Higher Diploma in Network Technology & Cyber Security

Prabath N. Obadage
[ MSc In Cyber Security, PGD, BSc ]

CNT 4003
 Introduction to Internet of
Chapter 1 Things (IoT)
Agenda
1. What is IoT ?

2. Evolution of IoT

3. Real World Applications

4. Key Components of IOT

5. Main Components Used in IoT

6. Different types of Sensors

7. Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT

8. IoT Architecture

9. Pervasive computing (ubiquitous computing)

10. Q n A

11. Summary
Internet of Things (IoT)
▪ IoT stands for Internet of Things.

▪ It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are
embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data.

▪ This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices,
creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

▪ (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their
architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to
the external environment.

▪ IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. And the ability to transfer the data over
a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
Evolution of IoT
Evolution of IoT
▪ First come back to Pre-Internet era when their is no internet or and their is only HUMAN to HUMAN
Communication it may be via "Fixed Telephonic Line or SMS" at this time their is only network.

▪ Then Comes the era of Internet of CONTENT with the evolution of World Wide Web (WWW) in this time
we started using Email and minor messaging Service.

▪ After that Comes the era of Internet of SERVICES with the evolution of WEB 2.0 the major game changer
of modern internet. In this era we started using internet more frequently for communication and other
purpose. Service like E-Commerce and E-productivity was born.

▪ And Now we are living in Era of Internet of PEOPLE where humans are connected with each other in
various ways and in real time not only via phone and SMS. In this time Services like Facebook, Twitter,
LinkedIn, Skype, Youtube etc was born. But till now Human are communicating with humans.

▪ As we Know Evolution is a continuous process and can't be stopped. Till now we have developed various
technologies and machines. Now its time for MACHINE to MACHINE communication again a result of
continuous Evolution. and this is how "Internet of Things " was born.
Real World Applications
▪ Smart Home

▪ Wearables

▪ Connected Cars

▪ Industrial Internet

▪ Smart Cities

▪ IoT in agriculture

▪ Smart Retail

▪ Energy Engagement

▪ IOT in Healthcare

▪ IoT in Poultry and Farming

Key Components of IOT
▪ Device or sensor

▪ Connectivity

▪ Data processing

▪ Interface
Main Components Used in IoT

• Low-power embedded systems:

Less battery consumption, high performance are the inverse factors that play a significant
role during the design of electronic systems.

• Sensors:

Sensors are the major part of any IoT application. It is a physical device that measures and
detects certain physical quantities and converts it into signal which can be provided as an
input to processing or control unit for analysis purpose.
Different types of Sensors
▪ Temperature Sensors

▪ Image Sensors

▪ Gyro Sensors

▪ Obstacle Sensors

▪ RF Sensor

▪ IR Sensor

▪ MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor

▪ LDR Sensor

▪ Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT
• Advantages Disadvantages

• Improved efficiency and • Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
automation of tasks. • Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal
• Increased convenience and data.
accessibility of information. • Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
• Better monitoring and control of • Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
devices and systems. • Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
• Greater ability to gather and • High initial investment costs.
analyze data. • Limited battery life on some devices.
• Improved decision-making. • Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
• Cost savings. • Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead
to confusion and uncertainty.
IoT Architecture
▪ IoT technology has grown in popularity and it has a large variety of applications. IoT applications
operate according to how they have been designed/developed based on the different application
areas.

▪ However, there is no standard defined architecture of work that is strictly adhered to across the
board.

▪ The complexity and number of architectural layers vary according to the specific business task at
hand. A four-layer architecture is the standard and most widely accepted format.
IoT Architecture (Cont.)
IoT Architecture (Cont.)
Perception/Sensing Layer

The first layer of any IoT system involves “things” or endpoint devices that serve as a conduit between
the physical and the digital worlds. Perception refers to the physical layer, which includes sensors and
actuators that are capable of collecting, accepting, and processing data over the network. Sensors and
actuators can be connected either wirelessly or via wired connections. The architecture does not limit
the scope of its components nor their location.
IoT Architecture (Cont.)
Network Layer

Network layers provide an overview of how data is moved throughout the application. This layer
contains Data Acquiring Systems (DAS) and Internet/Network gateways. A DAS performs data
aggregation and conversion functions (collecting and aggregating data from sensors, then converting
analog data to digital data, etc.). It is necessary to transmit and process the data collected by the
sensor devices. That’s what the network layer does. It allows these devices to connect and
communicate with other servers, smart devices, and network devices. As well, it handles all data
transmissions for the devices.
IoT Architecture (Cont.)
Processing Layer

The processing layer is the brain of the IoT ecosystem. Typically, data is analyzed, pre-processed, and
stored here before being sent to the data center, where it is accessed by software applications that
both monitor and manage the data as well as prepare further actions. This is where Edge IT or edge
analytics enters the picture.
IoT Architecture (Cont.)
Application Layer

User interaction takes place at the application layer, which delivers application-specific services to the
user. An example might be a smart home application where users can turn on a coffee maker by
tapping a button in an app or a dashboard that shows the status of the devices in a system. There are
many ways in which the Internet of Things can be deployed such as smart cities, smart homes, and
smart health.
Pervasive computing (ubiquitous computing)
Pervasive Computing is also called as Ubiquitous computing, and it is the new trend toward
embedding everyday objects with microprocessors so that they can communicate information. It
refers to the presence of computers in common objects found all around us so that people are
unaware of their presence. All these devices communicate with each other over wireless networks
without the interaction of the user.

Pervasive computing is a combination of three technologies,

1. Micro electronic technology

2. Digital communication technology

3. The Internet standardization

Key Characteristics of Pervasive computing
1. Many devices can be integrated into one system for multi-purpose uses.

2. A huge number of various interfaces can be used to build an optimized user interface.

3. Concurrent operation of online and offline supported.

4. A large number of specialized computers are integrated through local buses and Internet.

5. Security elements are added to prevent misuse and unauthorized access.

6. Personalization of functions adapts the systems to the user’s preferences, so that no PC

knowledge is required of the user to use and manage the system.
Pervasive computing (Cont.)
▪ Retail

▪ Airlines booking and check-in

▪ Sales force automation

▪ Healthcare

▪ Tracking

▪ Car information System

▪ Email access via WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and voice. Etc.
Pervasive computing (Cont.)
Q n A.
Summary
1. What is IoT ?

2. Evolution of IoT

3. Real World Applications

4. Key Components of IOT

5. Main Components Used in IoT

6. Different types of Sensors

7. Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT

8. IoT Architecture

9. Pervasive computing (ubiquitous computing)

10. Q n A