Data gram Aproach t

In the dala gram app roach to packet gwitching , eah pocket

fsTseated indepen dently rom al Other8 - patrets fais
Technelogy ane refered to as. "datagrams"
Bhows how The datagram approach Can be Uscd to
delvefeur packets to stato 'A' to staton 'x
thiy Éxample , all tour packat (or data gram ) be long
a
to the ame me age but may go by d}erent path
theis destnat'on.
to rea Ch

Can Cause he data gramg of aTransmitaog

wThis approach
to anive al the i deatinat'om out of Ordes . Tt i -he
respo nsi bf lr y of the Trans poA t laye in mot preto Cols
On to Thev
to re or der the data gram4 before patnag them
destrahon pot
A 3ourle

(O0DD

B
Desiaahon
dia t-Data gram fppro ach
Can Cotain
these Cliame is Capable
hrutplo (Lanney . Lack o-
goveral
etheT from
Turn, of Co y'g ctala grm
g
ditfereat Seurtes Or fhom Maliplexng Can
be dene U*g ToM or) FDM (Hig0)
A

X
B

Multple Canel fa dala gvom

In a 6) cevces A ad approath
are -kendiag
to dev'ces X and y. dalagrany
Jome path 3 U3e ohe la nnel
Other Ue more Than one . wil
A You
You Can
Can tee The bo tom
two pacet3 rom diHerent
The ame ourles h
dieehon. the liak on the right,
howeveti&
Vistuat Ciacuit
In the
App0aht
Vintual l'ncat
Arproath to
pac kits belon Pa cket SwrtCliy
preseved,
gg to a mess ge or Se en
when
Trunrniion Tiavel
Suute.
One after QnotheY
that

() Sut4Che d
vinunt Cinceit |Svc
To Thig methot
a
wheneve it tg Vintual
needed nd Ciscuit
of the spe iic Ex Chawge sly -fot Bhe dura
 A' wan ty to gend
Vo Example , fmagina that steto
to ta ien irst A' reque+5 the
pacxots
Rtablishment Connectom to x'.
parets are sent
tonle the Conneetim is in plale gthe
Orde when Tthe
One after ano theh
and i8 Se 9uen tiaI
has been releived and, nece
lout pazet
The Conneeh en i relased and That viatual
nowledged
Ceases to Exist

sigle route eists fod the duhaton o

one
alternate
Transmjion al though tne netuoo ak Could pick an
uute ia Respon4e to aiuse (or) Conges hior
A

ta )Connechoa establish ment Jia Dota Trans

-fer
A.

B X

ig Conmeckon Releate

That A'. wishe to Communi ate wtta x

Each Hime
new route is e stabli -ghed. The route may be the same
a
nlwo Condt'ony.
O) di Herent, tt dependu On
 Per manent Uintun Cir cufh t pvc ) -
VTn thit ne thod,the game Viatual
be tween t o U4ers on a Con
tinuous bais. the Ciacu
provid
is dedt Cated to the gped4c U-sers. No one
Qud ,be Cause it is alnys in Plae, ft Can Uet
Can be Uded
wthout Connect on etablh ment
and Connechon
terminaton, in pva Users
aloays 9et he same You
A

X,

pesmanen t Connechn.
Mesage suthig
si- Pye
Metoage gutcang be st
tem gtore and ewaad"nKnethigLon by the descaphe
receiv a me mechan sm Qnode

oute stoves UnthThe ^RP sopalae

In hi Te chnt q4e here
Sends il along
i
3ende and receive direct
R deltvered hoThe of
meiag4
node
Qothe to ty aldesia
bng hon.One Path hen outed
Message Sutt
(970'5 The
Usu
Common
Thave
high lavel beeu to
devtCes. (brwad Cost ) by untntellig
 Store ond-feruoad Shoe
and fonood

Mi
Store and Store and
forward forward.

ig: Meage suiteaeng

Compar sion o! Me%age Ciacuit ud pact
Parametea Metsage |Cscutt Packet.
Telegraph nlw Tele phone Internet fe
Applic«k'onf Trangmision Nwfo bi dala qramand
diaech'on al heliable Sham
of Telagramd of
Uoice Signalt. Yeal tmedata Seav'Ceg.
Transfes b<w
Computirs.
R
Iofematon Ba udoet |Análbg Voice
Type AscIt Sfeimaten
3: Transmirice Dgi tal Data Analsg and Digital daa
sytem over d'fferent Digiel data
Transmii on eyent Tran -
media. Transmihon mii'on
media. med'a.
4
Routiag
Scheme
Manual Dedicated path Each
pac ket
-jalyo) Youted
 Encdng
A Compute nelwox fs de gtqne d to end
from One petat to Qnother Thi infomaton infnal
needgto
Convented to et4her a digt tad
7
Bmlyion. ualeg igual a Tro
Data enced'ng is a
analeg data Analog stgnay entodg
degttae 'g vas.
Diyital data Digths Digttal gnal. Dala eulodg
Analog fiqnal
Digt lal -te - Digftol
Gnver$Son
) Liae Cadtg Shems
itt) elecx Codng
t) Scrambleng
Analog - to - Digtad Gonvarstoni
) pulse Code Matulai on [pCM]
it) Delta
uodeulaton (DM)
Digi tal -to - Analog Conversl en t
?) Ample tude shft
tt) frequent
Key'ag
it) phage
Analg Aualg Conver ion
i) Atnple hude oceulahon
) fequncy Aioculakon
Rr)Phase iotulakon.
) Lne Codegi Digilat -fo -Digital
Lene
Codenq sThe po(e &s of Converkq digtaldal
to digttol signals e aiiume Thal- data o tom
To xt num bers r g aphal imaqeg Viedeo
Qlidio, and
 are $Tored in Computer emony y Senue nte3 of brts. Line
L.o
Codtag Conve sts a Sequende of br h to a digttof Signal -At
the âendes , digitad dala are enCodo d tato a digf tol ignal ;at
The. reeives,The digi tol dala are re Cyeated by
The digt tod
digitol
Sende
gnat. -the ig: shouo s line Coding prlo. decediag
Receive

D.ftal data Digttat ig nal boooDDD D

DEgital data
oollo olol (ol
Encode De Codas

dig: Line encodeng and de Codeng

fe) Line Cci'ag schems

Unipolasat NRZ

Polas NRz, Rz, biphae (Man

heste a and dff, Man chesta
Bipolar AMI and pseudoternay
Line Codg Mul kleve i Bra, 88| 6T, and HD-PAM=
MuikTransihon MT-3 .

Un polas Bchemei
polas Scheme au the S'gnal Levels
One gide o. The tne 7axjs, erh es al ove
(0r) belou.
NR2 (Nen- Return-to- 2eho) :-In Nez The po &i kve
Voltage detines btt 4. and The 2er0 Vo Hage didnes
bit 'o' . I{{s lalle d NR2 be Cause The s'gnal dees
at retun o 2ene at he Mrddle ofrhe bit.
Amp
V

Scheme.
 Pola Scheme.
pola Schemes , the Voltag3 are on tthe
of The ime axis. Fd
Et ample The Voltaqe both id,
0' Con be Post
posttive
Hve and The Vo lHage leei a Level fo
Nagatve. Can be
Rotun to 2ero (22)
Retun
alt ve, 2eno. -to2ere,
Value, posrkve, negak Trem igwth'a
Ne Uses th.
The -signal
Yemaly
Weeethat
Theae the begianiag of Ttie neit bit

Time
Biphase Man che-stes
and
In Man che gTe en Derental Manchest
tuoo hal veodiag ,The durahiom
s . The of nthe bt it
the finst haltlqnd
Be Cond half.
Voltoge
moveg 1to
Yemaina at One Level
tue othes level ia The

Amp

Mon chese
Manchegteraud

Deffevenla
Nauehes
tas
Anp
DIMerentay
Manchegto Entotg

Time
Next bt is1
 In piferental Manchestea. bit Values are detea miaed at
T the next bit is o' theeia
The bgianing of the bit
Tha nfon

Bpolas Scheme 3 -
Tn Bipo la sche mes we Use three Leves : postive
and negalve
AMI and psodu oternany i
Altenat've Mark Cnversi on AMI], tae word Maa k Come s
Som telegaphy Qd means 1. o AMI Means altes
nattve 1 Cnves &i on.
Analual 2ec Volage repre *unls bi4cy'o.
altewa h? Portve and

An

AMI
ttme

seudeternay tne

AMT aud pse deuo tes nay enodug.

Block Cudeng6-In Genenat . blecu Codtag Changes
bou ofo' bit ato a block of n' betr wheren
i8 tluan' m Block odig is vefered to as an
lange
mB<n
nB]n enCodtay Technt qe.
Dlvson ofa steam
m bfr
Sato m-bit goep
[mB-t -nB
subglt ke hor
n-bit grps
o10 lo!Jol|t Cam bing,
2at a slseam
 yodulalion DMig:
stairCaieMae Delay
data Digiat
oto Camponata
sgna! Analog
Madeulate DM
ecllahn Delta
A
Code 2akon quauk Kaaupl
A. ¿e
bit Stecumi
of as Coded en are Balues uantiaed qThe 3.
Siqval. Quantied
2ed quantt is
dignal pled am3The
Jm: 3ignal PAM
Messoge
frepSample Hs.
Sgnal
y
pdle fam e nal analog
q The
encodes. peM g:
igihl
lzingyEncados Sampengaun
aigual Analog
Codeh. EnPCM
Modulakon: CodeOpulse
Digikal Analeg
- t-
 (Digital to- analog Goven sien

Cenveatag digthl data to a baud pas analog ignal

is Called digttat -to .aualog Convenaion.
(o Amplfhude shift keying [As«:
Arnp
I4 dgttal data ae pre sented ag
Unipolas Nea , Dgitat lgnal with
a igh Votthge of (V' aud a lo Msg 3igveal
Vo ltage o 'ov. he Resaitent Ask
Bgual is obtiae d byj mutkplyag
Uipola NRA signal by Canie igual. Canier Big nad t
when he Anpli tude of the Ne Siguat AA
I3 ignal is pre sent ea AsK. e meand
ON A8k:
A3K is do Calle d On-off Keyig
(t) frequuny shift keyag Fak]
In Fs k (or Bpk) We Contid 0

d2 fa the follooi ng Mag signaf

Diagram we
asiume i the
wich is poible when M4q signa
Value ig
wwea is poible when

A
it) phase shift keying [psK] :
One wSt
In psK We have too signals element
a phate of o Qud othe oith a phade of I8o°
 ag signal

CarieeBignal
phase sufk
Psr sigual

Amalog -to- Analog

Ampl tude Modu lakton:

t
Meage igna

tAmax
Cauhies 8ignal
tAmin

Hodelatad ynal
Am Co Wet
C(E).
Sat)- (^tn) Coswet
 trequenay Modulakon i

t
Nesage Bignal
Amp

t Caiu Sgol

bagtay kadakhd
dgual.

Phase odulakon

t Message tigal.

Can Sig nel

LAn?

Phas Modulated
Siqnal,
 Asyn Clhonous ommuni akon /
Asynchn wous Commni Cabon
of aigwat
Eack gAoup. Ugualy lena'st
7
Wtth out syn Choen 2aton
he Lecelve Cannot Ue
Phedtc when the nex qaop wll
ave. To altert
aani Val of a new g oup, there t e an Ex ha bt is to he
the adde d
beginnag of eaee byte. hts btt
stot bi t.
To, let he re ceive Knou Ta The byTe
I(0r) more
addonol bit are ppe nded to he end ofe
byte hese bi
By This Nethod, e ach byte is
|nCreased A3te to at
least lo bil3, .of oich bi 4 is
6) m
be are in-flmahon and abi
slgnals to The
In
Rece'ves.
adAHon, The Tiandmi ol each loyte may then
be fo llowe d
a gap of
be repre Jen te d eithe by
vaying
an idle hannel a Strar
o addt onal
stop bets .
The stt an d
slop bits aud the 9ap al trt he Receivt
to the
begimig
Sqn Chonie wfth he data sGam
Te am
e ac byte and alow it ta
This Me chanim i3
Called Aynchmeus
Re ceive dete cth a
atimes aud be gins Countfag Come i0- ABe

'n'bito he Receiveb loaky f a st.p bit . A oon as

dtects the slop bi (I usai ts Until it detocts The next

the dolloig
tis kxaple the slart bis as Hsynchoous transmi
and the gap js repre gnted by an ;dle line ratb er Than
by addiional gtop bits.
Dinechon of data

Slop kt
Sendes olol Recaiver
Gap be lween
data unt b

Ja: A3ynchoous Trans mi4sion.

wThe adto of stop and tloat bR and in feation oe
Bups into ehe bt eam make
asynch nonous Transmih
slowes zhan orns
But is Cheap and Eteckve Haia adu anlage of
Asynchnoueus Com mu Cath'on i low - peed CommniCaken

V d Example, The Conne ch'on of keyboard to a Cenpati

isa naunal fe adyn chorooug Transmihia,
otr.at at'me
Syn chronous Tranmithion -
Combi'
VIn ynchroou4 Trungmizon, The b't sliam is
ned into longe drame g " whh nay Contain mulkple
bytes.
4 L
In Syn Chronou s Trandml4ion , we dend bfs afte
anothe wih out gfaat b) stop boty ) gap. Tt is
The Respon $ibel:ty of the ReceiveA the bra
Dizeckon of Jlao
ane rame
Yendir

ig: Syn Chneneud

(andmihiom.
Vfom The a lt he fendes oihe: to Bena dat
Se anate burtt
s he gaps belween burst
ed wib a Speci al must b
means id le. The Recaives Count The btta
gAoap hem tn 8- Brt Unit.

Ttvatyntngof the Recelved Vay im po tant (3 he cause

be Come
the
Dn the abilety
in-fetmahon Conm pletely den
of the Recei
Caunt of the bie vig Aevice to Keep an
atuy
btte as They Come in.
VThe aduantag: of
fThi rea on, t i3 Bynchanougsantmjin
more
Spees.
U3eful - high peed ap.
i3

Gmpute to anoth e
Tranmi-oa of data from One

Note :
Altough ese is no qob belwoen
in 3yn chnonou4 e ia Clana
Un even gap bt lween rame. Tsaninio, There moy be

IsoN Suvite3 Wa3 IsON];

Tele CommuwCohi on developed by ITU-T
Uaion fo Tele Ineneo
lot ols Tat omnuni
Tt i4 a set of pro G on
daa deae Combines digtta! Tesp
The Goal
of TiI SoNansport3 toJeaviCe
ferm Q wde aroq neleoettat
phoude Untversal end lo end
Connec butty
Histog
Jofle Comnuni Caen
auvalog nlso
VesAual
telecommc eg
Cakony Ndeoixs egtely Were
Were
of anay tof mal'on ia The The Tianim
Joops Co nne cltag The -form of Vetce
Sub Criber's and,t to he Teleple
 Conpaw's Cetnal offe. were abo analag.

land line Central lephme aletucnt

Telephent
offce lanalog)
Lolal loot
[Analeg ]
Hg i- Voi Ce CommutCakon veA analagtelaghon
NetoaExemple : PSTN publ'c Swi4hed telephone

Netoone' oVer Aralog Ntusonki

Voce audpaa Commit Caheng
-SubCtbey nee
With advent of dig? tal proleing
data ag oi Ce . "Hodems"
ded.. to ExChange.
Over E*isha
ahe de veloped to allow
analong Lines,

Laud ine Centra)

offce
Telephone
Lo cal loc Telephome
WeiooK
( Analo g)
Centa
(Analg)
offfce

(Anelog)
g-VoiCe and data Cornmui Cohon OVer an analog
NoiooL
telplana
Tnleqraled Drgtkal toore IDN:
perovmarne ,the Tlephong
To Ro duo Co st tmprove.
digtal Tec hnalogies
Companine s 9a ducty begon to add fer v:Ce 4. Three Tpeg of
Theia analog
Lourle Contouig in this proe gles .
Custoner fden ti-fiod
() Custo mer9 Analog acttekieg to Tionsmt
diq tol Sobimak! Via Flodem.
 Tradttenal Customers heir becal
analag pu pets.
Custemes Using dqitoL Seuces TiÍntmit
Tion
in-frmeak
7

Land line
Tlephone
loal loop
(-nalog) Te lephene
Nelaook
Lolal loop analog ad
(CAnalog) dgit!
bigstal
Co -Avalog
Cental
Lo Cal loop
(Digta)
f: Analog and Digttal eavi Ce OVea The
Telaphone n.
The Telephone Comipanies Caeated
Newoes ToN'3] An Trtegrated Digtte
ToN is a Combinalon of nlac
(Cincutt,paceet aund Me sage Suitlwng
defferent purposes. NeoorEs) avatlade
Pipes We Can
Accei The petworKs
which ane Hne - mu i (olexed
Bpeed poth f. Channek Shaing venyhigt

Cugtomere Cam Use Thei

Nefce aud data to the'a Folal logpi to Tran smt
lolephone Conpany Contral
The of-ftce than dihecta
These Cally to The appo
pniate dgttal netosnKs Uia the digital pips.
 lantline
Te l phone
Lcal Loop Digie (pacuot
(aualog)
Tele.. Coa ufE
Central
Lola office
loo Me sage
[aalag)
t
Jecal loop
(Dgitai)

Inlegnaad Svtes Digttal netaou:

The tsDN frlkqnals Casbmen Sea U Ces with The IDN

To Reteive The Mantmam bene ft from The Bo egated digital.

Netwoak3 . the nert stey ie to re plate The analog lcal laps
wfth dgital sub SCatben loops.
ISDN fncoporaes all Commun laton Conneetons în
to a tiagle in ter face '
home (o) buieTsDN
K
IDN

teme Ppes Packe

TSpN
offce Ciueu't

othes Senviteg
Wokshi
PerdenalCorlputn
iack U3er i-s Linked to The Cental tice thaus
a di tal ptpe the se Pipes Can be d:leent appl Cakony
data nates
(o4) diffeent Gpabrltes to allocd diffesent
 ud uppont different Sub Seiber eed 4.

The TsDN Standard de-fines

Three hannetype
{) Bea rer (B)
i) Data ( D)
i:)
B-Channel3 -
VAbearer lannel Suppeat data ral upto
Can Suppoat 6ukbps,o
it Can Canay ay type of digt tal inor makon ta-Sul.dug,
Mode a Long as th riqured TI data rate does nat
Ex Ce e d

Severa Trandmii on Can be alGom mo deted at ônce

he ignals are. thuliple xe d first. Mulk plexed Caniy
Tanmi dom end- to-end. rt i4 not designed fo de hulkgn
a Stiean iA 0ade to Separae d'veat Tra
Smi iem to more Tan the one recipient

D.Chanelso
9 data Cuaunel (D chanel ) Can be eith es 16 (or) 6uka
Be funckon of DClanne l is to Cay
eortrolsigwai
Conthel fafema'on
fe The B Clannel

prto Cols such as Cal establisk

ment
ringtng Call iateru pt, 04 nchnontaba ) i5
Canied by The Same Clhannel that Casnies The Meage
data.
A0 Chau net easaiey The Contrel Srgnalanp
the Chennels ia a given path, Usin9 a Mehod Called.
Connen hannel (OA) out - of bond gna luy
A Sub Sfb The D.
Channe'
Uges
to the ñelwon and onnehon
geCune. a B Channe! to seod aclia
The subS(nibes Then Uses The B-Clannel
 data to aattea an o-her User AU The Dov(es atached
to a givtndub scvtbe a loo U3e the tame Dehanney fol
3ig naltlng but each dovte- Bend4 daa Ove a B
Clannal ded' ated to a ntinqle E'xchange of the dat

Dling
D Channe l Sintlas to having a Tilphone bp
ato place a CaufoT you. you ptck op the phene and
tell the opeiator what tipe of Call you wiah To plare
and The num be you wiah lo Contact.
app hop ai for yee
Opn Line
The opera o tnas you the bchann
panty an a Connect;
needy , rings your
netwo k
acts lt ke. an 0penaloa be hueen the useA and the

are ave lable with dati

y bard Channels -Channels )
1536 kbps (Hn) os 1920
ratia of 38 Ly kbps (Ho) Cahens, uch ay
Aigk- dafa rate
Kbps | 4I2) .Ued fo
vdee,tele Conerenlg
User Interfalest
Digttal Sub sCa bes are
too ypes .
)Ba3tc Rate fater-fate IBRr
2) patmany Rate ilenface pRI7
BRI: the Ba stc Rate Laterface. ( BRI) Specihes a digikt
Prpe Consistaq of tuoo 8g' Clancla and One t6 kbps D. Clannc.

T tpN otrate .

Gy (Bi) +Gy (B:) + l6 (o) + s(over head)

BRI l92kbps.

The BRI 5hu Ce is ike a laAge ppe. tha ont ains

nd one
three snaller pipe s, Too -fo the B- Chanel
 f he D- channcl.The Re maindes op he
Ppe Ca2ie*s The ovevhead brts Requined -fe t Bpate
Oprah
t
theBET 1s desiqned, to meet the
the eds
needs oP .re denkal
and Small offee Customers 4pplCatons .
PeI -
Patmag rat itorface pectios a dig' tal pipe w'n
Q3 B Channel and One Gu kbpa
kbps D Clamet

|budeg
PRI 544 Mbp To TSDN
fnterface
B4x23(Bi-B 23)+t Gy(D) + 8(ove head )
one PRI Can prevtde al -duplex Comm Cakian
Cab'on blo
8ourle and deshation. the ndiv dual ranmi iory
ase Coltetted fon thei Boures and uihple xed onto a
Single path ( dg:tad ubstes lne) Br, Sending dato
Ssom sourle to destaon (TSDN ofßce).
Broadbond ISDN;
Next Gene nafon o Techelogy , an
IsDN) Called krtenin of
Broadcnd ISDN B-TsDN). the oigid
narooband N-TSDN].519"
Prevdes substbers to The neuok weth the data al
ae Ranges of 6oo Mbps, almo-t 400 times fostes
than the pRi rate.

B- TSpN
Snvi Ces

Interackive
Disl bulive
Seuice
 Ioter actve Seavices are thoie t a t Pequire too
ay Excanges belween to ub scatberg or) blw Subsatt
be and Seav le Providea . The se seaV: Ces ave Clotid
a

) Conver sat'onal
2) Me4sag'ing
3) Retnie val"
) Converakonal ;- ConVersatonad eve4 are those.
Sueh as telephene Calls that ppor t Real- tme xchon
-g8- telephony, Video telephn y Videro Con feren'ng
dala Tansfes, ].
store and foad
2) Messag'ng i- Me5ag tng seav'C
Seav°Ces are

ErChanges- these Seavles ase bidihectonal, meantrg that

f'me!
al pas hes ia an Ex Chanqe Can U3e them at The ame
U4ed to
3) Retate val;- Re faie val BeauCes ase those.
Cen tral Sour(e Calle d
heteve iatel makon from a
acies.
they must allou pub lie deman.
an afelmab'on Centea. retaieval iaformaton on
aud alous U3ers to

Example Vide odata -fem onlne- lrbrasy.

Untdine chionalAU.leA Sent
sub Srberg. hese eavCes Can
20m a pov'des to
be wethout (o) Weth UseA Conlo:

i) Wh out Us Control -
Tv poogammi Content and
Example - Cormnen (Cal
the wse
ene3 aac de cded by the poeUide alone
heClamel.
Can turn o9 The Tele vision and Clange
but Cau net Tiquest a poeie regam
edu Caktoal broad
at plyTu, oth playTv
lastg, eka dves lging
humbea o
avarlable a lntted
a eagAan i8 made
Aime to view The pro gram wth
Ra that tine slolt4.
 2)
pe Hayos Three o o2
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