from Li+ to Cs+. As a result of larger hydration of Li+ ion than Na+ ion, the

tu
effective size of hydrated Li+ ion is more than that of hydrated Na+ ion.

S
    
Hydrated ionic radii decrease in the order: Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs

Due to extensive hydration, Li+ ion has lowest mobility in water.

11. Reducing Nature: Alkali metals are strong reducing agents. This is due to
their greater ease to lose electrons

Explanation: Lithium is the strongest reducing agent. Tendency to act as

reducing agent depends on energy requirement involved in three processes
i.e. sublimation, ionization and hydration.
 4
Lithium being small in size has high ionization enthalpy. On the other hand
because of small size it is extensively hydrated and has very high hydration
enthalpy. This high hydration enthalpy compensates the high energy needed
to remove electron (in second step). Thus Li has greater tendency to lose
electrons in solution than other alkali metals. Thus Li is the strongest
reducing agent.

12. Solutions in liquid ammonia: Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia

giving deep blue solutions which are conducting in nature

Explanation: In solution the alkali metal atom readily loses the valence
electron. Both the cation and the electron combine with ammonia to form
ammoniated cation and ammoniated electron. The blue colour of the solution
is due to the ammoniated electron which absorbs energy in the visible region
of light and thus imparts blue colour to the solution

13. Basic strength of hydroxides: Hydroxides of alkali metals are strongly

basic and basic strength increases down the group

m
Explanation: The Metal—OH bond in the hydroxides of alkali metals is very
weak and it can easily ionize to form M+ and OH– ions. This accounts for their

c o
basic character. Since the ionization energy decreases down the group, the
.
bond between metal and oxygen becomes weak. Therefore, the basic

a
strength of the hydroxides increases accordingly.

m
a
(iv) Important Compounds of alkali metals:

Name of
yn
Name of process & Related chemical equations
compound
d
Brief about the process

tu
Sodium
Carbonate Solvay Process:

S
(Washing Soda),

Na2CO3·10H2O
When CO2 gas is
passed through a brine
solution saturated with
ammonia, sodium
bicarbonate is formed.
Sodium bicarbonate on
heating forms sodium
carbonate

Sodium Evaporation of sea -

Chloride, NaCl water: Evaporation of
sea water gives crude
salt which contains
impurities of CaSO4 ,
Na2SO4 etc. To obtain
pure sodium chloride,
 5
the crude salt is
dissolved in minimum
amount of water and
filtered to remove
insoluble impurities.
The solution is then
saturated with HCl gas.
Crystals of pure sodium
chloride separate out.
Electrolysis of NaCl in
Sodium Castner- Kellner cell:
Hydroxide A brine solution is
(Caustic Soda), electrolysed using a
NaOH mercury cathode and a
carbon anode. Na metal
discharged at the
cathode combines with
mercury to form
sodium amalgam.
Chlorine gas is evolved
at the anode. Sodium
amalgam on treatment m
with water forms
c o
sodium hydroxide
.
Sodium NaHCO3 is made by a
Hydrogencarbon
m
saturating a solution of
ate (Baking
a
sodium carbonate with

yn
Soda), NaHCO3 carbon dioxide

d
tu
4. Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth metals

S
(i) Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals because their oxides
and hydroxides are alkaline in nature and these metal oxides are found in the
earth’s crust

(ii) The general electronic configuration for alkaline earth metals is [noble
gas] ns2
Electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals:
Element Symbol Atomic Number Electronic
configuration
Beryllium Be 4 [He]2s
2

Magnesium Mg 12 [Ne]3s
2

Calcium Ca 20 [Ar]4s
2

Strontium Sr 38 [Kr]5s
2

Barium Ba 56 [Xe]6s
2
 6
Radium Ra 88 [Rn]7s
2

(iii) Trends in properties of alkaline metals and their comparison with alkali
metals:

1. Atomic and ionic radii: Atomic and ionic radii of alkaline earth metals
increases down the group and are smaller than the corresponding members
of the alkali metals

Explanation: Alkaline earth metals have a higher nuclear charge and

therefore, the electrons are attracted more towards the nucleus. As a result,
their atomic and ionic radii are smaller than those of alkali metals. Atomic
and ionic radii increase on moving down the group, due to screening effect
and increases in the number of the shells.

2. Ionisation enthalpies: Alkaline earth metals have low ionization enthalpies

due to their large size

Explanation: Although IE1 values of alkaline earth metals are higher than
those of alkali metals, the IE2 values of alkaline earth metals are much
smaller than those of alkali metals

m
In case of alkali metals (for e.g. Na) the second electron is to be removed
o
from a cation which has already acquired a noble gas configuration. However
c
.
in the alkaline earth metals (for e.g. Mg), the second electron is to be

a
removed from a monovalent cation, i.e. Mg+: (1s22s2p63s1) which still has
one electron in the outermost shell. Thus, the second electron in Mg can be
removed easily.
m
a
yn
3. Melting and boiling points: Alkaline earth metals have higher melting and
boiling points than the corresponding alkali metals

d
Explanation: Atoms of alkaline earth metals have smaller size as compared to

tu
alkali metals. Due to two valence electrons in alkaline earth metals, metallic

S
bond is stronger than alkali metals. Hence alkaline earth metals have higher
melting and boiling points than corresponding alkali metals

4. Electropositive or metallic character: The electropositive character

increases down the group i.e., from Be to Ba but alkaline earth metals are
not as strongly electropositive as the alkali metals

Explanation: Because of the low ionization enthalpies of alkaline earth

metals, they are strongly electropositive in nature. However, these are not as
strongly electropositive as the alkali metals of group 1 because of
comparatively higher ionization energies

5. Oxidation states: All the alkaline earth metal exhibits an oxidation state of
+2 in their compounds

Explanation: Alkaline earth metals exhibit oxidation state of +2 as they can

lose two electrons and form bivalent ions. Following are the reason for the
easy removal of two electrons
 7
(i) Divalent cations have stable noble gas configuration

(ii)In solution, the +2 ions of alkaline earth metals are extensively hydrated
and the high hydration energies of E2+ ions make then more stable than E+
ions. It is observed that the amount of energy released when E2+ ion is
dissolved in water is much more that that for E+ ions. This large amount of
extra energy released in the hydration of +2 ions is more and compensates
the second ionization enthalpy required for the formation of such E2+ ions

(iii)In the solid state, the divalent cations form stronger lattices than
monovalent cations and therefore, a lot of energy called lattice enthalpy is
released. It is the greater lattice enthalpy of E2+ ion which compensates for
the high second ionization enthalpy and is responsible for its greater stability
as compared to E+ ion

6. Hydration enthalpy: Hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions

decreases down the group and are larger than those of the corresponding
alkali metals ions

Explanation: This is due to smaller size of alkaline earth metal ions as

compared to corresponding alkali metal ions of the same period. Due to
smaller size, the alkaline earth metal ions are strongly attracted by polar
m
water molecules and hence have larger hydration enthalpies. The hydration
o
enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions decrease with increase in ionic size
c
down the group.
.
Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ a
m
a
7. Basic strength of hydroxides: Hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are less
basic than alkali metals of the corresponding period.

yn
Explanation: Lesser basic strength of hydroxides of alkaline earth metal
d
hydroxides is due to the their high ionization enthalpies, small ionic size and

tu
dipositive charge on the ions

S
As a result, the Metal—O bond in these hydroxides is relatively stronger than
that of corresponding alkali metals and therefore, does not break easily.
Therefore, they are less basic than corresponding alkali metals.

(iii) Important Compounds of alkaline earth metals:

Name of Name of process & Brief Related chemical equations

compound about the process
It is prepared by heating
Calcium Oxide limestone (CaCO3) in a
or Quick Lime, rotary kiln at 1070-1270 K.
CaO The carbon dioxide is
removed as soon as it is
produced to enable the
reaction to proceed to
completion
 8

Calcium It is prepared by adding

Hydroxide water to quicklime, CaO
(Slaked lime),
Ca(OH)2
It is prepared by passing
Calcium carbon dioxide through
Carbonate, slaked lime. Excess of
CaCO3 carbon dioxide should be
avoided since this leads to
the formation of water
soluble calcium
hydrogencarbonate

It is prepared by the
addition of sodium
carbonate to calcium
chloride.

m
Calcium
Sulphate
It is obtained when gypsum,
CaSO4·2H2O, is heated to
c o
(Plaster of 393 K
.
Paris),
a
m
CaSO4·½ H2O

a
yn
5. Diagonal relationship: It is observed that some elements of second period
show similarities with the elements of third period present diagonally to each
d
other though belonging to different groups. This is called diagonal
relationship
tu
S
Cause of diagonal relationship: Reason is the similarity in properties such as
electronegativity, ionization enthalpy size, charge/radius ratio, etc. between
the diagonal elements. On moving from left to right across a period, for
example, the electronegativity increases and while moving down group
electronegativity decreases. Therefore, on moving diagonally, the two
opposing tendencies almost cancel out and the electronegativity values
remain almost same as we move diagonally. Thus, the diagonal pairs have
many similar properties.

Following pairs exhibit diagonal similarity:

(i) Lithium – Magnesium

(ii) Beryllium – Aluminium

(iii) Boron – Silicon

 9
6. Some important reasons:
(1) Lithium carbonate decomposes at a lower temperature whereas sodium
carbonate decomposes at a higher temperature

Explanation: Lithium carbonate decomposes at a lower temperature whereas

sodium carbonate decomposes at a higher temperature because lithium
carbonate is unstable to heat. Lithium ion is smaller in size than sodium ion
and thus polarizes the carbonate ion to a greater extent than sodium ion
leading to the formation of more stable lithium oxide and carbon dioxide.

(2) Potassium carbonate cannot be prepared by Solvay process

Explanation: Unlike NaHCO3, the intermediate KHCO3 formed during reaction

in Solvay process, is highly soluble in water and thus cannot be taken out
from solution to obtain K2CO3.Hence, K2CO3 cannot be prepared by Solvay
process.

(3) Alkali and alkaline earth metals cannot be obtained by chemical reduction
methods

m
Explanation: Alkali and alkaline earth metals are themselves very strong
o
reducing agents and therefore cannot be reduced by chemical reduction
c
methods
.
a
(5) An aqueous solution of carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali metals is
alkaline
m
a
yn
Explanation: The aqueous solution of carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali
metals is alkaline due to the hydrolysis of these salts which produces
hydroxide ions.
d
HCO3 
tu
 H2 O     H2CO3  OH
Bicarbonates
S 
CO3  H2O     HCO3  OH
Carbonates

(5) LiCl is more covalent than KCl

Explanation: According to Fajan’s rule smaller the size of cation and larger
the size of anion greater is the covalent character of ionic bond. Li is small in
size than K, thus Li+ has a high charge density. Thus polarizing power of Li+
is higher than K+, hence LiCl is more covalent than KCl.

(6) BaO is soluble but BaSO4 is insoluble in water

Explanation: Size of O 2- ion is smaller than SO42-. Since a bigger anions

stabilizes bigger cation more than a smaller cation stabilizes a bigger anion,
 10
lattice enthalpy of BaO is smaller than BaSO4. BaO is soluble as hydration
energy is more than lattice energy but BaSO4 (as hydration energy is less
than lattice energy) is insoluble in water.

(7) Solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water

decrease down the group

Explanation: The size of anions being much larger compared to cations, the
lattice enthalpy will remain almost constant within a particular group. Since
the hydration enthalpies decrease down the group, solubility will decrease as
found for alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates.

(8) Alkali metals are not found in nature

Explanation: Alkali metals are highly reactive because of low ionization
enthalpy value and therefore are not found in nature. They are present in
combined state only in form of halides, oxides etc.

(9) Sodium is less reactive than potassium

Explanation: Ionization Energy of potassium is less than sodium because of
large size or less effective nuclear charge. Thus, potassium is more reactive
than sodium m
c o
(10) NaOH is a stronger base than LiOH
.
a
Explanation: The M-OH bond in hydroxides of alkali metal is very weak and
can easily ionize to form M+ ions and OH- ions. This accounts for the basic
m
character. Since ionization energy decreases down the group bond between
a
metal and oxygen becomes weak. Therefore basic strength of hydroxides

yn
increases accordingly. Thus NaOH is a stronger base than LiOH

d
(11) Alkali metals are kept in paraffin or kerosene

tu
Explanation: Alkali metals react explosively with water forming metal
S
hydroxides along with hydrogen. Hydrogen gas released immediately catches
fire .Thus alkali metals are highly sensitive towards air and water and hence
are kept therefore in kerosene or paraffin oil

(12) Except for Be and Mg, the alkaline earth metal salts impart
characteristic colours to the flame

Explanation: Beryllium and magnesium atoms are comparatively smaller and

their ionization energies are very high. Hence, the energy of the flame is not
sufficient to excite their electrons to higher energy levels. These elements,
therefore, do not give any colour in Bunsen flame