Matrices

Row operations on Matrices

Gaussian elimination
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations

§ 1.2 Gaussian Elimination

Satya Mandal, KU

Summer 2017: Fall 18 Update

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Goals

We do the following in this section:

I Define of matrices.

I Define Elementary row operations on a matrices.

I Define matrices of the Row-echelon form.

I Elaborate Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan elimination.

I Solve systems of linear equations using Gaussian

elimination (and Gauss-Jordan elimination).

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Definitions

Defintion: For two positive integers m, n and m × n-matrix is

a rectangular array
 
a11 a12 a13 ··· a1n
 a21 a22
 a23 ··· a2n 

 a31 a32
 a33 ··· a3n 

 ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 
 
 ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 
am1 am2 am3 ··· amn

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

I the array has m rows, horizontally placed, and

it has n column, vertically placed.
I We say that the size of the above matrix is m × n.
I A square matrix of order n is a matrix whose number of
rows and columns are same and is equal to n.
I For a square matrix of order n, the entries
a11 , a22 , . . . , ann are called the main diagonal entries.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
I Here aij is a real number, to be called ij th −entry. This
entry sits in the i th −row j th −column. The first subscript
i of aij is called the row subscript and j is called the
column subscript.
I It is possible to talk about matrices whose entries aij are
not real numbers. We can talk about matrices of any
kind of objects. However, in this course, we consider
matrices with real entries ONLY, and such matrices are
also called real matrices.
I We single out the matrices of complex numbers, whose
entries are complex numbers.
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

The Augmented Matrix

Given a system of linear equations, we associate a matrix to be

called the augmented matrix contains all the information
regarding the system.
Consider the linear system of m equations in n variables:


 a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + · · · + a2n xn = b2


a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3 + · · · + a3n xn = b3 (1)
············




am1 x1 + am2 x2 + am3 x3 + · · · + amn xn = bm


Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
Definition: The augmented matrix of this system (1) is
defined as
 
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n b1
 a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n b2 
 
 a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n b3  (2)
 
 ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn bm

I Conversely, given a m × (n + 1) matrix, we can write down

a system of m linear equations in n unknowns (variables).

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

Definition: The coefficient matrix of this system (1) is

defined as
 
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n
 a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n 
 
 a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n  . (3)
 
 ··· ··· ··· ··· ··· 
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Example 1.2.1
Consider the linear system (refer to the Example in § 1.1):

x − 5y = 3
−8x + 40y = 14
Its augmented matrix of the system is
 
1 −5 3
−8 40 14
and the coefficient matrix is
 
1 −5
−8 40

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Example 1.2.2
Consider the linear system (refer to the Example in § 1.1):

 2x1 + 4x2 − x3 = 7
x1 − 11x2 + 4x3 = 3
10x1 − 6x2 + 4x3 = 3


The augmented and the coefficient matrices of this system are:

   
2 4 −1 7 2 4 −1
 1 −11 4 3  ;  1 −11 4 . (4)
10 −6 4 3 10 −6 4

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Contnued
Recall, in § 1.1, for the system (4), an equivalent system in
row-echelon form, was deduced:

 x1 − 11x2 + 4x3 = 3
9 1
x2 − 26 x3 = 26 (5)
0 = −31


The augmented and coefficient of this equivalent system (5)

are:
   
1 −11 4 3 1 −11 4
 0 1 −9 1 ;  0 1 −9 
26 26 26
0 0 0 −31 0 0 0

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Example 1.2.3
Consider the linear system (refer to the Example in § 1.1):


 x1 +3x4 = 4
6x2 −3x3 −3x4 = 0

(6)

 3x2 −2x4 = 1
2x1 −x2 +4x3 =5


Its augmented and the coefficient matrices are:

   
1 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 3
 0 6 −3 −3 0   0 6 −3 −3 
 ;  .
 0 3 0 −2 1   0 3 0 −2 
2 −1 4 0 5 2 −1 4 0

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
Recall that an equivalent system in row-echelon form, for the
system (6), was deduced in § 1.2:

 x1
 +3x4 = 4
x2 −.5x3 −.5x4 = 0


 x3 − 31 x4 = 32
x4 = 1


The augmented and the coefficient matrices of this echelon

form are given by:
   
1 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 3
 0 1 −.5 −.5 0   0 1 −.5 −.5 
2 ;
   .
 0 0 1 −1  0 0 1 − 31 
3 3
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Linear Systems and Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Conclusion

The above discussions and examples demonstrate that the

three basic operations that we used to reduce a lsystem (1) of
linear equations to a row-echelon form, can be translated to a
version for matrices.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Row Echelon Form Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Elementary Row operations

By an elementary row operation on a matrix we mean one
of the following three:
I Interchange two rows.

I Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.

I Add a multiple of a row to another row.

Two matrices are said to be

row − equivalent
if one can be obtained from another by application of a
sequence of elementary row operations.
Two row-equivalent matrices, correspond to two equivalent
system of equations.
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Row Echelon Form Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Row Echelon Form Matrices

Analogous to systems of linear equations in Echelon form,
define:

Definition: A matrix is said to be in

row − echelon form,
if it has the following properties:
I All rows consisting entirely of zeros occur at the bottom.
I First nonzero entry, in each non-zero row, is 1 (to be
called the leading 1).
I For each successive nonzero rows, the leading 1 in the
higher row is farther to the left than the leading 1 in the
lower row.
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Row Echelon Form Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

A matrix in row-echelon form is said to be

in reduced row − echelon form,

if every column that has a leading 1 has zeros in every position

above and below the leading 1.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Row Echelon Form Matrices
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Equivalent Row Echelon Matrix

Theorem: Suppose A is a matrix. Then,A is row-equivalent

to a matrix B, which is in row-echelon form.
Proof. Similar to the proof of the analogous theorem for
systems.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Method of Gaussian elimination

Consider a system of linear equations, as in (1).
A method of solving this system (1) is as follows:
I Write the augmented matrix of the system.
I Use the elementary row operations to reduce the
augmented matrix to a matrix in row-echelon form.
I Write the linear system corresponding to the row-echelon
matrix and solve by back-substitution.
This is known as the method of
Gaussian elimination with back-substitution,
in short by Gaussian elimination.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Example 1.2.4

Example: Use the method of Gaussian elimination to solve

the system (6), using analogous steps. Recall the system:

 x1
 +3x4 = 4 Eqn − 1
6x2 −3x3 −3x4 = 0 Eqn − 2

(7)

 3x2 −2x4 = 1 Eqn − 3
2x1 −x2 +4x3 =5 Eqn − 4


Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Solution
The augmented matrix is:
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0
 6 −3 −3 0 
.
 0 3 0 −2 1 
2 −1 4 0 5
We reduce this to row echelon form, by mirroring the
reduction of the system (7) to echelon form.
Subtract 2 times row-1 from row-4:
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 6 −3 −3 0 
 
 0 3 0 −2 1 
0 −1 4 −6 −3
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
 
1 0 0 3 4
1  0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
Multiply row 2 by :  
6  0 3 0 −2 1 
0 −1 4 −6 −3
Subtract 3 times row-2 from row-3 and add row-2 to Eqn-4:
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
 
 0 0 1.5 −.5 1 
0 0 3.5 −6.5 −3

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

 
1 0 0 3 4
2  0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
Multiply row 3by :  
3  0 0 1 − 13 2 
3
0 0 3.5 −6.5 −3

Subtract 3.5 times row-3 from row-4:

 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
 1 2

 0 0 1 −3 3

0 0 0 − 16 3
− 16
3

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

3
Multiply row-4 by 16
:
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
  (8)
 0 0 1 − 13 23 
0 0 0 1 1

This matrix is in row-echelon form, and is row-equivalent to

the augmented matrix.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
The system of linear equations corresponding this row-echelon
matrix (8) is


 x1 +3x4 = 4
x2 −.5x3 −.5x4 = 0


 x3 − 31 x4 = 32
x4 = 1


By back-substitution:
2 1
x4 = 1, x3 = + = 1, x2 = 1, x1 = 1.
3 3

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4a
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Gauss-Jordan form

Definition. A matrix in row-echelon form is said to be in

Gauss-Jordan form, if all the entries above leading entries
are zero.
The method of Gaussian elimination with back substitution to
solve system of linear equations can be refined by, first further
reducing the augmented matrix to a Gauss-Jordan form and
work with the system corresponding to it. This method is
called Gauss-Jordan elimination method of solving linear
systems.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4a
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Example 1.2.4a

Consider the system (7).

An equivalent matrix, in row-echelon form, is above (8):
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 1 −.5 −.5 0 
 0 0 1 −1 2  .
 
3 3
0 0 0 1 1

All the entries above the leading 1 in row 2 is zero.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4a
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

So, we try to achieve the same above the leading 1 in row 3.

Add .5 times row 3 to row 2:
 
1 0 0 3 4
 0 1 0 −2 1 
3 3 
 0 0 1 −1 2  .

3 3
0 0 0 1 1

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4a
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued

Now we want to get zeros above the leading 1 in row 4.

Subtract 3 times the row 4 from row 1; add 23 times the row 4
from row 2; add 31 times the row 4 from row 3:
 
1 0 0 0 1
 0 1 0 0 1 
 0 0 1 0 1 .
 

0 0 0 1 1

This matrix is in Gauss-Jordan form.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices
Row operations on Matrices
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.4a
Gauss-Jordan elimination
More Examples

Continued
The system of linear equation corresponding to this one is:


 x1 =1
x2 =1


 x3 =1
x4 = 1


So, the solution to the system is:

x4 = 1, x3 = 1, x2 = 1, x1 = 1.

Remark. If you feel comfortable working with matrices, it is

best to reduce a system to Gauss-Jordan, instead of only to
row-echelon form.
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Example 1.2.5

Solve the following using Gaussian elimination or Gauss-Jordan

elimination: 
 x1 − x22 + 3x23 = 12
2x2 −x3 = 14
7x1 −5x2 =6


The augmented matrix is

1 − 12 3
 
2
12
 0 2 −1 14 
7 −5 0 6

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

Divide f second row by 2:

1 − 12 3
 
2
12
 0 1 − 12 7 
7 −5 0 6

Subtract 7 times first row from third row:

1 − 21 3
 
2
12
 0 1 − 21 7 
3 21
0 − 2 − 2 −78

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
3
Add 2
times second row to the third row:

1 − 12 3
 
2
12
 0 1 − 21 7 
45 135
0 0 −4 − 2
4
Multiply third row by − 45 :

1 − 12 3
 
2
12
 0 1 − 12 7 
0 0 1 6

This matrix is in row-echelon form.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

So, we can use back substitution and solve the system. The
system corresponding to this matrix is:

 x1 − 12 x2 + 32 x3 = 12
x2 − 12 x3 = 7
x3 = 6


By back-substitution:
1 3 1
x3 = 6, x2 = 7 + 6 = 10, x1 = 12 − 6 + 10 = 8.
2 2 2

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Alternate, Gauss-Jordan Method

Alternately, we could reduce the row-echelon matrix

1 − 12 3
 
2
12
 0 1 − 12 7 
0 0 1 6
1
to a Gauss-Jordan form. To do this add 2
time the second row
to the first:  
1 0 1.25 15.5
 0 1 − 12 7 
0 0 1 6

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
Subtract 1.25 times third rwo from the first:
 
1 0 0 8
 0 1 −1 7 
2
0 0 1 6

Now add .5 time the third row to the second:

 
1 0 0 8
 0 1 0 10 
0 0 1 6

This matrix is in Gauss-Jordan form.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

The system of linear equations corresponding to this matrix is:


 x1 =8
x2 = 10
x3 = 6


This gives the solution of our system.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Example 1.2.6
Solve the following using Gaussian or Gauss-Jordan
elimination: 
 2x1 +3x3 = 3
4x1 −3x2 +7x3 = 5
6x1 −9x2 +12x3 = 7


The augmented matrix is

 
2 0 3 3
 4 −3 7 5 
6 −9 12 7

We will reduce this matrix to row-echelon form.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
Subtract 2 times first row from second row and subtract 3
times first row from 3rd row:
 
2 0 3 3
 0 −3 1 −1 
0 −9 3 −2

Subtract 3 times the second row from third:

 
2 0 3 3
 0 −3 1 −1 
0 0 0 1

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

Divide first row by 2 and second row by -3:

1 0 32 23
 
 0 1 − 1 1  , which is in row echelon form.
3 3
0 0 0 1

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

The system corresponding to this equation is:


 x1 + 32 x3 = 23
x2 − 13 x3 = 31
0=1


The last equation is absurd. So, the system is inconsistent.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Example 1.2.7

Solve the following using Gaussian elimination or Gauss-Jordan

elimination:

x +2y +z =8
−4x −8y −4z = −29

The augmented matrix is

 
1 2 1 8
−4 −8 −4 −29

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

Add 4 times first row to the second row:

 
1 2 1 8
, which is in row echelon form.
0 0 0 3

The corresponding system of linear equations is


x +2y +z = 8
0 =3

The last equation is absurd. So, the system is inconsistent.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Example 1.2.8

Solve the linear system corresponding to the augmented

matrix:  
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
The matrix is already in row echelon form. The system is:

x1 +x2 =1
x2 +x3 =0

So, x2 = −x3 , x1 = 1 − x2 = 1 + x3 .

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

With x3 = t, a parametric solution is


 x1 = 1 + t
x2 = −t
x3 = t.


Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Example 1.2.9

Consider the system of linear equations.


 x +y
 =0 Eqn − 1
y +z = 0 Eqn − 2


 x +z = 0 Eqn − 3
ax −by +2cz = 0 Eqn − 4


Find the values of a, b, c such that the system has (a) a unique
solution, (b) no solution (c) an infinite number of solution.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
Solution: The augmented matrix of the equation:
 
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 1 0 1 0 
a −b 2c 0

Subtract 1 times first row from third and a times first row
from fourth:  
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 0 −1 1 0 
0 −b − a 2c 0
Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina
 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
Add second row to third:
 
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 0 0 2 0 
0 −b − a 2c 0

Divide third row by 2:

 
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 0 
0 −b − a 2c 0

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued
Add −(a + b) second row to fourth:
 
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 0 
0 0 2c − a − b 0
Subtract 2c − a − b times third row from fourth:
 
1 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 0 
0 0 0 0

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina

 Matrices Example 1.2.5
Row operations on Matrices Example 1.2.6
Gaussian elimination Example 1.2.7
Gauss-Jordan elimination Example 1.2.8
More Examples Example 1.2.9

Continued

The matrix is in row-echelon form. The corresponding liner

system is: 
 x +y
 =0
y +z = 0


 z =0
0 =0


The system is consistent for all values of a, b, c, and by back

substitution the system has unique solution x = y = z = 0.

Satya Mandal, KU Chapter 1: System of Linear Equations § 1.2 Gaussian Elimina