Graphing Calculator

Contents
Chapter 1 : General Operations ................................... 4
Power Supply ....................................................................
4
Turning on or off ................................................................................ 4
Battery replacement ............................................................................ 4
Auto power-off function .................................................................... 4
Reset operation ................................................................................... 4
Contrast Adjustment .......................................................... 4
Display Features ................................................................ 5
Graph display ............................................................................... 5
Calculation display........................................................................ 5
Chapter 2 : Before Starting a Calculation ......................
6
Changing Modes ...............................................................
6
Selecting an Item from a Menu ........................................... 6
Key Labels......................................................................... 6
Using the 2nd and ALPHA keys .......................................... 7
Cursor .............................................................................. 7
Inserting and Deleting Characters....................................... 7
Recalling Previous Inputs and Results .................................. 8
Memory ............................................................................ 8
Running memory........................................................................................ 8
Standard memory variables .................................................................... 8
Storing an equation ........................................................................ 8
Order of Operations .......................................................... 9
Accuracy and Capacity ....................................................
10
 Chapter 3 : Basic Calculations .................................... 13
Arithmetic Calculation...................................................... 13
Display Format ................................................................
13
Parentheses Calculations .................................................. 14
Percentage Calculations ................................................... 14
Repeat Calculations ......................................................... 14
Answer Function.............................................................. 14
Chapter 4 : Common Math Calculations...................... 15
Logarithm and Antilogarithm ........................................... 15
Fraction Calculation ......................................................... 15
Converting Angular Units .................................................
15
Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric functions.............
16
Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic functions .....................
16
Coordinate Transformations .............................................
16
Mathematical Functions ................................................... 16
Other Functions ( x-1, , , ,x 2, x 3, ^ ).................... 17
Unit Conversion ............................................................... 17
Physics Constants ............................................................ 18
Multi-statement functions ................................................. 19
Chapter 5 : Graphs ....................................................
19
Built-in Function Graphs ................................................... 19
User-generated Graphs.................................................... 19
Graph ↔ Text Display and Clearing a Graph.................... 20
 Zoom Function ................................................................ 20
Superimposing Graphs .................................................... 20
Trace Function ................................................................. 20
Scrolling Graphs.............................................................. 21
Plot and Line Function ...................................................... 21
Chapter 6 : Statistical Calculations.............................. 21
Single-Variable and Two-Variable Statistics.......................
21
Process Capability ........................................................... 22

Probability Distribution (1-Var Data) ................................. 23

Regression Calculation ..................................................... 24
Chapter 7 : BaseN Calculations .................................. 24
Negative Expressions....................................................... 25
Basic Arithmetic Operations for Bases............................... 25
Logical Operation............................................................ 25

Chapter 1 : General Operations

Power Supply

Turning on or off
To turn the calculator on, press [ ON ].
To turn the calculator off, press [ 2nd ] [ OFF ].
Battery replacement
The calculator is powered by two alkaline button batteries (GP76A
When battery power becomes low, LOW BATTERY appears on the.
Replace the batteries as soon as possible.
To replace the batteries:
1. Remove the battery compartment cover by sliding it in the
the arrow.
2. Remove the old batteries.
3. Install new batteries, each with positive polarity facing outward.
4. Replace the battery compartment cover.
5. Press [ ON ] to turn the power on.
Auto power-off function
The calculator automatically turns off if it has not been used
minutes. It can be reactivated by pressing [ ON ]. The display,
and settings are retained while the calculator is off.
Reset operation
If the calculator is on but you get unexpected results, press [ MODE ]
[ CL/ESC ]. If problems persist, press [ 2nd ] [ RESET ]. A message
asking you to confirm that you want to reset the calculator.

RESET : N Y
 Press [ ] to move the cursor to Y and then press [ ]. The
is reset. All variables, programs, pending operations, statistical data,
answers, previous entries, and memory are cleared. To cancel the reset
operation, move the cursor to N and press [ ].
If the calculator becomes locked and pressing keys has no effect,
press
[ EXP ] [ MODE ] at the same time. This unlocks the calculator
returns all settings to their default values.

Contrast Adjustment

Press [ MODE ] and then [ ] or [ ] to make the screen

Display Features

Graph display

Calculation display

Entry lineDisplays an entry of up to 76 digits. Entries with moredigitswillscrolltothe left.

When you input the 69th single entry, the cursor changes from to to let you
know that you are approaching the entry limit. If you input more than 76 digits, you
should divide your into two or more parts. Displays the result of a calculation. 10 digits
can be together with a decimal point, a negative sign, the x10
indicator, and a 2-digit positive or negative exponent. that exceed this limit are
displayed in scientific notation. IndicatorsThe following indicators appear on the display
to indicate thestatus of the calculator. IndicatorMeaning Values are stored in running
memoryResult is negativeInvalid action 2ndThe next action will be a 2nd function
X=Y= The x- and y-coordinates of the trace function pointer Alphabetic keys are
active Statistics mode is active Program mode is active Angle mode: Degrees, Rads, or
Grads SCIentific or ENGineering display format Number of decimal places displayed is
fixed Hyperbolic trig function will be calculate The displayed value is an intermediate
result here are digits to the left or right of the display There are earlier or later results
that can be displayed. These indicators blink while an operation or \executing.

Chapter 2 : Before Starting a Calculation

Changing Modes
Press [ MODE ] to display the modes menu. You can choose one of modes: 0 MAIN, 1
STAT, 2 BaseN, 3 PROG.
Selecting an Item from a Menu
Many functions and settings are available from menus. A menu is a options displayed on
the screen. pressing [ MATH ] displays a menu of mathematical
To select one of these functions:
1. Press MATH to display the menu.
2. Press to move the cursor to the function you want to select.
3. Press while the item is underlined.
With numbered menu items, you can either press [ ] while the
underlined, or just enter the number of the item. To close a menu and return to the
previous display, press [ CL/ESC ].
Key Labels
Many of the keys can perform more than one function. The associated
withkey indicate the available functions, and the label indicates how that function is
selected. Label colorMeaning
Using the 2nd and ALPHA keys
To execute a function with a yellow label, press [ 2nd ] and then the
corresponding key. When you press [ 2nd ], the 2nd indicator
 indicate that you will be selecting the second function of the next key
press. If you press [ 2nd ] by mistake, press [ 2nd ] again to remove
2nd indicator
Pressing [ ALPHA ] [ 2nd ] locks the calculator in 2nd function
allows consecutive input of 2nd function keys. To cancel this, press
again.
To execute a function with a blue label, press [ ALPHA ] and then
corresponding key. When you press [ ALPHA ], the indicator s
to indicate that you will be selecting the alphabetic function of the
you press. If you press [ ALPHA ] by mistake, press [ ALPHA ]
remove the indicator.
Pressing [ 2nd ] [ ALPHA ] locks the calculator in alphabetic
allows consecutive input of alphabetic function keys. To cancel
[ ALPHA ] again.

Cursor
Press or to move the cursor to the left or the right. Hold
cursor key to move the cursor quickly.
If there are entries or results not visible on the display, press [ ] or
to scroll the display up or down. You can reuse or edit previous entry
when it is on the entry line. Press [ ALPHA ] [ ] or [ ALPHA ] [ ] to move
the cursor to the beginning or the end of the entry line. Press [ ALPHA ] [ ] or [
ALPHA ]
[ ] to move the cursor to the top or bottom of all entries.
The blinking cursor indicates that the calculator is in insert mode.

Inserting and Deleting Characters

To insert a character, move the cursor to the appropriate position
and enter
the character. The character is inserted to the immediate left of the
cursor.

To delete a character, press [ ] or [ ] to move the cursor

to that
character and then press [ DEL ]. (When the cursor is on a
character, the
character is underlined.) To undo the deletion, immediately press
[ 2nd ]
[ ].
To clear all characters, press [ CL/ESC ]. See Example 1.

Recalling Previous Inputs and Results

 Press [ ] or [ ] to display up to 252 characters of previous input,
values
and commands, which can be modified and re-executed. See
Example 2.
Note: Previous input is not cleared when you press [ CL/ESC ] or the
power is
turned off` but it is cleared when you change modes.
Memory
Running memory
Press [ M+ ] to add a result to running memory. Press [ 2nd ] [ M– ]
to
subtract the value from running memory. To recall the value in
running
memory, press [ MRC ]. To clear running memory, press [ MRC ]
twice. See
Example 4.
Standard memory variables
The calculator has 26 standard memory variables—A, B, C, D, …,
Z—which you can use to assign a value to. See Example 5.
Operations
with variables include:
• [ SAVE ] + Variable assigns the current answer to the specified
variable
(A, B, C, … or Z).
• [ 2nd ] [ RCL ] displays a menu of variables; select a variable to
recall
its value.
• [ ALPHA ] + Variable recalls the value assigned to the specified
variable.
• [ 2nd ] [ CL-VAR ] clears all variables.
Note: You can assign the same value to more than one variable in
one step.
For example, to assign 98 to variables A, B, C and D, press 98
[ SAVE ] [ A ] [ ALPHA ] [ ~ ] [ ALPHA ] [ D ].
Storing an equation
Press [ SAVE ] [ PROG ] to store the current equation in memory.
Press [ PROG ] to recall the equation. See Example 6.
Array Variables
In addition to the 26 standard memory variables (see above), you can
increase memory storage by converting program steps to memory
variables.
 You can convert 12 program steps to one memory. A maximum of
33

memories can be added in this way, giving you a maximum of 59

memories
(26 + 33).

Note: To restore the default memory configuration—26 memories—

specify
Defm 0.
Expanded memories are named A [ 1 ] , A [ 2 ] etc and can be used
in the
same way as standard memory variables. See Example 7.
Note: When using array variables, be careful to avoid overlap of
memories.
The relation between memories is as follows:

Order of Operations

Each calculation is performed in the following order of precedence:

1. Functions inside parentheses, coordinate transformations, and
Type B
functions, that is, those where you must press the function key
before
 entering the argument, for example, sin, cos, tan, sin-1, cos-1, tan-1,
sinh,
cosh, tanh, sinh-1, cosh-1, tanh-1, log, ln, 10 X , e X, , ,
NEG,
NOT, X’( ), Y ’( ), MAX, MIN, SUM, SGN, AVG, ABS, INT,
Frac, Plot.
2. Type A functions, that is, those where you enter the argument
before
pressing the function key, for example, x 2, x 3, x-1, x!, º, r, g, %,
º΄ ΄΄ ,
ENGSYM.
3. Exponentiation ( ),
4. Fractions

5. Abbreviated multiplication format involving variables, π,

RAND,
RANDI.
6. ( – )
7. Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions,
,
Alog2, etc.
8. nPr, nCr
9. × ,
10. +, –
11. Relational operators: = =, < , >, ≠, ≤ , ≥
12. AND, NAND (BaseN calculations only)
13. OR, XOR, XNOR (BaseN calculations only)
14. Conversion (A b/c d/e, F  D, DMS)
When functions with the same priority are used in series, execution is
performed from right to left. For example:
e X ln120 → e X { ln (120 ) }
Otherwise, execution is from left to right.
Compound functions are executed from right to left.

Accuracy and Capacity

Output digits: Up to 10 digits

Calculating digits: Up to 24 digits
Where possible, every calculation is displayed in up to 10 digits, or
as a
10-digit mantissa together with a 2-digit exponent up to 10 ±99.
 The arguments you input must be within the range of the associated
function.
The following table sets out the allowable input ranges.

Functions Allowable Input range

sin x, cos x, Deg : x ＜ 4.5 × 10 10
deg

tan x Rad : x ＜ 2.5 × 10 8πrad

Grad : x ＜ 5 × 10 10 grad
however, for tan x
Deg x ≠ 90 (2n+1)
:
x ≠ π (2n+1)
2

x ≦ 230.2585092
–1 –1
sin x, cos x
x ＜ 1 × 10 100

x ＜ 5 × 10 99

1 ≦ x ＜ 5 × 10 99

x ＜ 1

1 × 10 –99
≦ x < 1 × 10 100

–1 × 10 100
＜ x ＜ 100
–1 × 10 100
＜ x ≦ 230.2585092
0 ≦ x ＜ 1 × 10 100

x ＜ 1 × 10 50

x ＜ 1 × 10 100
, x≠0
0 ≦ x ≦ 69, x is an integer.
x 2 + y 2 ＜1 × 10 100

0 ≦ r＜ 1 × 10 100
Deg：│θ│＜4.5 × 10 10 deg
Rad：│θ│＜2.5 × 10 8πrad
Grad：│θ│＜5 × 10 10 grad
however, for tan x
Deg：│θ│≠90 (2n+1)
π
Rad：│θ│≠ (2n+1)
2
Grad：│θ│≠100 (2n+1)
(n is an integer)
 LENGTH Er
Error Conditions
OUT OF SPEC
When an illegal calculation is attempted or a program you enter causes an
error, an error message briefly appears and then the cursor moves to the
location of the error. See Example 3.
NEST Er
The following conditions will result in an error:
GOTO Er
Message Meaning
GOSUB Er
DOMAIN Er 1. You have specified an argument that is outside the
allowable range.
2. FREQ ( in 1-VAR stats) < 0 or not an integer.
3. USL < LSL
EQN SAVE Er
DIVIDE BY O You attempted to divide by 0.
OVERFLOW Er The result of a calculation exceeds the limits of the
EMPTY Er
calculator.
SYNTAX Er 1. Input error.
MEMORY Er

DUPLICATE 2. An improper argument was used in a command

or
function.
3. An END statement is missing from a program.
 An entry exceeds 84 digits after implied
multiplication
with auto-correction.
You input a negative CPU or CPL value, where
USL – x – LSL
C = an C =
PU
x 3σ
PL

Subroutine nesting exceeds 3 levels.

There is no corresponding Lbl n for a GOTO n.
1. There is no corresponding PROG n for a GOSUB
PROG
n.
2. Attempt to jump to a program area in which there
is no
program stored.
Attempt to save an equation to a program area that
already has a stored program.
Attempt to run a program from an area without an
equation or program.
1. Memory expansion exceeds the steps remaining
in the
program.
2. Attempt to use a memory when no memory has
been
expanded.
The label name is already in use.
LABEL
Press [ CL/ESC ] to clear an error message.

Chapter 3 : Basic Calculations

Arithmetic Calculation
• For mixed arithmetic operations, multiplication and division
have
priority over addition and subtraction. See Example 8.
• For negative values, press [ (–) ] before entering the value. See
Example 9.
• Results greater than 1010 or less than 10-9 are displayed in
exponential
Display Format
 • A decimal format is selected by pressing [ 2nd ] [ FIX ] and
selecting a
value from the menu (F0123456789). To set the displayed
decimal
places to n, enter a value for n directly, or press the cursor keys
until
the value is underlined and then press [ ]. (The default setting
is
floating point notation (F) and its n value is •). See Example 11.
• Number display formats are selected by pressing [ 2nd ] [
SCI/ENG ]
and choosing a format from the menu. The items on the menu are
FLO
(for floating point), SCI (for scientific), and ENG (for
engineering). Press
[ ] or [ ] until the desired format is underlined, and then
press
[ ]. See Example 12.
• You can enter a number in mantissa and exponent format using
the
[ EXP ] key. See Example 13.
• This calculator also provides 11 symbols for input of values using
engineering notation. Press [ 2nd ] [ ENG SYM ] to display the
symbols.
See Example 14. The symbols are listed below:

Parentheses Calculations
• Operations inside parentheses are always executed first. Up
to 13
levels of consecutive parentheses are allowed in a single
calculation.
See Example 15.
• Closing parentheses that would ordinarily be entered
immediately prior
to pressing [ ] may be omitted. See Example 16.

Percentage Calculations
[ 2nd ] [ % ] divides the number in the display by 100. You can use
this
function to calculate percentages, mark-ups, discounts, and percentage
 ratios. See Example 17.

Repeat Calculations
You can repeat the last operation you executed by pressing [ ].
Even if
a calculation concluded with the [ ] key, the result obtained can
be
used in a further calculation. See Example 18.

Answer Function

When you enter a numeric value or numeric expression and press [

],
the result is stored in the Answer function, which you can then
quickly recall.
See Example 19.
Note: The result is retained even if the power is turned off. It is also
retained
if a subsequent calculation results in an error.

Chapter 4 : Common Math Calculations

Logarithm and Antilogarithm

You can calculate common and natural logarithms and
antilogarithms using
[ log ], [ ln ], [ 2nd ] [ 10 x ], and [ 2nd ] [ e x ]. See Example 20.

Fraction Calculation
Fractions are displayed as follows:

5 ┘ 12 =

56 U 5 ┘ 12 =
• To enter a mixed number, enter the integer part, press [ A b/c ],
enter
the numerator, press [ A b/c ], and enter the denominator. To
enter an
improper fraction, enter the numerator, press [ A b/c ], and enter
the
denominator. See Example 21.
• During a calculation involving fractions, a fraction is reduced to
its
lowest terms where possible. This occurs when you press [ + ], [
– ],
[ × ], [ ] ) or [ ]. Pressing [ 2nd ] [ A b/c d/e ]
converts a
mixed number to an improper fraction and vice versa. See
Example
22.
• To convert a decimal to a fraction or vice versa, press [ 2nd ]
[ F D ] and [ ]. See Example 23.
• Calculations containing both fractions and decimals are
calculated in
decimal format. See Example 24.

Converting Angular Units

You can specify an angular unit of degrees (DEG), radians (RAD),
or grads
(GRAD). You can also convert a value expressed in one angular unit
to its
corresponding value in another angular unit.
The relation between the anglular units is :
180° = π radians = 200 grads

To change the angular unit setting to another setting, press

[ DRG ] repeatedly until the angular unit you want is indicated on
the
display.
The conversion procedure follows (also see Example 25):
1. Change the angle units to the units you want to convert to.
2. Enter the value of the unit to convert.
3. Press [ 2nd ] [ DMS ] to display the menu. The units you can
select are
°(degrees), ’ (minutes), ” (seconds), r (radians), g (gradians) or
DMS
(Degrees-Minutes-Seconds).
4. Select the units you are converting from.
5. Press [ ] twice.
DMS. An example of DMS
To convert an angle to DMS notation, select
notation is 1° 30’ 0” (= 1 degrees, 30 minutes, 0 seconds).
To convert from DMS notation to decimal notation, select
Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric functions
The calculator provides standard trigonometric functions and inverse
 trigonometric functions: sin, cos, tan, sin-1, cos-1 and tan-1. See
Example 28.
Note: Before undertaking a trigonometric or inverse trigonometric
calculation, make sure that the appropriate angular unit is set.

Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic functions

The [ 2nd ] [ HYP ] keys are used to initiate hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic calculations using sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh-1, cosh-1 and tanh-
1
.
Note: Before undertaking a hyperbolic or inverse hyperbolic
calculation,
make sure that the appropriate angular unit is set.

Coordinate Transformations
Press [ 2nd ] [ R P ] to display a menu to convert rectangular
coordinates
to polar coordinates or vice versa. See Example 30.
Note: Before undertaking a coordinate transformation, make sure
that the
appropriate angular unit is set.

Mathematical Functions

Press [ MATH ] repeatedly to is display a list of mathematical

functions and
their associated arguments. See Example 31. The functions available
are:
! Calculate the factorial of a specified positive integer n ,
where
n≦ 69.
RAND Generate a random number between 0 and 1.
RANDI Generate a random integer between two specified
integers, A
and B, where A≦ random value
≦ B.
RND Round off the result.
MAX Determine the maximum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers
can be specified.)
MIN Determine the minimum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers
 can be specified.)
SUM Determine the sum of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers can
be specified.)
AVG Determine the average of given numbers. (Up to 10
numbers
can be specified.)
Frac Determine the fractional part of a given number.
INT Determine the integer part of a given number.
SGN Indicate the sign of a given number: if the
number is
negative, –1 is displayed; if zero, 0 is displayed; if
positive, 1
is displayed.
ABS Display the absolute value of a given number.
nPr Calculate the number of possible permutations of n
items taken
r at a time.
nCr Calculate the number of possible combinations of n
items
taken r at a time.
Defm Memory expansion.

Other Functions ( x-1, , , ,x 2, x 3, ^ )

The calculator also provides reciprocal ( [ x -1] ), square root ( [ ]
), cube
root ( [ ] ), square ( [ x 2 ] ), universal root ( [ ] ), cubic ( [ x 3
] ) and
exponentiation ( [ ^ ] ) functions. See Example 32.

Unit Conversion
You can convert numbers from metric to imperial units and vice
versa. See
Example 33. The procedure is:

E-17

1. Enter the number you want to convert.

2. Press [ 2nd ] [ CONV ] to display the units menu. There are 7
menus,
covering distance, area, temperature, capacity, weight, energy,
and
pressure.
3. Press [ ] or [ ] to scroll through the list of units until the
appropriate units menu is shown, then press [ ].
4. Press [ ] or [ ] to convert the number to the highlighted
unit.
Physics Constants
You can use the following physics constants in your calculations:
Symbol Value
c Speed of light 299792458 m / s
g Acceleration of gravity 9.80665 m.s -2
G Gravitational constant 6.6725985× 10 -11 m 3 kg -1 s -2
Vm Molar volume of ideal 0.0224141 m 3 mol -1
NA gas 6.022136736× 10 23 mol -1
e Avogadro’s number 1.602177335× 10 -19 C
Elementary charge
me 9.109389754× 10 -31 kg
Electron mass
mp 1.67262311× 10 -27 kg
h Proton mass 6.62607554× 10 -34 J.S
k Planck’s constant 1.38065812× 10 -23J.K -1
IR Boltzmann’s constant 8.3145107 J / mol • k
IF Gas constant 96485.30929 C / mol
mn Faraday constant 1.67492861× 10 -27 kg
µ Neutron constant 1.66054021× 10 -27 kg
ε0 Atomic mass constant 8.854187818× 10 -12 F / m
µ0 Dielectric permittivity 1.256637061× 10 -6 N A -2
φ0 Magnetic permittivity 2.067834616× 10 -15 Wb
a0 Flux quantum 5.291772492× 10 -11m
µB Bohr radius 9.274015431× 10 -24 J / T
µN Bohr magneton 5.050786617× 10 -27J / T
All physical constants in this manual are based on the 1986
CODATA
recommended values of the fundamental physical constants.
To insert a constant:
 1. Position your cursor where you want the constant inserted.
2. Press [ 2nd ] [ CONST ] to display the physics constants menu.
3. Scroll through the menu until the constant you want is
underlined.
4. Press [ ]. (See Example 34.)
Multi-statement functions
Multi-statement functions are formed by connecting a number of
individual
statements for sequential execution. You can use multi-statements in
manual
calculations and in the program calculations.
When execution reaches the end of a statement that is followed by
the
display result command symbol ( ), execution stops and the result up
to
that point appears on the display. You can resume execution by
pressing
[ ]. See Example 35.

Chapter 5 : Graphs
 Built-in Function Graphs

You can produce graphs of the following functions: sin, cos, tan, sin -
1
, cos -1,
tan -1, sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh -1, cosh -1, tanh -1, , , x 3, x , log,
2

ln, 10
, e x, x –1.
x

When you generate a built-in graph, any previously generated graph

is
cleared. The display range is automatically set to the optimum. See
Example
36.

User-generated Graphs
You can also specify your own single-variable functions to
graph (for
example, y = x 3 + 3x 2 – 6x – 8). Unlike built-in functions (see
above), you
must set the display range when creating a user generated graph.

Press the [ Range ] key to access the

range parameters for each axis:
minimum value, maximum value, and
scale (that is, the distance between
the tick marks along an axis).

After setting the range, press [ Graph ] and enter the expression to
be
graphed. See Example 37.

Graph ↔ Text Display and Clearing a Graph

Press [ G T ] to switch between graph display and text display
and vice
versa.

To clear the graph, please press [ 2nd ] [ CLS ].

 Zoom Function
The zoom function lets you enlarge or reduce the graph. Press [ 2nd ]
[ Zoom x f ] to specify the factor for enlarging the graph, or press [
2nd ]
[ Zoom x 1/f ] to specify the factor for reducing the graph. To
return the
graph to its original size, press [ 2nd ] [ Zoom Org ]. See Example
37.

Superimposing Graphs
• A graph can be superimposed over one or more graphs. This
makes it
easy to determine intersection points and solutions that satisfy all
the
corresponding expressions. See Example 38.
• Be sure to input variable X in the expression for the graph you
want to
superimpose over a built-in graph. If variable X is not included
in the
second expression, the first graph is cleared before the second
graph is
generated. See Example 39.

Trace Function
 This function lets you move a pointer around a graph by pressing [
] and
[ ]. The x- and y-coordinates of the current pointer location are
displayed
on the screen. This function is useful for determining the intersection
of
superimposed graphs (by pressing [ 2nd ] [ X Y ]). See Example
40.
Note: Due to the limited resolution of the display, the position of the
pointer
may be an approximation.

Scrolling Graphs
After generating a graph, you can scroll it on the display. Press [
][ ]
[ ][ ] to scroll the graph left, right, up or down respectively.
See
Example 41.

Plot and Line Function

The plot function is used to mark a point on the screen of a graph
display.
The point can be moved left, right, up, or down using the cursor keys.
The
coordinates of the point are displayed.
When the pointer is at the desired location, press [ 2nd ] [ PLOT ] to
plot a
point. The point blinks at the plotted location.
Two points can be connected by a straight line by pressing [ 2nd ] [
LINE ].
See Example 42.

Chapter 6 : Statistical Calculations

The statistics menu has four options: 1-VAR (for analyzing data in a
single
dataset), 2-VAR (for analyzing paired data from two datasets), REG
(for
performing regression calculations), and D-CL (for clearing all
datasets).
 Single-Variable and Two-Variable Statistics
1. From the statistics menu, choose 1-VAR or 2-VAR and press [
].
2. Press [ DATA ], select DATA-INPUT from the menu and press [
].
3. Enter an x value and press [ ].
4. Enter the frequency ( FREQ ) of the x value (in 1-VAR mode) or
the
corresponding y value ( in 2-VAR mode ) and press [ ].
5. To enter more data, repeat from step 3.
6. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].

7. Press [ ][ ][ ] or [ ] to scroll through the statistical

variables until you reach the variable you are interested in (see
table
below).
Variable Meaning
n Number of x values or x–y pairs entered.
or Mean of the x values or y values.
Xmax or Ymax Maximum of the x values or y values.
Xmin or Ymin Minimum of the x values or y values.
Sx or Sy Sample standard deviation of the x values or y
values. σ x orσ y
Population standard deviation of the x values or
y
values.
Σ x or Σ y Sum of all x values or y values.
Σ x 2 or Σ y 2
Sum of all x 2 values or y 2 values.
Σ xy Sum of (x × y) for all x–y pairs.
CV x or CV y Coefficient of variation for all x values or y
values.
R x or R y Range of the x values or y values.
8. To draw 1-VAR statistical graphs, press [ Graph ] on the
STATVAR
menu. There are three types of graph in 1-VAR mode: N-DIST
(Normal
distribution), HIST (Histogram), SPC (Statistical Process Control).
Select
the desired graph type and press [ ]. If you do not set
display
ranges, the graph will be produced with optimum ranges. To
draw a
scatter graph based on 2-VAR datasets, press [ Graph ] on the
STATVAR menu.
9. To return to the STATVAR menu, press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
Process Capability

(See Examples 43 and 44.)

1. Press [ DATA ], select LIMIT from the menu and press [ ].
2. Enter a lower spec. limit value ( X LSL or Y LSL ), then press [
].
3. Enter a upper spec. limit value ( X USL or Y USL), then press [
].
4. Select DATA-INPUT mode and enter the datasets.
5. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ] and press [ ][ ][ ][ ]
to scroll
through the statistical results until you find the process capability
variable you are interested in (see table below).
Variable Meaning
Cax or Cay Capability accuracy of the x values or y values

Cpx or Cpy Potential capability precision of the x values or y

values,
,
Cpkx or Cpky Minimum (CPU, CPL) of the x values or y
values, where
CPU is the upper spec. limit of capability
precision and
CPL is lower spec. limit of capability precision.
C pkx = Min (CPUX, CPLX) = Cpx(1–Cax)
Cpky = Min (CPUY, CPLY) = Cpy(1–Cay)
ppm Parts per million, Defection Per Million
Opportunities.
Note: When calculating process capability in 2-VAR mode, the x n
and y n
values are independent of each other.

Correcting Statistical Data

 1. Press [ DATA ].
2. To change the data, select DATA-INPUT. To change the upper or
lower
spec. limit, select LIMIT. To change ax, select DISTR.
3. Press [ ] to scroll through the data until the entry you want to
change is displayed.
4. Enter the new data. The new data you enter overwrites the old
entry.
5. Press [ ] or [ ] to save the change.
Note: The statistical data you enter is retained when you exit statistics
mode.
To clear the data, select D-CL mode.

Probability Distribution (1-Var Data)

1. Press [ DATA ] , select DISTR and press [ ].
2. Enter a a x value, then press [ ].
3. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
4. Press [ ] or [ ] to scroll through the statistical results until
you find
the probability distribution variables you want (see table below).
Variable Meaning
t Test value

P(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal

distribution that is less than t.

R(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal

distribution that lies between t and 0. R(t) = 1 – t.
Q(t) The cumulative fraction of the standard normal
distribution that is greater than t. Q(t) = | 0.5– t
|.

Regression Calculation

There are six regression options on the REG menu:

LIN Linear Regression y=a+bx
LOG Logarithmic Regression y = a + b lnx
e^ Exponential Regression y = a • e bx
PWR Power Regression y=a•xb
 INV Inverse Regression y=a+
QUAD Quadratic Regression y=a+bx+cx2
See Example 47~48.
1. Select a regression option on the REG menu and press [ ].
2. Press [ DATA ], select DATA-INPUT from the menu and press [
].
3. Enter an x value and press [ ].
4. Enter the corresponding y value and press [ ].
5. To enter more data, repeat from step 3.
6. Press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
7. Press [ ][ ] to scroll through the results until you find the
regression variables you are interested in (see table below).
8. To predict a value for x (or y) given a value for y (or x), select
the x ’
(or y ’) variable, press [ ] , enter the given value, and press [
]
again.
Variable Meaning
a Y-intercept of the regression equation.
b Slope of the regression equation.
r Correlation coefficient.
c Quadratic regression coefficient.
x’ Predicted x value given a, b, and y values.
y’ Predicted y value given a, b, and x values.
9. To draw the regression graph, press [ Graph ] on the STATVAR
menu.
To return to the STATVAR menu, press [ 2nd ] [ STATVAR ].
 Chapter 7 : BaseN Calculations

You can enter numbers in base 2, base 8, base 10 or base 16. To set

number base, press [ 2nd ] [ dhbo ], select an option from the menu
press [ ]. An indicator shows the base you selected: d, h, b , or
default setting is d: decimal base.
The allowable digits in each base are:
Binary base (b): 0, 1
Octal base (o): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal base (d): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal base (h): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE,
IF
Note: To enter a number in a base other than the set base, append the
corresponding designator (d, h, b, o) to the number (as in h3).
Press [ ] to use the block function, which displays a result in octal
or binary
base if it exceeds 8 digits. Up to 4 blocks can be displayed.

Negative Expressions
In binary, octal, and hexadecimal bases, negative numbers are
expressed
as complements. The complement is the result of subtracting that
number
from 10000000000 in that number’s base. You do this by pressing
[ NEG ]
in a non-decimal base.

Basic Arithmetic Operations for Bases

You can add, subtract, multiply, and divide binary, octal, and
hexadecimal
numbers.

Logical Operation
The following logical operations are available: logical products
(AND),
negative logical (NAND), logical sums (OR), exclusive logical sums
(XOR),
negation (NOT), and negation of exclusive logical sums (XNOR)
.