SOfTWARE GNaINeERING

systemaheally o anited bodg kmo uwledge of a part pngiamm

otlem Dy sho one
delogment
Saftware hgineing. muther Scimce
pant xpenmce
Hene, we denigning swrl coichng o aly can be opimited
Hre rinssam ahc
cat eftechven is adopted md
Not Sojechue su
enneies. judament but wl wndersho an ave
quantat
Evolum of om art
into Gnsineemng Disuplime

Unorsamzec me eat
Stunohe we t
expnnGs amd fosmulahon

cRAPT
Tech

ART

Esoene unedpt knoledse

Time

SOPTUAR CeTSTS soL

mphoms? highnu ost sf sthoaey than hordares

ausit to alter, debuy omd enhomce

+ lade deliveng omd csonhing nom-eictailg

facs ncteoi oblem sites , in a deauate to se
seill sho vtase am d loo pro du chvi.
spsead t sE upocchw md nhamcernent
 2003

Sof+wANE NEDRmENT PR05ECTS

rograms Pro ducs

’ Sole e ho m aunaun and
devdop
lack od imortece and
Comvse
mau ie,liitenchonael

TYPES of spet Projecs

Sofhore Podut tuwelopem unt ovdtsoced lroje cb

henene Custom whre owm cowpany Jaceo

e Úsed b latGed and
0weloped aceonding (qerhse
divse st ot. to one os t mot fu
wtmws
wstomrS need my.

Disadu ortage of Exploratorg style sf sfhoare dwclopmt

The ohgclogicad pucuved compleaby a poblem comcerns
uti ulhy lewed xperienced by a
wimg his sgle . eoamar ushile si uing t
qwdopmu
ime
Dwcopnemt SDwebpment wimg se ?

Puelopmen

urceived
Compleiy t Auomaie sthoara
developmunt
machimen
b

Purceived ompleaiy
shortamumory (uwonleing my
munovy: Can toTe into fo thorte
\ong tewm imited te t a hme
memoy: wpper 6own d hot si
millia i ms cam nawe

We cam
retuin ino ther if we

Sensor enuionmental
short term
Nunmopr memory
Mental
momipulation
Gnuiomont

Lons Term Menmoty

Human GogmiSon mechanim

Primuple Dewloped by se to ovrcome Humon cogmihve Limitaio

AßSTRACTION
Oecompos STSON divide5 Conqu
inomng dtauls (wme camag men) decowmpun em in nallr,probn
Smalr roblem hyod 6e 'mdeperd
 mat abrbat

Leal aosat (achal o6lem)

Dico-poibon
Absrachon Miwany

Q.hy sd hoone engimeeing?

ponhupale mteam to dawelop a larse sthre product
we can
techuey hemdle comgliy soe prosles by astactn
nd clecowpni on
Snlertace deudopment

EmeRaENcE Of sE

Eods Computor Rrogs amning Cbuwld om d Fa)

Ho, too elenenty
hme cowumy ns monly
ymam nte (og10s) len sophis at

High lewel Rrogianming:

Semiconducto Tecnol telaced Jaccu tube bend
(owrf ompudeS punible ho lve lange and omplex rslm
But shl ed edorotegstyle ot oss amming

Contol Mo boned Dnign.

Kelostg became imthumt.
Rrogs cun's ontol
slhih the' osom's imtcim an ereint
flos chat techiqus ene dewcloped
roblem with stademem amo Sd
S
oiykshiea conclyda d that non|led
maim eanon ot malcins con) shu hure a
Cuod conhol o stu chres.

cEG o ying ho momy Go fo

ratemen
st^ (Ssuchuied rogsomim): 0 PASCAL, mOD0LA C, are ex
*Uticng oo mamg
Sequence , selechon and tusahon Hhene thee
constuh wrL noush proammin
oRher feahteal stsuchured pogrom hod be modw
(whih can be deco mped sin modudes )

adwomtoages: lencAOrS, mose eacable amd coy main

neguie len ehot o Aevclop -

Data stuce Oriented Duisa

Computs became moye powarm wt

The ennce st owing more

dincoved that shile dewlo pins

imeotant to pay atehn ho dniym t imp data shuches e o
denign sfib conho) struchure
Osns data stucdune ontec technius, ist a (ogm's

Mehod los:
 () Dot low Oriented Derign:
ategat ed Cicuuh amd
Tmhoduchon d vSs, (Verg lovse Scle
Ssme mew oncite chual oncup Omple amd moYe

This denin kowsen m the idea hat wmajov cata ite homdld oy
gtem mwt hnt be idonhfed omd Hhen pocning es wite
dota itemwy to poduce h dind outpu ould bt deten mined,
The hmconyrotenes and data ins Hhat re rchomged sfw

oro, (Oata How Oiasscnm)!

pmoedal

(vi)
Objet ited Derign:

and impler obje-oiemted Dim

Nahial objch dated to o5lewy we idnhfd omol them
selctimip onony h owe detetiel
oop comcph.

Nt duwlopment cod be Aspec -Ornuntahn cint. Sunvt Denin embedtd

sstwore den.

life wmde mod

speikcaton \ecmiquen
(jet m omagemnt tecmgey
enkng omd quaiy nuaromie techniques
 enbedoed st

onnted

Doty r e
O

Cono)

Erlonatot

1960 2600 year

Chamg in sothone duwdomunt piachee

T is ct feche to ewnt 0s hm occwnns than coret ehem
n md hn yc dteded.
Sn modesn soc smle codin is jwt mal pavt taeve
o Maer achuiky \ke dehim, in sich seqwire moe etot
Requirmun) speuhcaton on d betw vinbili
Reiodic lwius for ohane containment fe s
lemned eo)ch md mei ane Hene fox quaiy onuor amce

Computur Syten Cmgincing

addneney
omd spiie hawchoan
Robot, tacng awtoma, cel pho, et
Requiemet
Hand or

Hrdawe

laonint
Dwelapmenl

MANAGmeT

Comuter Syoen Gnginenms

 SOFTWANE LTPE CYCLG mopLS
"A .fe yde model rwnbn he di Hervot a chvten hat mee del
to dewelop a sf hi are grodut amd seauemis

A sof hwe ife yde is

senn d ioeable shasey eh o a
shce poducd wnd50 ih ifeme ".

Porocen Ns ethocdolosy Procen imvlues l actioi~ey fmsat

parald wolcs a e
imvlwed . whtas mehodolos5 covrs ml a ingle o fe
achuhy
stass: feanibilihy scquitemunt omalgis spe ifcahion’ Aeign
wdin
maintunance
why to wse Lfe yle Modl ?
-Hlps h produce god quality prodyt s.
wt etechue n hodolos
AAso it encourayes dwelop mnt m a sytenatc omd is eiolined
momnet xeduing rvyetfaluren

hy docwment a ife yde model 9

Good s hware dwelont onsonitathog morn ally docwmnt a he
ntomain segondins oupud o oe pro dced at Hhe end st oiterent
phans and metodoloiy imto a cohunt famewone coled
st ongonizaios share devdogyment modu.
adtags
ß rewmh misinterptoti hich occwrs due to inadeuade
docummtaon. and a o provides daihy
idunkto imcosteng, edund am ciu and ommiclow im the
dwelonnt ocn.
phane ny amd Exit Citeia

Hauins cleat speifcaton makes it

wmplebom am d overa prosren st th project

CASSTCAL WATERPALL MogEL

6aved m tei

Stasy ane shoum m ciason

 feaibiliy shidy
Requisemenh omali
amd ipeahcahn

coimg and

System teshmg

clami cal Jatefa model

be broken imh a d i t t above sho phann moon

dawedopmumt phones
Relahue hot ea ch hane diags n!

I: Requis Um en} omalg

S. maimtenomce
SD

Phoneg

i) feani bilistudy
mon im o idunhy techni cal amd Hnam ci) feaibiby o oewlo (wwnt.

ro duct such on dada itus

rocemins m data,and.6elhawiowmad omkan
4. tn abstat poblern def , Oyi reawirmunh ot wstomers re caphrd
and et aels ore igno1ed .
2.

evaluaion ot diturnt s" shatesiy tten sn sotco ming amd

bemiih one analysed d bent s is demhd, eoxima ost,
cmalyss ave made
8, Requrennt am algsis and Specihcahons

Requinunnt gathunns Requiement

omalis
" 1. Recquinennt ogathing and amagis:
Gahenns 1eouimunh amd
Ondrstamding
i mcuntomr
omalynngt
awtomus ncquiemunt by satheis
Choal is b gemoue incomis
rdrnh
tency and imeomeletenun in seguiseg
Requirmnt Speciffcaion
squTemnh ses (sho ove
Requitumunt Speikcatom) do tumnt.
3 imp ontunh ses funcham al sea mom- funcenl Tea
and oads imelemntatm
{um chema scq dnmb
RTocenin n it fumehem o be supg orted imeut data
wncl o utput )
mon- fmchonl one idemhhy
prfmmce and seauie stoandands
ses is wnten in
end-w terminoloy be
Customer nd appvoved by hem. wndssod y
lw dewlomen comtac
team amd stms.

Hese stare anchitechwe is deed

Tuwo aDahw from ses doum nb
Trsadibond donim and Objec onnted oew
i Tradihn duien
appach:
Baned n data Moo mented apoach
frc) shauctured amalgis fequenmh md he
shuchured deim is dome.
shuchured omalnis fo csey un"whot meed h Ge done
and mot houo o be dome. Here m mad ey uigemenh
in ses are deeompoed in swb funciGm and
oum of ene are omalgcd amd eyrnmteo dataHow
diacTamaha
stuchued dein
modulk decomeoims sntemin
mon aondursnt
modles imte face and orlahm
Louw lewd cdatled) ndiviul moes r
 o) Object onented Deigm Aencch,
shuchre
nelohamips ae idenifd and tnen o bject
\ouw daw pnent h , l e n e k t amd beer vnaintaim al,iiy

) Coding And Oit Tenhng (imyleimentabm phene)

hom fonm soaNe dei imto sowrce
Cach mo dle
oram module is imdiidaltoted
*hmg muoluey eabms eachmnodde m isolahon with oth er

() Tntegation amd Syptem Teing

Imteot ed i planed mamm
integohon is done f stas omd dwng each se elaned
modly ane added and nwtamt Sntun is teted
Afen each mo dule is odded Gnal smtenis 4ented
Thhee kims o tening:
- tuhng : pufoned by deweepvn ent eem
2
-tenhmg fiendl set t womer
3
Acceptame tenins pfomed og cuo mer ihlf a odut
Aeivey and Hhn detewmned whether h acc ept oy yect it.

Tne dialey aw ss Stem tut plan is

oe d
pyor
mmted im toot eoTt.

(vi) maintnane

Isng Iontimg sst ores has igh hither opohm tttot eswre
ham shoter me

’ Covre chve maintenanc! Corsechms oy Hhatent dicoed ealie

dunms dewclopnyt phass
Rerfeche mainlenamee ; Imeovins imylemen taion o syntn amd
Unhom cims funch nalihs s per qigmnh.

Adahue Maintenomce sequised fox ponhng sfho ore to

oolc im me enommet
chort comimgs of uat erfalmodl
Tdedlmhc one 1n amy phans amd
s \eawes mo
coecim.

but reyumenh misl ch omse im neal

pojech
amumes hoat phans symnhad but on ophm lo catm
enoWrcy phane can ouwla in achco
scenann

ITERAT TVE
wATERALL mopeL
prouins
feebacK Ratls frn wyphoe rih
feebaclt ear alloLs peceedins eh cnes.
e

feanibiltiby shady
Reaquisemunt
nd spchcam amalis

Codins and
umit tnimsi
Sntegahn amd

maintena(e
T4eratNe usatertal mo del

P hane
Comtainmnb ns
Rmm aiple dete hns ers as close Yhei point of tmdyn

s4 cam 6e achiewd bg con duchs e i s e accl nmilee

t matey phonen ovla Hs
phone. eto)mtieann wih later
 Teihy

"Time
feonbity
Ctort over me im al ?tahve mode

Shortcomingn ot this model Cterative)

4

(ojed may sfn from.

2.

eojech 6nd it culh to low iid phone cuuemce

PROT0TY PING MOpeL

ure be fore Carnging ot acha dwlopmumt a ohtpe t splem is

bit. t s build wims hotuh (inaccat,inicent om d
dumy nch m).
fos gaiming 6te nirstm cins

Apelicaho
deweopimg Co becae t is eaie o mnalce opimu
erQeinins wiwoins model.
2n dedopms hey here enact t'cical st a e

to set it isht at st m so tis ynodl helps

impemible
adomtge
Alhoub rotobpe model cost addihon al o motohgpe but reducy
are wndeay omd
 Qeqummb

Quck

Qehmimg
Tyunmun
Dwlomn
and susonhe

Cusmur ewaluatio

Cntomer
Desis

Dwelonnt
Tyt

mainta

Pobype model

EwOLUTTONAR moDL Succenive vesi ns ot imc emntal moed?

Al Fit a shple model is buul+ hich swbseqemty wndersoe momy
onchmalihw imovumn and adaif ns unh\ denied ystmis achiwed
s" deni a htle,bwild a itte, test a tte, deploy a liHte!

" sohoe Tequis Ument boleen don imh

SeNLsad mods hat aG imirememtally comhut ed amol ddie
At AYS we mo dule(that don neecd sewvice fom emtier
Mode eated thu capasin are
uco min succenive ensiGm.
 A
A

A, s,c
ineumenla lly deweled an
delivea.

eolmang dewloment

aduomtagn:
poialy dweloped sst haore mch
betone Gna stem
Aeurately defmes wners 1equwnmnt md there is \enr
cose mo dule is tted Hoyouhl ee is len dhame
corse mDule.

disadoomtages:
dido probls o sewral rSimnat uowd be acc ptale
custo er ond wich can be imaumnaly imylmunted ondJne

Rough Reqiemun Cpucifcatigy

Tdenhy cone and o r ovt dewoped
inesumentally
pewdop cone model wnen9 an
irerahue atea mede
Colect stonw fcthbock an d
mo dify eaimens

2 den mert feahse and

dewelop it
AN featwes co mleled
Maint enance
 projech sutable

inmetmnlad imqlumntahum.
whene cntomw pstny o eceiwe oduc in innemmh,
Sn objedo eienhed ssttoore
deelopmen (rojeh

SPIRAL mopEL

mbye
e oducds dabosated md malyred and e isk at t t

islk homdlins:

. Det en mine 2. Tdenify

o6echves and ewole
amdl idUnhy isks.
allenae

plom hor He Dwelo

roduet

spiral mode

phanest spísad model:

Sdenify some feateodu boned on sui hy sf
and ho ruCçol it is .Îlem entaon t thee featue
atetnave sn ane ooed Aho
2
Qudd 2: Akewmathve saM are ewated ho sect byt cme
ning eonnpis. 2isto ane idmhfd and yolved
3 Dawelopims amd Nmhins mt lewed t duct.
4.Qvad4
plas fut mert itenuten

" Prsos amd Cow

Complr mo dal to kollov since it is isk diven thenetote Tasey

mose kmoledyasle slell.
mot suitale fo utoeed rojech

Aonoment oceeds ais modal cho iy pefectlg

move poueshu tham mooypims mo de ee isles oe o be
mown at bens

sisal as meta model :

on m a mo d
d adiantuyes of ot models are ncoposat ed

Sdechn appoiate model

9elected baned sn loias
hcadeishey ot sahoae b be cdevelop ec
2 chertacnsu the devdop mm t teom
hanatuisia t tomes

V-modl

Reyiement
onagis Stem
SyskmnTest 0eim Tehng

Hishlvl denig Validator

hanes Tntegahan Sntegahn haney
Tenhn
Coaim Uit
Uit tent deni

V-mode
 (19)
soFTWALe PeosÉCT mANAGEnErf

Tro ohans
(() Oenelomn ehane
tet cane dc i n and ovn o
ensng is one not nchhal tein

steps

adantages
() Teat cane amd olan for tentm i one eor)ir leadim5

Qualihy s At cares ae bter.

eiint we o m amqoon 6ecawse tet Acam i kepr
occupid ooughout
dina d omlase majol t walufall mo delo onl)

RAPID ACSION DENeLoPmEr mopeL

gdiy waler fal model

encooretey feaes o 6ohpobpimg and ewoluhm avy
major hoals: (adu omtag alho)
decsene ime taten cnd cot.
imit e cost of accomodins oamse
1educe commmicatio eut:

Wotleing ot AD
Dt takn place in ort eude senes ox iterchc . At amy
taam my cses n
o e made Sne a a me pruemiterahon omd lom
Time lamned fox each iteraseon is caed Time Box.
by te ncn adii t
Duins eac hmne Gox a quick n dixhy
Sme n chnadie is dewe pope o
?t an d oped. Cstomus ewlaleo
a s feed5acle
nos fante dwelopm unt : miminal es lammims
prooim
 arpi catonm:
Non-cot cal soren

Lanseshrer
mot sitable o

munolihic emib dhoey shich ca't be divided

foo im(smted dewelopnet.

ACTLE oeveLOemENT mopeL

hre certai conmon dhaa teishu.but hawes e difrenn

Ahm
Qick posjet comlehon asilihy is adhiwed bg Fting
encumes imt dewel (ymnt an d numoUing achui by notea cnd

At em, tu,
S m , te.

vmereentalls davelo ped, by itesch ve apygoael

Qa ch ? teraon is smal am d eanly manayye and \eyt

nt a hine n me imcremnt is plammeddweoed cmd

deployec at wy bmer te Wo \on9t m pla . Time box
Lomcupt
ewomer eyntahue is jm tehefeam'daia ao o
ons wib salceholders swiuw prosren ter eachiterci
Sm a
s Cs-o) neps m face to face cowmnicahon
and cllabose
Chemesally sited ho smay pooyet Gt fot )rse
Rroyec ditunt eawy con wovc

adwamtaye and din adw omtosey i

ayliy is ad mteye
lack o fmal do cument is disadantese whichicwrs
mawy eblem such ewiwins iss wey conmind isintwran
monteomce can be e6lem simce cewo(ers lecwe ttr
(ooject complet e
 SorTARe Peo5eCT MANAGEMENT

gOuy sothese deveoes

soPTARe Projet mamagumnt Comple

othwore
Camplete aml it is opsaona
changebiliy: Sofhoare pat is eay
itset chomgd ieh hequemt change and so most freaent
seauinent chemges
EJen mocetate precs (sdhare
o,atd) has
auta oupling comwnt w , etc.
(i)
Gy sof hware is wually wso uatco noy
wniqe fea o sahaso , makee if diten fom
cane iM o n domcins.
(9)

Co d wole b t here each fm chm ond teei aramtrS

Ca wplete comfosihy
Tm ovient ed and inelled orDnted wok 4

Job Ronpmbilig
broadl dassiied ino two :

froject Momiins amd

Plamning Com)
"Stosb immediaelg afo feonibitiy dwdomont
Sndy betore mequiUmunt omais
eomain9 characd erishes o oj c pvceed a per plam .
and them plamning acthviHy mizht chomye dm.
Thene ave
Twsed Hme to Hme.
 3
Slalls mec en I

Cheed quali tahue judsumnh and decisicm tdcims co alralih

mavnagumun,
mjt mamagent tocniques
ricw epemene cnd comicaken sleals.

PROsE CT PLANNING

" 31 is stoted amd completed beoe omy deuelo mvit ahuiy

Steth
falure vere Can lead oct (alre
Achuity ollowed here '.

Cost to develo poduct

Time ta dweo produc

schedulimg: to enbn ahon schedudes fr memgower amd okhor

dewcloped
skting sta ogamisacn me stating plom vade

Risk Manag event:

asat nent lcms
mis callenoy las :
conhgoim manayement plaws oe made

CAfost Cnt
Gimahon

Size
Csimaton

Duaon
roject
ebmahom Stheduins

. reced emce Ordenring among

planing achhn
 )
siding indoo Plomin
pl anned more accuradely oJY mo stasen.

This tecinques nelps hor l ar 5e proýech wich un over yeas cmd

(royee mmcg has incomplete enowledge mojct. Qve ime
Ranon ets ond faos h n and o mpleyheo be cama
ov me

The sene document o project elamigC

Omce plons is omplete , momys doumntt i r plasm
sth are pyec menasuunt plan (seme) clocuwnmt

Tarodu chon 4. o6jechvy

memament amd sechico combcu

Projet Csmaten (a) Hishoncal data ned

(b) eshmati cm techmiqs ned
(o

Schedule olk bcakdouwm chuchve

(6 Tanle tork erenatn

Poyecl Rerorces (4 People

(5)
() sQeual 2e(e
Stot or9omisotn. (aw Teom shchc
(6) monayement Repo hms
Risle Manasoment plam: ( eisk analpis
(cy linle Gimcten
(O)
einle abdement ocidues
Roject Tsaccins amd Con) lan (a Mehiy hoe hoackecl
(6) aclcins Plen
Conhleod elan
Miscallameow lan
(a)
ucliy amwamce Plam
(S Coniquabonat mcn cs,emenl da
(c) Jalidaton amal Unhcatm.
sytem Tenting lan
Dlivwy, malhm and Manenamie plam
meiescs

Aecurcute jeosie is moyt imeo tant fo wimate cl othr

and dua

Hme omcl me
Tue ehod (4 Liney Code (Loc)
(b funchm code Point (r)

(a) LINES of cope (LOc)

Simplest ond popu o

ossom
Gownhng no t soce imuchesny in cdevdop ed
ignon commen and neader lines

Oetrmining it at e end s p o t is eony bu t te

cam estim ate by stmatic gwen.
3t is done by divi cin wodle imo wbno ey and
so -m wnl leat-\wed modules ane mal enog to 6e
ee,
Add LOc comt ea

dinadwomtase:
t meanwre t codimg a i y alone wihis may

LOC depemcs wpem choice ct speihe imhou ms.

LOC meanws

LOC metie penoli wy ot werlevel 09samm

lCnguayes md code se.

LOc me anwen ny leaisal comlexib bwt d o t

adden \ogica cnd shuchra comlexihes.
oiit accut aely eshmate 0c
SReis cahon at s

() funcon Poimt Mie CFp)

many.feaduey woul d tenteänyb lasser site nan

erodut wih \en no s feoten.
a begins, ml
Tt com be eanly comted
fun chon qoint metic coweutat