CHAPTER 5

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

5.1 Exponential Functions

Section Objectives:

1. Learns to define, graph, and evaluate exponential functions.

2. Knows to recognize exponentially related life circumstances.
3. Knows how to apply knowledge gain from this section to develop solutions
to life actual difficulties.

Definition:

f(x)=bx is an exponential function with base b ; where base b is a constant,

b>0, b ≠1 and x is any real number.

Illustration 1: Which of the following function is exponential?

a. f(x)=4x b. f(x) =∏y c . f(x)=y3

Solution:

a. The function is exponential with base 4

b. The function is exponential with base ∏
c. The Function is not exponential since the base y is not a
constant.

Activity 1

Evaluating Exponential Function

Materials: paper and pen

1. Write down on your paper any exponential function , then assign value to
exponent x.
2. Substitute the value of x in the exponential function, perform the
mathematical operation to derive the value of f(x). See the example
below:

Function Value of x

f(x)= 3x x=0.5
 By substitution: f(x) = 3x

f(x) = 3(0.5)

f(x) = 31/2

f(x) = 1.73

3. Fill the blank to complete the table.

x
f(x)

Graph of Exponential Function

Illustration 2: Graph the following exponential functions y=f(x)=bx, b>1

a. f(x)=4x b. g(x)=2x

Solution:

1. List the values for each function in the tables below and substitute
any real number for the value of x.
2. Plot the points (x,y) and draw a smooth curve through points.

The graph for the functions are shown below:

a.

x y=f(x)=4x (x,y) 20

-3 f(-3)=4-3=1/64 (-3,1/64) 19
g(x)=3x f(x)=4x
-2 f(-2)=4-2=1/16 (-2,1/16) 18

-1 f(-1)=4-1=1/4 (-1,1/4) 17
0 f(0)=40=1 (0,1) 16
1 f(1)=41=4 (1,4) 15
2 f(2)=42=16 (2,16) 14
3 f(3)=43=64 (3,64)
13

12
b.
11

x y=g(x)=3x (x,y) 10

-3 f(-3)=3-3=1/27 (-3,1/27) 9

-2 f(-2)=3-2=1/9 (-2,1/9) 8

-1 f(-1)=3-1=1/3 (-1,1/3) 7
0 f(0)=30=1 (0,1) 6
1 f(1)=31=3 (1,3) 5
2 f(2)=32=9 (2,9) 4
3 f(3)=33=27 (3,27)
3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 The set of values for x is called domain of a function while the set for values
of y is called range of a function.

The domain of the exponential function y=f(x)=bx , where b>1 is the set of
real numbers, while the range is the set of positive real numbers.

Notice that both graph approach but will never intersect at x-axis. The x-axis
is called horizontal asymptote.

Illustration 3: Graph the following exponential functions y=f(x)=bx, 0<b<1

a. f(x)=3-x=(1/3)x b. g(x)=2 –x
=(1/2)x

Solution:

1. List the values for each function in the tables below and
substitute any real number for the value of x.
2. Plot the points (x,y) and draw a smooth curve through points.

The graph for the functions are shown below:

x y=f(x)=(1/3)x (x,y) 20

-3 f(-3)=(1/3)-3=27 (-3,27) f(x)=219x

-2 f(-2)=(1/3)-2=9 (-2,9) g(x)=3x 18

-1 f(-1)=(1/3)-1=3 (-1,3) 17
0 f(0)=(1/3)0=1 (0,1) 16
1 f(1)=(1/3)1=1/3 (1,1/3) 15
2 f(2)=(1/3)2=1/9 (2,1/9) 14
3 f(3)=(1/3)3=1/27 (3,1/27)
13

12
3.
11

x 10
x y=g(x)=(1/2) (x,y)
-3 f(-3)=(1/2)-3=8 (-3,8) 9

-2 f(-2)=(1/2)-2=4 (-2,4) 8

-1 f(-1)=(1/2)-1=2 (-1,2) 7
0 f(0)=(1/2)0=1 (0,1) 6
1 f(1)=(1/2)1=1/2 (1,1/2) 5
2 f(2)=(1/2)2=1/4 (2,1/4) 4
3 f(3)=(1/2)3=1/8 (3,1/8)
3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
 The domain of the exponential function y=f(x)=bx , where 0<b<1 is the set of
real numbers, while the range is the set of positive real numbers.

Notice that both graph approach but will never never touch zero. For this
function, as x increases, the value of y decreases.

Natural Base ℮ Exponential Functions

Definition: The natural exponential function is the function f(x)=e x , where e

is the natural base which is an irrational number approximately equal to
2.71828….

Illustration 4: Graph the natural exponential function f(x)=ex

Solution:

1. List the values for each function in the tables below and
substitute any real number for the value of x.
2. Plot the points (x,y) and draw a smooth curve through points.

The table of values for f(x) =ex

x y=f(x)=ex (x,y)
-2 f(-2)=(e)-2==0.14 (-2,0.14)
-1 f(-1)=(e)-1=0.37 (-1,0.37) f(x)=ex
0 f(0)=(e)0=1 (0,1)
1 f(1)=(e)1=2.72 (1,2.72)
2 f(2)=(e)2=7.39 (2,7.39)
 The domain of the exponential function y=f(x)=ex , is the set of real
numbers, while the range is the set of positive real numbers.

Application of Exponential Functions

Population Growth = A= Pert

Where A is the population at time t

P is the present population
r is the population growth rate

Illustration 5: Population of Pasay City

The population of Pasay City in 2002 was about 1,650,000. In 2005,

the population in Pasay City was about 3,150,000. The average annual
growth rate from 2002-2005 was 3.03 %. Using the exponential growth
function predict the Pasay City Population in 2016.

Solution: The value of x= 14 since 2016 is 14 years after 2002. The

population growth model is A=1.65e.0303x. Substitute x=14 we derived with
the answer 25.18 or 25,180,000 people in Pasay by 2016.

Other application of exponential functions are the doubling time

growth model ; A = P(21/d). The half decay model ; A=P(1/2)1/h; The
compound Interest once a year; A=P(l + r)t.

Aside from these, there are also the compound interest n times a year;
A=P(l+r/n)nt, and the Continuous Compound Interest which is A=Pert.
 PRACTICE EXERCISES 5.1

Name________________________________________ Score_____________

Section_______________________________________ Date_____________

A. Write if the given is an exponential function and if it is not.

_________ 1. f(x) = 6x __________4. f(x) = 2∏-x

_________ 2. f(x) = x-2 _________5. f(x) = e-2

_________ 3. f(x) = (¼)x

B. Draw the graph for each functions.

6. f(x) = 4x 7. f(x) = (1/4)x

C. Solve each problem using exponential models.

8. If the Manileños population triples in 4 years, how much will it have increased in 8
years?

9.The population of continent Asia increases according to exponential model

P= 85.5e0.024t , where t is in years

a What will be the population of Asia continent in 7 years?

 b If t corresponds to 2010, what will be the population of Asia in the year
2016?

5.2 Logarithmic Functions

Section Objectives:

1. Learns to define, graph, and evaluate logarithmic functions.

2. Convert logarithmic form to exponential form and vice versa
3. Knows and apply logarithmic functions properties
4. Recognize and evaluate natural logarithmic functions.
5. Knows how to apply knowledge gain from this section to develop solutions
to life actual difficulties.

Definition: For any real number x>0 and constant b such that b >0 and b≠ 1,

Y = logbx is equivalent to by = x

f(x)= logbx is a logarithmic function with base b

logarithmic form: Y = logbx

exponential form: by = x

Illustration 1: Write the equivalent of logarithmic form to its exponential form

a. b. c.

Solution:
Illustration 2: Write the equivalent of exponential form to its logarithmic form

a. b. c.

Solution:

Illustration 3: Evaluate the following logarithmic expression

a. b. c.

Solution:

Basic Properties of Logarithms

1. logb1 = 0 since b0 =1

2. logb b = 1 since b1 =b
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

Illustration 4: Graph the given exponential and logarithmic functions.

a. b.

Solution: Make a table of ordered pairs for

Common and Natural Logarithmic Functions

Definition: The common logarithmic function is with base 10. The function

f(x) = log10 x is usually written as f(x)=logx

The natural logarithmic function is with base e. The function

f(x) = loge x is usually written as f(x)=ln x

Basic Common and natural Logarithmic Properties

log1=0 since 100 =1 ln 1=0 since e0 =1

log10=1 since 101 =10 ln e=1 since e1 =e

The graph of f(x)=logx and f(x) =ln x are shown below

f(x)=logx
 f(x) =ln

Application of Logarithmic Functions

Measuring Earthquake:

Richter Scale 1- The intensity I of an earthquake is measured using

I =log A/P

Where A is the amplitude(measured in micrometers)

P is the period( measured in seconds

Richter Scale 2- The magnitude M of an earthquake is measured using

M = 2/3log E/E0

Where E is the energy released by the earthquake (measured in

joules)

Where E0 is the energy released by a very small reference

earthquake equal to standard value 104.40 joules.

Richter Scale 3- The magnitude R of an earthquake is measured using

R =log I/I0

Where I is the intensity of an earthquake

I0 is the minimum intensity for comparison equal to 1

 PRACTICE EXERCISES 5.2

Name________________________________________ Score_____________

Section_______________________________________ Date_____________

A. Write if the given is an exponential function and if it is not.

B. Draw the graph for each functions.

C. Solve each problem using exponential models.

D.
5.3 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Section Objectives:

1. Learns the law of logarithms and apply in expanding and condensing

logarithmic expression.
2. Solve an exponential and logarithmic equation.
3. Knows how to apply knowledge gain from this section to solve life actual
difficulties.

Definition:

An exponential equation is an equation with exponential expression that

contain a variable in one of its exponent.

Examples: 4x = 16

ex – e-x= 1

A logarithmic equation is an equation with logarithmic expression that

contain a variable

Examples: log5 x =125

ln(x +2) + ln x = 16

Laws of Logarithms

Let b, M and N be positive real numbers with b≠ 1.

1. Product Rule for Logarithms

The logarithm of the product is the sum of the logarithms

 logb (MN) = logb M + logb N

2. Quotient Rule for Logarithms

The logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms

logb (M/N) = logb M - logb N

3. Power Rule for Logarithms

The logarithm of a number raised to an exponent is the product

of the exponent and the logarithm of the number.

logb MP = p logb M

Illustration 1: Use the laws of logarithms to expand the following

logarithmic expressions:

a. log2 (3xy)

Solution:

a. Use the Product Rule of Logarithmic

log2 (3xy) = log2 3 + log2 x + log2 y

Illustration 2: Use the laws of logarithms to write each expressions as a

single logarithmic expression.

a. log2 3 + log2 x + log2 y

Solution:

a. Use the Product Rule of Logarithmic

log2 3 + log2 x + log2 y =log2 (3xy)

Properties of Exponential and Logarithmic Equation

a. One to One Properties

bx = by if and only if x=y

logb x = logb y if and only if x=y

b. Inverse Properties

blogbx = x

logb bx = x

Illustration 3: Solve the following exponential function: