The oSI Kefexence Model

nnre kon
Spen Syslem iter Cennee fion is a Set of prolocd,
Chat allows ay drtlevent Syitms o Commai Cate
jard lekis of theis Undrlying anclale ctae
[or]
the OST Hadel ig to fcrlt
Commui Coton betweeu d.ent Syt mg orwithout
tle logte of the undlgiag handou
aud Sof wae
The osI Model fs not a
sdel fes Undor þre licol : ft is
istandeng
htetn that canding ad
and
etble,
deigng a

OSI Cnsi s5 of Se venn robust ad inter ojerade.

a pant of the loyer& , each layer de-ey
a hewo xk proces of Nau'ng irfimakoa

Presentohoy
Se Btom

Tran 3port
Newoa
Data lak
physc al
fa (2) 0SI
layer3
 Establ:shed ia 1947o The ntenationad standavda
Orgont2 aken Ts] is a mul ti nafinad body deditatad
to woald wide agreemen t On Coter nat'onad San davda
oST is fntoocucd a Tae year lato.
Klame of the
Layer Appltcakom protocol Uott ExChengd
applcahonAPDU

pre Sentaken prato ca| -peantalippo

6 Jprcsintalonk

JSeshio
Seion
-Semon spou

Transpon t_protocol. -fronspant TpDu

(Tianspontk
Comngnt Cahon Subnet Baunag.
3 |Nelwonk alelwerKpacket
Ne lueae
loonk
LaternalSubnet
porotoco|
22 Data ltak ka Data lax k bata laoKkk-oala liak (frame
paa Iiak

physrcal phyi' cal Bit

Host A Rouler Router Host B.

Nelaonk Cayer Hoast- Routr- pro

Dala leak
phyatal
OSI Re-fercnle nodel.
 function of Fach loyer
Ophystcat layeri
i) J
OVer a physi al
Meclium . Ttdeot
To Canry a bit Sheam
Specflakon o
wof th the Mechan? Cal and elec th Cal
the trte face and trcans miion medium
i) It ako de-ney the precedun es and-func k'eny that
irtor focy have lb porterm fe
plystcal devtes and fnter
transm iios

plystcal LayeL wttb Reapeet to the Toansmiin Hecun

aud the data lEax Layes.
From dan linx To data lu
layer layu
phy&cak
H1o1oloomlPH
layc's.
Tran Smi5on Me duum

4* The physt caf Cauer s fesponu: bk

be fes MoUemends db
ndivdual bi5 from one hop (Nbde) to The Neat nNde:
The phy si cal
kayer fs also Concerned
Siloutng:
) Phy s^cal Chanacter stec of inteaces aud
medum.
The phyat cal Layer dotnes The clasaeterighty ofthe
Roter f ace be tween The devt(e ano
the Transmi#ib

R) Repre ntaten ofbt6 : The

phuystcal dosz dal
 data Con8iati of a ttea m of bib CSequene of os
(or) 5) Io TianS misien bi5 Mut t be enCede d tata
Sgnaly - electical (o2) optcal. Tt also dene tepz
of Encodig
v) Data rate i- The numbey ofo bit sent eah SeCond
br Sent
ts abo detined by physi cal (ayers.
ayers. phyical layer
de-finy The dunah'n of a bet
v) Synchrent2akion of bi7:- The Sender a n The

keceiver ClocKs mustbe Synch ron ed. I Sender ahd

RecetveY btt tat is Synchvont tod-]
ve) phytcal Topelogy - tte phyaical toplosy dotirnes
he
Connecte d Pnake to a
hew devicey are

Devrtey Can be Connected by Ueng Mesh, bus, Rtag

sto OY hybnsd apology
Ve)Trons mi&sien Node - Defines The diheckon
ianmithon belween -two devrCus
Hode iR
Simplex - The Sim plex One -

Comnun Catton. Key beardz (Ex).

Dineck om of data
Sendex Re ceiver

Hart- Duple x - n the Hatf- Duplex tode

Can Send and feceives but not at The
devices
Same tme. Walkfe- Ealkie 3 (Ex) .
Dinechon of data at a
Jender Receim
Dinec h'onm of dala at a ftme 2
Hun, Duplex; - wo devcey Can Send and Receive dala
at a same tne. tele phone (EX).
Sender biech'n Recelver tene.
 The data Link ayer
Respeible tor Tvansforiaq dala UatG from an
One
is
ethout errorS.
Staiom to the next staken
-The data link Layer ts Rrsponsble tor mouraq b
-Srom One node ta anothex node.
From ne looak layer data Untts =frame
H2 Daa
|H2 Data 72 tame
Daa lenk laye,
bata lnxlay4
To phyatcal layer fion phyic laye
Daa Liak layor
i) framtag - Tthe data Link laje
D bi e(eiyed from The divsde4 The scan
a w layer into data
Callede Frames .
unta
f) phyaCal fddre ing :- The dala
to the fame to defene the Sende Lnk layer adtd s aheadu,
y and or Receiver o
the farme .
ifty ow Cootbol:- I he Rale at
whfco The data are
absorbed the Receive s Les than Tthe Rate
hy
dato at which
produe in the Sen der. The data Liok
d
Consis a fow Conbol me chani cn to laye r
Amcunt dala af KeCei ver. toFlou Centbol
avod Large
refers to a
Bevder Can Seud betoe, re sbict .Te amount setoe of
dela
prece duuy se
that the
Coo trol - the dalawatig Jor,
Link lagor aCknowleg9 mevitn
to The physiCal layea ad Reliabrlkty
Aud retvans mit damagid (oA) Mechaoimg t detect
Lost -(rame&, ft aso
ReCogni 2e cuplt Cat trames.
tra ErorContol sis nor mally
 achieved though a
tatler adde d
toTeend
of thoframe
v) Acce &8 Contoli when two (on more deviTes are
Connected to the Same Lin k, dalo. Link laye
protoCols Qre he Ceary
C to dotemine htch cvte
has Cnll Ve The Lhk at 3iventne.

Neloo:k layer & T. Tians pex t

From Tans pov
laydy layey
1
H3 Data bata acket

Ne lwoak Nwene layer

To pata Ln laey
frm dalk l'ne layey.

ThletuoNK layet is Responibe fa the d.l:veny

o indivtdual pacxeti from the Seurte hott to The
desknakon host
i) togtcat pddring The Ne lwoAk laye adds
a beadev t. te pacet Comtaq-homhrem The uppor
dayer hat ohe thingt, iacides the
loq'cal
ammg)
Addres he Sendar and Rece tver.

) 2atag Lalhen
are Connected to Ceale a larae re liwonk
The Canneckag devley CRoutere) oute the packelg
t theftaal deshaaken .
 Tonspont layer:
The Taenspoat layer is Responsbe fo the
" a fom One
Mes age
To Sein
another pheles layer
frem SeSinlayer

HDaa fHy Dala oat

Seqmtns
Tran
Transpost ayer
Layer To nelosnk ayer from Alhu layer
Tronspoxt layr.
9 Se vtte- potat Pdreding i The Tianspont layr
header Com taia a lype of
ol. addrey Called " Sevyt -

piat addruw (or pont Addra) "

) Sg mentakon and Reatembly i A metsag2 is dae
|ded ialo seq ments wtth each Sigment Containir92
hanbes eno ble. The Transpoit
hese unbery enable
|Squneto
laye hu reaemle the Mestsag Conmely upon ashg
|atThe desk'raton and to identefy
and Roplae fackg
That we lost A
Trantmisi!
) Conneten onbuol The Trons por t layer Con bl
e tthex Conneckon Le (or) Con nec ton
0xented.
AConneckon k»
Sgmnt
Tionsport layer treati
each
acepnd nt
to The Transpoht layer at the
pe ket- and delvert ît
 A Connecchion
h'm onen ted Tonspot layer
T
a a Connec kon Trons pent layer at the
l tts The
dest'rh'on Mach'ae before delive The paciets .
iv) Flow Con tool
v) Enrd Contol
Lik, bat. Liae layer.
toom presertahion presentahion
Seion la loyer: laye
laye

layer
layer
T Tianpost layer too Transpont
layet
ig() Semon layer. Contol
TheSe stn icn layer
Qnd Syn chnon aton
ConVer atlon.n Watenorm,

The Sethi'n laye allows

3) Dialoq Control -enler ito a
Preles es Sytem to
mmuni Cahon blw Too prolessey to (a
diahg
lake
allaws the Co
ia erther haf- Duple xor) fut duplex mod e.
place
a Sya len is
i) Syn Chaon '2alon;- fed Example is, tfi adv's
atile of RcoD pages able to
t s
Sendg to en Sue tla
that
insnt Checr poas after eVny loo pages
each Loo -page unit isS .kecelvedl and Ack
Sa this Cae, fa cradh hepens dung The
pagy that net
Trantmiahion page 523
to be Re Gent after Sytem reCore aYe pages 5o|
to 523 Pages pre Viou to 50[ 08ed Dot be esent.
 Fom Applcafo layer
laye

Data
H6 Data

pre Sentahion preSen ta fho

layer.
Laye To Sein layer. fosm Se&sin layeY
fisC) presntako layer
The presentaton layer ts Respen-tle fo Tamy.
latton, Comprehion aud e nCiy pk'on

i) Translakon Sydtms
xhanqing
Generaly
iatet makon tale-fom of character Strtag,
humbe nd So on.

The tafe maken must be

Chamged to bet Stremg
bedde betng Thansmt tted. eBe Caute d4Herent Cam puteng
USe
deleent enccknq Systems the pre Sentaion layo
is Respon ble fo interoprabeletg between thete dilf
-event eulodg Method.
f) nCyplton; To Caaay Senrkhve Sotima kon
. EnC4ypn
a system tmus t be able to ensure

mean hat The fendey Trans-form the Orqihal

iafematon to anctherform and Sends The Retuy
out ver he nNe oak. rvergs

che O'ginal PraCes to transform The Mesagt back beCn4P

to tt Daigind form.
REi ) Comom presin; Com presion Reduey the
no. of bib Contained Ea the in-fematem.
 Data Com premion be tormy ponf uay fmponlant tath
Tsondmi8ion of malkme d'a guch as Text audio and.
Video.
U
Sers
9plcahon layer

FrAM
FrAM

Data |Mefsage Dafa

Aplfcation Agoliatm
layer.
tayer
To presntaton frorm pre sntakoy
layer layer
Jis Apl:cakon lay.
The Appk cahbm (ayer
Sea veley to te Uses.

It Phoy îdes USer inter face ud Suppon t -fei

SerVices &uch as elect°c mail emto tle accey
and Tanfes Shared database managennt,auad
laemakon Senvices.
othea tqru of desl buted
X" oo Mesage - handlq Seru.Ces)
X"50o ( dinecloy Senusces)
FTAM ( ftle Tiansfes, aCess, manag e mont ).

t).ele Tansfer , acCes, anl Management -

this pplr Calon allocss to
ftles a remote hot (o make. Changes 6r eal

duta),to relteve .fels om mtz Conm pu tor

Use. î4 he locCal Computer aud to manage.
fo
 Com pu laally
it) Nail SeurtesTy apk Cak'on psreidy thet.
bads fa enatl Muandeng aud Slnas
if) Diaectoay Seauces;- Tlis agplt Cakon pov dey
d.stnbultd data hase Sources and actess to globay
iieeimatio abait Vanieus obr t
obTe and
Seley
Summany f LayerS -

The
(es) Thansmitkg d
ao ther hodeiadvduat
beb from he
hogt Ote host to Quothe

The Data tae laye

(O) Tray mit i mauinq
auether ode ttom One, nade t

Netuohk laye/
The
(b) Tangmttaglateok loye ig
anther od pkesfrom Oae Node toti
Thawpost laya
the Ta0rg
Ore
a Me 3ag
( indive dual
Kupontbe fe the
Qnofho
 Seon layer -
laya Kupensi ble fo Dalog
Contsel and Byncloui 2ah'on"
pneselahien layl:
Tuphesutahon Laye ia Lespengrble fe
thansalakon, enchq ph'on and Com p2 e ston
-

The Apk oh'on Laye

Tcp lzp pralocel Sut; -

pruto col3 USed

Srternet

vAlow3 Computers to Corn chare Resour tey

muniCale
Ne ork

Topl fp staated a The Year of 19o

funded by
ARPA NET ")Advanted e sear ch porerect Agency

ARPA NET Was The fisst Nelwonk (ov)

Version of
TeP/rp
The Hodern fternet bese d
Teplzp odg
The TepIp qrut cot Sute defted

) tHost -to -netaon . 2) Neok (hternet)

s) Ts anspet 4) PpplCakb