Higher Diploma in Network Technology & Cyber Security

Prabath N. Obadage
[ MSc In Cyber Security, PGD, BSc ]

CNT 4003
Chapter 2 Sensor and Actuator Interfacing
Agenda
1. Sensors and Actuators • Aspects of Speech processing we will
take
• What are Sensors? • Speech Recognition
• Features of Sensors • Types of Speech Recognition
• What are Actuators? Technology
• Types of Actuators 3. Q n A
• Features of Actuators 4. Summary
• Head-to-head comparison

2. Signal processing concepts on speech

application

• Disciplines related to speech processing

• Phonemes (Speach)
• Speech waveform Characteristics
Sensors and Actuators

What are Sensors?

▪ A sensor is a device that detects changes and events in a physical environment.

▪ It may convert physical parameters like humidity, pressure, temperature, heat, motion, etc., into
electrical signals.

▪ This signal can be converted into a human-readable display and sent across a network for additional
processing.

▪ Active sensors and passive sensors are the two primary types of sensors.

▪ Active sensors necessitate a power supply.

▪ passive sensors don't require a power supply.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)
Some important sensors are as follows:
1. Biosensors
These biosensors utilize electrochemical technology. These sensors are used in medical, food, and water testing
devices. These biosensors also aid in analyzing proteins, cells, nucleic acid, etc.
2. Accelerometers
These sensors utilize the Micro Electro Mechanical Sensor Technology. These sensors utilize in patient
monitoring, vehicle systems, etc.
3. Image Sensors
These sensors utilize the Complementary Metal Oxide Sensor mechanism. They detect and transfer data that is
utilized to make an image. These image sensors are very useful in consumer surveillance and electronic systems.
4. Chemical Sensors
These sensors use ultrasonic, microwave, and radar technology, and they are used in security systems, video
games, and other applications.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)
Features of Sensors
There are various features of Sensors. Some main features of Sensors are as follows:

▪ A sensor could be either active or passive. Active sensors necessitate a power source, but passive
doesn't necessitate a power source.
▪ It is a device that monitors and measures changes in the environment.
▪ It is responsible for converting physical quantities into electrical signals.
▪ It is connected to a system's input.
▪ It generates an electrical signal as its output.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)

What are Actuators?

▪ A device that changes electrical signals into mechanical work is known as an actuator.

▪ It is used to cause movement or a change in the surroundings. For instance, a fan is utilized to lower
the temperature, and a servo motor is utilized to change position, among other things.

▪ Actuators are connected to a system's output. It receives an electrical signal as input and produces
mechanical movement as output. It receives input or instruction from a system or a signal
conditioning device and outputs it to the environment.

▪ The actuator is dependent on the sensor data. The sensor sends data to a signal condition unit,
which analyzes the data or information and transmits commands to the actuator depending on that
data.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)
Types of Actuators
1. Manual Actuator
This type of actuator is manually operated via gears, levers, and wheels, among other things. They do not
need a power source because they are powered by human action.
2. Spring Actuator
It has a loaded spring that is triggered and released to generate mechanical work. It may be triggered in
several ways.
3. Hydraulic Actuator
Hydraulic actuators generate pressure by compressing fluid in a cylinder, allowing mechanical movement.
4. Electric Actuators
These actuators require power to function. It utilizes an electric motor to produce movement. They are quick
and effective.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)

Features of Actuators
There are various features of Actuators. Some main features of Actuators are as follows:

1. The actuator assists in managing the environment based on sensor readings.

2. A device that converts electrical signals into mechanical movement is known as an actuator.

3. It requires an additional power source to function.

4. It receives an electrical signal as input.

5. It is connected to a system's output.

6. It produces mechanical work.

Features Sensors Actuators
Definition It is a device that detects changes or events in the It is a machine component that moves and controls
environment and transmits that data to another mechanisms.
electronic system.

Basic It converts the physical properties of their It converts the system's electrical signals into various
environment into electrical signals for the system. physical characteristics for their environments.

Type of Output Electrical signals are generated via sensors. It generates energy in the form of heat or motion.

Source of Input It receives input from the environment. It receives input from the system's output
conditioning unit.

Placement These are placed at a system's input port. These are placed at a system's output port.

Output Generation It produces output for the input conditioning unit It produces output for their environment.
of a system.

Examples Sensors include biosensors, motion sensors, Actuators include electric motors, comb drives,
image sensors, and chemical sensors. stepper motors, and hydraulic cylinders.
Sensors and Actuators (cont.)

Features of Actuators
There are various features of Actuators. Some main features of Actuators are as follows:

1. The actuator assists in managing the environment based on sensor readings.

2. A device that converts electrical signals into mechanical movement is known as an actuator.

3. It requires an additional power source to function.

4. It receives an electrical signal as input.

5. It is connected to a system's output.

6. It produces mechanical work.

Q n A.
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application
▪ Speech processing is the study of speech signal and the processing method of these signals these
signals are usually proceed in a digital representation.

▪ so speech processing can be regretted as special case of digital signal processing applied to speech
signal aspect off the speech processing includes the acquisitions manipulation storage transfer and
output of signals.

▪ signal processing is generally can be divided as

1. recognition

2. synthesis
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Disciplines related to speech processing

▪ signal processing: the process of extracting information from speech in efficient manner

▪ Physics : the science of understanding the relationship between speech signal an physiological
mechanism

▪ Pattern recognition: the set of algorithm to create patterns and match data to them according to degree
of like illness

▪ computer science: to make efficient algorithm for implementing in HW or his double OO the method of
speech recognition system

▪ Linguistics : relationship between sounds, words, in language the meaning of those words and the overall
meaning of sentence
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)

Phonemes (Speach)

▪ Sentence consists of words, which consists of phonemes

▪ A phoneme is a basic unit of a language’s spoken sounds.

2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)

Speech waveform Characteristics

▪ Loudness

▪ Voiced – speech cords vibrating (periodic)

▪ Unvoiced - speech cords not vibrating (aperiodic)

▪ Pitch

▪ Spectral envelop

Formants : the spectral peaks of the sound spectrum

2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)

Aspects of Speech processing we will take

▪ Pre-processing

▪ Feature extraction (Analysis)

▪ Recognition
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Pre-Processing

We can treat (pre-process) speech signal after it has been received by as an analog signal with three
general ways

1. In time domain (speech wave)

Speech is captured by a microphone, As an example: sampled periodically (16KHz) by an analogue-to-

digital converter (ADC) each sample converted is a 16-bit data.

If sampling is too slow, sampling may fail (Nyquist Theorem)

2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Pre-Processing

Time Framing

Since our year cannot response to very fast change of speech data content, we normally cut the speech
data into frames before analysis. (similar to watch fast changing still pictures to perceive motion)

Frame size is 10-30ms

Frames can be overlapped, normally the overlapping region range from 0 -75% of the frame size.
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
2. The Frequency domain

Use DFT ot FFT to transform the wave from time domain

to frequency domain

3. The spectrogram (to see the spectral envelops as

time moves forward
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Feature extraction (Analysis)

Feature extraction techniques

Filtering

Liner predictive coding LPC

Cepstrum
2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Speech Recognition

• Speech recognition (SR) is the translation of spoken words into text.

• sometimes referred to as automated or automatic speech recognition (ASR) or speech-to-text (STT), is a

technology that enables computers to transcribe human speech into written text.

Speech Recognition procedure

1. Translating sound vibrations into electrical signals,

2. Digitizing the signals,

3. Analyzing the digital signals,

4. Matching the signals with suitable text representing the sounds.

2. Signal processing concepts on speech application (cont.)
Types of Speech Recognition Technology

Speaker-dependent systems are trained by the individual who will be using the system, resulting in high
accuracy for word recognition but only for the specific individual who trained the system. This is the most
common approach for personal computers.

Speaker-independent systems are designed to respond to a specific word or phrase without being
dependent on the speaker’s identity. This requires the system to be able to recognize a wide variety of
speech patterns, inflections, and enunciations of the target word
Summary
1. Sensors and Actuators

• What are Sensors?

• Features of Sensors
• What are Actuators?
• Types of Actuators
• Features of Actuators
• Head-to-head comparison

2. Signal processing concepts on speech application

• Disciplines related to speech processing

• Phonemes (Speech)
• Speech waveform Characteristics
• Aspects of Speech processing we will take
• Speech Recognition
• Types of Speech Recognition Technology
3. Q n A
4. Summary