SS3 Mathematics E-Note

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: S.S. 3
TERM: First
©Deeper Life High School. 2023
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

SURDS (a) Meaning of rational and irrational numbers
1 leading to the definition of surds.
(b) the rules guiding the basic operation with
surd i.e √a + √b ≠ √a + b ; √a - √b ≠ √a - b
;√a x √b = √a x b: √a ÷ √b = √a/b.
(c) conjugates of a binomial surd using the
idea of the difference of two squares
(d) Application to solving triangles involving
trigonometric ratios of special angles 300,
600 , and 450 .
Evaluation of expressions involving surds
MATRICES AND (a) Definition, order and notation of matrix.
2 DETERMINANT (b) Types of matrix.
(c) Addition and subtraction of matrix. (d) Scalar
multiplication of matrices
(e) Multiplication of matrices.

(f) Transpose of a matrix.
(g) Determinant of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices.
(h) Application to solving simultaneous linear equations
in two variables.
LOGARITHM (a) Revision of laws of indices.
(b) Laws of logarithms.
3 (c) Logarithmic equations.
ARITHMETIC OF FINANCE (a) Simple interest (revision).

(b) Compound interest.
4 (c) Depreciation.
(d) Annuities.
(e) Amortization.
(f) Further use of logarithm table in problem involving:
(i) Bonds and Debentures (ii) shares (iii) Rates (iv)
Income tax (v) Value added Tax.
SURFACE AREA AND (a) Surface area of sphere.
VOLUME OF SPHERE (b) Volume of sphere
LONGITUDE AND (a) Earth as a sphere.

LATITUDE (b) Identification of: (i) North and South poles. (ii)
6 Longitudes (iii) Latitudes (iv) Small circles and great
circles. (v) Meridian and equator. (vi) Parallel of
Latitude. (vii) Radius of parallel of latitude (viii)
Radius of Earth.

(c) Revision of: arc length of a curve.
(d) Calculations of distance between two points on the
earth; shortest distance between two points.
(e) Nautical rules, time variation.
7 MID-TERM BREAK
GRAPHS OF (a) Graphs of: (i) Sine 0 < x < 360 (ii) Cosine 0 < x
8 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS < 360.
(b) Graphical solution of simultaneous linear and
trigonometric equations.
DIFFERENTIATION OF a) Meaning of differentiation/derived function.
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS (b) Differentiation from the first principle.
9 (c) Standard derivatives of some basic functions.
(d) Rules of differentiation such as: (i) sum and
difference (ii) chain rule (iii) product rule (iv)
quotient rule.
(e) Application to real life situation such as maxima
and minima, velocity, acceleration and rate of change
etc.
10 INTEGRATION OF SIMPLE (a) Integration and evaluation of definite simple
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS Algebraic functions.
(b) Application of integration in calculating area
under the curve.
(c) Use of Simpson’s rule to find area under the
curve.
11 REVISION
12 EXAMINATION
13

WEEK: ONE
TOPIC: SURDS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the student should be able to,
 Use the property √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎√𝑏 to simplify the surds.

√ 𝑎 𝑎
 Use the property √( ) = to simplify the surds
𝑏 √𝑏
 Simplify the addition and subtraction of surd with different radicands
 Expand and simplify the multiplication of expression involving surd and parentheses
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students can solve questions o factoring integers, simplifying expression by combining the
terms
SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS LEADING TO THE DEFINITION OF SURDS
CONTENT: Rational numbers (Fractions): rational numbers is any number that can be expressed as a ratio of two
𝑎
integers (i.e can be expressed as a fraction in the form 𝑏 where a and b are in integers and where b ≠0. Any integer
𝑎 1 5 7 −4 9
can be expressed as 1, hence integers are rational numbers such as 3 , 17 , 10 ,
7 1
etc are rational numbers. Therefore
Natural numbers are subsets of Integers while Integers are subset of Rational numbers𝑁 ⊂ 𝑍 ⊂ 𝑄.
Examples are:
3 2 14 17
(i) Proper and improper fractions: , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
4, 3 9 10
3 3
(ii) Mixed numbers: 2 4 , 5 7
0 6 −9
(iii) Integers i.e counting numbers : 0 = , 6 , −9 =
1 1 1
8 −35
(iv) Terminating decimals, eg0.8 = − 0.13 =
10 100
1 2
(v) Recurring decimals, eg 0.1 = , 0.13 = 𝑒𝑡𝑐
9 15
2 5
(vi) Roots such as √4 = 2 = 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑√25 =5= 1
The square roots of these fractional numbers, referred as surds, results in irrational or non-rational numbers.
Irrational/non-rational numbers are numbers when expressed as decimals neither repeat (recur) nor end
(terminate). An irrational number cannot be written as a ratio of two integers, e.g 𝜋 = 3.141 592 654 … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 =
2.718 282 828 … (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙)
They are irritation because they do not have exact roots eg √2 = 1.414 213 … , √12 = 3.464 101 …
Note:
(i) All multiples of irrational numbers are irrational e.g 5√3, 2√5 4√11 etc
3 3
(ii) All fractions of irrational numbers are irrational e.g√5⁄2 , 5√2 , √11
3
𝑒𝑡𝑐
Therefore, surd is the word that is used to refer to the square roots of numbers that are not perfect squares.
THE RULES GUIDING THE BASIC OPERATION WITH SURDS

1. √𝑋 × √𝑌 = √𝑋𝑌 e.g √9 × √4 = √9 × 4 = √36 = 6
√9 × √4 = 3 × 2 = 6
2. √𝑋 + √𝑌 ≠ √𝑋𝑌 e.g √9 + √4 ≠ √9 + 4 = √13 =
√9 + √4 = 3 + 2 = 5
3. √𝑋 ÷ √𝑌 = √𝑋 ÷ 𝑌 e.g √16 ÷ √4 = √16 ÷ 4 = √4 = 2
√16 ÷ √4 = 4 ÷ 2 = 2
4. √𝑋 − √𝑌 ≠ √𝑋 − 𝑌 e.g √9 − √4 ≠ √9 − 4 = √5 =
√9 − √4 = 3 − 2 = 1
5. √𝑋 + √𝑋 = 2√𝑋 e.g √2 + √2 = 2√2
6. 2√𝑋 + 3√𝑋 = 5√𝑋 e.g 2√2 + 3√2 = 5√2

7. √𝑋 + √𝑌 = √𝑋 e.g √2 + √3 = √2 + √3
1 1
8. √𝑋 × √𝑋 = √𝑋 2 = 𝑋 2×2 = 𝑋 e.g √5 × √5 = √52 = 52×2 = 5
Like surds: Two or more surds are said to be like surds if the number under the square root sign are the same
√𝟑
eg√𝟑, 𝟕√𝟑, .
𝟓
Examples
(1) We know that √36 × 25 = √900 ie 30. But √36 × √25 = 6 × 5 ie 30. This means √36 × 25 = √36 × √25. In
general: √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏
36 36
(2) We know that √ 9 = √ 9 = √4 i.e 2
√36 6
But = i.e 2.
√9 3
36 √36
Hence: √ 9 =
√9
𝑎 √𝑎
In general:√𝑏 =
√𝑏
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. State which of the following pairs of expressions are equal

(a) √16 × √36 × √4, √16 × 36 × 4
(b) √17 − 14, √17 − √14
(c) √64 + √144, √64 + 144
18 √18
(d) √ 2 ,
√2

2. If 𝑎 = 36, 𝑏 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = −16, work out the following pairs of expressions are equal.
(a) √𝑎2 𝑏,√𝑎2 × √𝑏
(b) √𝑎 + 𝑏, √𝑎 + √𝑏
(c) −𝑐√𝑎, √𝑎𝑐 2
(d) 4√𝑐 2 , √16𝑐 2
SUB-TOPIC 2:
ADDITION , SUBTRACTION , MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF SURDS
We can only add or subtract surds which are alike or have the same form
Note: Reduce first to their basic forms if they are not
Examples:
1. Simplify the following:
(a) √3 + √3we have two √3 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 2√3 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙: 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑥
∴ √3 + √3 = 2√3
(b) √4 + √5 = 2 + √5
(c) √12 + √48 , √12 = √4 × 3 = 2√3 , √48 = √16 × 3 = 4√3
∴ 2√3 + 4√3 = 6√3
(a) 4√11 − 2√11 , = (4 − 2) 2√11 = 2√11
(b) 4√18 − √200 + 3√50
= 4√18 + 3√50 − √20 = 4√9 × 2 + 3√25 × 2 − √100 × 2 = 4 × 3√2 + 3 × 5√2 − 10√2
= 12√2 + 15√2 − 10√2 = 27√2 − 10√2 = 17√2
(c) 3√48 + √192 + 3√12 − √147 = 3√16 × 3 + √64 × 3 + 3√4 × 3 − √49 × 3
= 3 × 4√3 + 8√3 + 3 × 2√3 − 7√3 = 12√3 + 8√3 + 6√3 − √3 = 26√3 − 7√3 = 19√3
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF SURDS
Note: To multiply surds:
(a) Simplify the surds, if possible.
(b) Group the numbers together, coefficient of surds together and then multiply.
(c) Simplify further if possible but divide surds:
(i) simplify the fraction if necessary.
(Ii) If the denominator has a surd, then rationalize it i.e to eliminate the surd in the denominator by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator of the fraction by the surd in the denominator. This
will make the denominator a rational number.
(Iii)Simplify further if possible.
Examples:
(a) √24 × √72 × 3√5 = √4 × 6 × √36 × 2 × 3√5 = 2√6 × √2 × 3√5 = 2 × 6 × 3√6 × √2 × √5 =
36√60 = 36√4 × 15 = 36 × 2√15 = 72√15
(b) √32 × √576 × (√4)3 = √16 × 2 × 24 × 23 = 4√2 × 24 × 8
= 768√2
1
(c) (96 × 90)2
= √96 × 90 = √48 × 2 × 90 = √16 × 6 × 9 × 10 = 4 × 3√6 × 10 = 12√60 = 12√4 × 15 = 12 × 2√15
= 24√15
2 2 11 2√11
(a) = × =
√11 √11 √11 11
25 25 1 5 √3 5√3
(b) √ 3 = √ 1 × √3 = × ×
√3 √3 3
√7×5√44×√12
(c)
√20×√77
√7 × 5√4 × 11 × √4 × 3
=
√4 × 5 × √11 × 7
√7 × 5 × 2√11 × 2√3
=
2√5 × √11 × √11 × √7
5 × 2√3
=
√5
10√3 × √5
=
√5 × √5
10 × √15
=
5
= 2√15
(d) (√2 − 2√3)(3√2 + 4√3)
Recall: 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Also (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Then: (√2 − 2√3)(3√2 + 4√3) − (2√3 × 4√3)
= 3√4 + 4√6 − √6 − 8√9 = 3√4 + 4√6 − √6 − 8 × 3 = 3 × 2 + 4√6 − 6√6 − 24
= 6 − 2√6 − 24 = −18 − 2√6

(e) (√6.4 − √2.5)2
= (√6.4 − √2.5)(√6.4 − √2.5)
2 2
= (√6.4) − √6.4 × 2.5 − √2.5 × 6.4 + (√2.5)
= 6.4 − 2√6.4 × 2.5 + 2.5 = 6.4 − 2√16 + 2.5
= 6.4 − 2 × 4 + 2.5 = 6.4 − 8 + 2.5 = 8.9 − 8 = 0.9 𝑜𝑟 (√6.4 − √2.5)2 (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒)
= 6.4 − 2√6.4 × √2.5 + (√2.5)2 = 6.4 − 2√16 + 2.5 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
= 6.4 − 2 × 4 + 2.5 = 0.9

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

(a) √5 + √5 + √5
(b) √800 + √200 − 2√32
(c) 4√32 − √192 + 3√12 − √147
(d) √75 − 3√48 + √45 − 2√12
(e) 2√12 − 5√48 − √75 − 3√363
(f) √28 − √45 + √175 − √20 + √245
(g) 3√2 + √128 − √27 − √50 + √75

(a) √2 × √3 × √5 × √15 × √20 × √60
(b) √162 × (√2)3
1
(c) (54 × 18)2
2√50×3√21
(d) 5√2×7√42
9
(e) √48 − 3 + √75
√
(f) (3√𝑎 − 5√𝑎)(3√𝑎 + 5√𝑎)
(g) (2√3 + √2)2
3. Evaluate without using tables:
(5√2.5 − 10√10)(√0.4)[𝑊𝐴𝐸𝐶]
SUB-TOPIC 3: CONJUGATE OF BINOMIAL SURDS USING THE IDEA OF DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES
CONTENT:
A binomial surd is a surd expression that is made up of only two terms, example 3+√(2,) √5-2√(7,) 3√2+5,etc.
To rationalize a binomial surd, we use the numerator and the denominator to multiply both the numerator
and the denominator.
√a+ √(b ) and √a–√(b ) are said to be conjugate surds because when they are multiplied
together, the result gives a rational number. It operates in this way:
(a+b)(a-b)= a2-ab+ab+b2
= a2-b2 (difference of two squares)
∴= (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = (√𝑎)2 − (√𝑏)2
=𝑎−𝑏
Examples
1. 𝑺𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔: (𝒂) (𝟓√2 + 2√8)(5√2 − 2√2)

= (5√2) 2 – (2√8)2
= 52× √4 − 22 × √64
= 25 × 2 − 4 × 8
= 50 − 32
= 18
(𝒃) (3√4 − 2)(3√4 + 2)
= (3√4)2 − (22 )
= 32 × √4 × 4 − 2 × 2
=9×4−4
= 36 − 4
= 32
2(𝑎) (4√5 − √9)(4√5 − √9)

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
→ (4√5) 2 − 2(4√5)(√9) + (√9)2
= 42 × (√5 )2 − 2(4 × √45) + (√9)2
= 16 × 5 − 8 × √45 + 9
= 80 − 8 × √9 × √5 + 9
= 80 − 8 × 3√5 + 9
= 80 + 9 − 24√5
= 89 − 24√5
(𝑏) (√0.81 − √36)2
= (√0.81 − √36)(√0.81 − √36)
2 2
= (√0.81) −2(√0.81)(√36) + (√36)
= 0.6561 − 2(0.9 × 6) + 36
= 0.6561 − 2(5.4) + 36
= 36.6561 − 10.8
= 25.8561
(3) (2√54 + √24)(√6 + 3√63)
(2√54)(√6) + (2√54)(3√63) + (√24)(√6) + (√24)(3√63)
= (2√9 × 6)(√6) + 2(√9 × 6)(3√9 × 7) + (√4 × 6)(√6) + (√4 × 6)(3√9 × 7)
= 2 × 3 × 6 + 2 × 3√6 × 3 × 3√7 + 2 × 6 + 2 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7
= 36 + 12 + 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7 + 2 × 3 × 3 × √6 × √7
= 48 + 54√42 + 18√42
= 48 + 72√42
(4) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

2√5 + √3
3√5 − √3
2√5 + √3 2√5 + √3 2√5 + √3
= = ×
3√5 − √3 3√5 − √3 3√5 + √3
2
= (2√5)(3√5) + (2√5)(√3) + (√3)(3√5) + (√3)
= 2 × 3 × 5 + 2 × √5 × √3 + 3 × √3 × √5 + 3
= 30 + 2√15 + 3√15 + 3
33 + 5√15
=
(3√5 ) 2 −(√3)2
33 + 5√15
=
32 (√5 )2 −(√3)2
33 + 5√15
=
9×5−3
33 + 5√15
=
42
APPLICATION TO SOLVING TRIANGLES INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES
30°, 60, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 45°.
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 1𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
Angle 45°
450
1 √𝟐
450
B 1
A

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
= 12 +12
{ }
=2
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = √2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑜𝑝𝑝
∴ Sin 45° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
1
=
√2
𝑎𝑑𝑗
Cos 45° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
1
=
√2
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑇𝑎𝑛 45° =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
1
= 1
i.e. 1
Angles 30° 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟔𝟎°

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡.
A
2
300 2
√𝟑
600
B C
1 D 1
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, < 𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 30°

→ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵2 − 𝐵𝐷 2 {𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚}
2
= 22 −12
=3
∴ 𝐴𝐷 = √3units
√3
∴ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 60° =
2
1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 60° =
2
𝑇𝑎𝑛 60° = √3
1
And sin 30° =
2

√3
cos 30° =
2
1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 30° =
√3
Examples
(1) Find the sides marked with letters. All answers must be left in surd form with rational denominators when
necessary in cm.
(a)
A B
45
c d
30
C 15 D
Solution
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷,
𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑛 30° =
15
15𝑡𝑎𝑛30° = 𝑑
15 1
× =𝑑
1 √3
15 × √3
√3 × √3
15√3
3
=d
5√3cm= d
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑑
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
𝐶
5√3
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
𝐶
𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 5√3
5√3
𝐶 =
1
√2
5√3 1
𝐶= ÷
1 √2
5√3 × √2
=
1
= 5√6cm

B
(b)
x 6
0
45 600
A y D
6
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, sin 45° = 𝑥
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 6
6
𝑥 =
1
√2
6 1
= ÷
1 √2
6 √2
= ×
1 1
= 6√2𝑐𝑚
𝑎
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, cos 45° = 𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠45° = 𝑎
6√2 1
× =𝑎
1 √2
6√2 × √2
=𝑎
√2 × √2
6×2
=𝑎
2
6𝑐𝑚 = 𝑎
6
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝑇𝑎𝑛 60° =
𝑏
𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛60° = 6
6
𝑏 =
tan 60°
6
=
√3
6 × √3
=
√3 × √3
6√3
=
3
= 2√3𝑐𝑚
∴𝑦=𝑎+𝑏
= 6 + 2√3𝑐𝑚
(C)
12
6 L
20
12 6 L
60
6 4
12 4
6
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ∆, sin 60° =
𝐿
𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 6
6
𝐿 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛60
6
𝐿 =
√3
2
6 √3
= ÷
1 2
6 2
= ×
1 √3
12 × √3
=
√3 × √3
12√3
=
3
= 4√3𝑐𝑚
OR
6
𝐶𝑜𝑠 30° =
𝐿
𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 6
6 6 2
𝐿 = = ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠30° 1 √3
12 √3
= ×
√3 √3
= 4√3
(𝑑)𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛. 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 = 16𝑐𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑇̂𝑆 = 135°. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑇.
R Q
S 16cm
1350
T P
Solution
R Q
S 16cm 16cm
450
T P
𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅,
𝑅𝑆
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° =
16
16𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 𝑅𝑆
16 1
× = 𝑅𝑆
1 √2
16 × √2
= 𝑅𝑆
√2 × √2
16√2
= 𝑅𝑆
2
8√2𝑅𝑆
𝑆𝑇
Also, sin 45° =
16
16 × 1
𝑆𝑇
√2
8√2 = 𝑆𝑇
Class Activity
𝑭𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚.
(a) x
600
y
(b)
600
x
300
6
EVALUATION OF EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING SURDS

This topic exonerates the use of calculators or tables. When evaluating an expression with surds, it is useful to rationalise
the denominator.
Examples
(1)𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 √2 = 1.414, √3 = 1.732 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5 = 2.236, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
5
(𝑎)
√3
Solution
5 5 √3
= ×
√3 √3 √3
5√3
=
3
5 × 1.732
=
3
8.660
=
3
= 2. 886
= 2.89 (2 𝑑. 𝑝)

1
(𝑏)
√45
Solution:
1 1
=
√45 √9 × 5
1
=
3√5
1 √5
= ×
3 × √5 √5
√5
=
3×5
2.236
=
15
= 0.149
= 0.15 (2. 𝑑𝑝)
4×0.27×3
(a) √ 6×2−4
Solution
4×0.9×0.3×3
=√ 12−4
2×0.3×0.3
=
√8
2×0.3×0.3
=
√4 ×√2
1.8
=
2√2
1.8 × √2
=
2 × √2 × √2
1.8 × 1.414
=
4
2.5452
=
4
= 0.6363
= 0.64
2
√50
(b) [ ]
√162−√98
Solution
2 2
√50 √25×2
[ ] =( )
√162−√98 √81×2−√2×49
2
5√2
= ( )
9√2 − 7√2
2
5√2
= ( )
2√2
2
5√2 × √2
= ( )
2 × √2 × √2
5×2 2
= ( )
2×2
25 1
= i.e.6 or 6.25
4 4
PRACTICE EXERCISE:

(a)(√𝟑(√𝟐𝟕 − 𝟐√𝟑 + √𝟔)
(b) (√𝟏𝟐 + √𝟐𝟎)(√𝟏𝟐 + √𝟑)
𝟐
(c) (√𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − √𝟏𝟎𝟎)
(d) (𝟑√𝟓 − 𝟐)(𝟑√𝟓 + 𝟐)
2. Rationalise the denominators of the following:
𝟑√𝟓+𝟐√𝟑
(c)
𝟐√𝟓−𝟑√𝟑
𝟏𝟎
(d) 𝟒√𝟏𝟖−𝟑√𝟒𝟖
3. 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒂 + 𝒃√𝟓:
√𝟓
(𝒂)
√𝟕 + √𝟓
√𝟑 − 𝟑√𝟐
(𝒃)
𝟐√𝟑 − 𝟐√𝟐
3
4. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 √20 × (√5) (WAEC)
5. 5. 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒:
3 2 √12
(𝑎) ( − ) (WAEC)
√3 √3 6
(b) √1.225 = 1.107, √12.25 = 3.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √100 = 10. Evaluate √1225 (WAEC)
2
10√32
(𝑐) ( )
√18 − √2
6. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 √2 = 1.414, √3 = 1.732 𝑎𝑛𝑑 √5 = 2.236, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢 −
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝.
2
(𝑎)
√8
(𝑏)√3(√9 + 3√27)
2
(𝑐)√ (√7.5 + √30)√2
5
TOPICAL TEST:

5√7−7√5
(1) 𝑹𝒂𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒 (JAMB)
√7−√5
(2) 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚:
√50 − 3√2(2√2 − 5) − 5√32 (WAEC)
5−3√2
(3) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6+5√2
(WAEC)
. 𝑋𝑌𝑍 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ |𝑋𝑌| = |𝑋𝑍| = 6𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑋̂𝑍 = 120°. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑍.(𝑊𝐴𝐸𝐶).
(4) From the top of a vertical mast 150m high, two huts on the same ground level are ob-
served one due East and the other due West of the mast. Their angles of depression
are 60° and 45°, respectively. Find the distance between the huts.(JAMB).
(5) The angle of elevation of a building from a measuring instrument placed on the ground
is 30°.If the building is 40m high, how far is the instrument from the foot of the building?
(JAMB)
Multiple Choice Questions

5 3
1. Simplify −
√3 √2
1 1 1 1
A. 6
(5√3 − 3 √2)B. 6 (15√3 − 6√2)C. 6 (3√2 − √3)D. 6 (10√3 − 9√2) (SSCE )
2. Given that √128 − √18 − √𝑘 = 7√2, find 𝑘.

A. 8 B. 16 C.32 D.48 (SSCE 2004)
3. K√28 + √63 − √7 = 0, find K.
A. -2 B. -1 C. 1 D. 2 (SSCE )
2
4. Given that √5 = 2.236, evaluate to 2 decimal places
√5
A. 0.89 B. 1.89 C. 0.98 D. 1.98
5. Given that √128 + √18 − √𝑘 = 7√2 find k.
A. 8 B. 16 C.32 D. 48
0 √3 0 1 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 60
6. Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 = 2
, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 = 2
evaluate 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 60
2+√3 1−√3 1+√3 2−√3
A. 3
B. 3 C. 3
D. 3
√2+√3
7.if is simplified as 𝑚 + 𝑛√6 find the value of (m+n)
√3
1 2
A. 1/3 B. 2/3 C.1 D.1
3 3
𝟐
𝟏𝟎√𝟑
8. simplify ( − √𝟏𝟓) A. 75.0 B. 15.0 C.8.66 D. 3.87
√𝟓
3√5×4√6
9. simplify 2√2×3√3
A. √2 B. √5 C. 2√2 D. 2√5
10. simplify √12 + √3 − √27 A. 1 B2 C. 3 D.4

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Irrational Number ,Rational Number,Square Root
Perfect Square.Radical Symbol ,Radical Expression

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “Embrace the beauty of the surd, for within its intricate roots lies the strength
to conquer the unknown and unveil the mysteries of life."

WEEK: TWO
TOPIC: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
 Understand matrix notation

 Construct a matrix given its order and a formular for its element
 Understand how to multiply a determinant by a scalar.
 Use the the property of determinants to solve problems
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students can solve question on determinant of a 2x2 matrix
SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF MATRICES AND TYPE OF MATRICES
CONTENT: A matrix is a rectangular array (group of) of quantities normally enclosed within brackets
1 0 −1
e.g( ) , (1 3 -2) The quantities in the brackets are called elements or entries. The
2 3 8
horizontal entries form row while the vertical ones form columns. The first matrix has 2 rows and
columns. So the matrix is a 2 ×3 ( i.e 2 by 3) matrix.(1 3 -2) has 1 row and 3 columns so it is a 1×3 matrix.
A matrix with m rows and n columns is said to have an order of m × n. A matrix with only one row is called
5
a row matrix. e.g (1 3 -2). Similarly, a matrix with only one column is a column matrix e.g. (0) . This has
1
order 3×1.
A matrix which has the same number of rows and columns is a square matrix. A square matrix of order n is an n
× n matrix notation. A matrix is normally denoted by capital letter, while its elements are denoted by small
letters having suffixes which uniquely define the exact positions of each element in the array. Consider the
matrix;
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
A = (𝑎 )
21 𝑎22 𝑎23
The element 𝑎11 is in the first row and first column. The element 𝑎12 is the entry in row 1, column 2. In general,
the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the element in the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column.
Two matrices of the same order are equal if their corresponding entries are equal.
3 𝑝 𝑞 10
Example 1; find the values of p – q given that ( )=( )
−1 7 −1 7
Solution:
As thematrices are equal, then 3=q and p=10. Hence p – q = 10 – 3= 7.
MATRIX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Only matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted, if A = (𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 ) and
21
𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13
B =( )
𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23
𝑎 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 𝑎13 + 𝑏13
The n A + B = ( 11 ) and
𝑎21 + 𝑏21 𝑎22 + 𝑏22 𝑎23 + 𝑏23
𝑏 − 𝑎11 𝑏12 − 𝑎12 𝑏13 − 𝑎13
B-A =( 11 ).
𝑏21 − 𝑎21 𝑏22 − 𝑎22 𝑏23 − 𝑎23
2 1 1 2
Given that A = ( ) and B = ( ).
0 −3 −1 3
Find (i) A + B +A
(ii) A- B – A
Solution;
2 1 1 2 2 1
A+B+A=( ) +( ) +( )
0 −3 −1 3 0 −3
3 3 2 1
=( ) +( )
−1 0 0 −3
5 4
=( )
−1 −3
2 1 1 2 2 1
A- B- A =( )-( )-( )
0 −3 −1 3 0 −3
1 −1 2 1
=( ) -( )
1 −6 0 −3
−1 −2
A–B–A = ( ).
1 −3
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
2 −1 0 1 0 3
Given that A= ( ) and B = ( )
3 −2 1 0 1 −1
1. What is the order of matrix B + A?
2. Find A – B.
3. Show that A + B = B + A.
SUB-TOPIC 2:
Scalar multiplication of matrices and multiplication of matrices.
CONTENT:
1. Scalar multiplication
𝑎11 𝑎12
Let K be a Scalar and A =(𝑎
21 𝑎22 ) ,
𝑎11 𝑎12
The scalar product of K and matrix A is kA =k(𝑎
21 𝑎22 )
𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12
=( )
𝑘𝑎21 𝑘𝑎22
1 3 −4 × 1 −4 × 3 −4 −12
If A=( ) then -4A = ( )=( ) .
−2 4 −4 × −2 −4 × 4 8 −16
II. Matrix Multiplication.
Let A and B be matrices. The product matrix AB exists if the number of columns of matrix A is the same as
the number of the rows of matrixes B. A is the premultiplied by B. Where AB exists we say matrices A and B are
conformable. In general matrices A of order m × n will premultiply matrix B of order n × p to give matrix C of
order m × p. Notice the ns drop out.
2 1
1 2 −1
Example2. Let A =( ) and B =(0 −2)
0 1 3
3 −1
2 1
1 2 −1
AB = ( ) (0 −2)
0 1 3
3 −1
1 × 2 + 2 × 0 + −1 × 3 1 × 1 + 2 × −2 + −1 × −1 −1 −2
=( ) =( ).
0×2+1×0+3×3 0 × 1 + 1 × −2 + 3 × −1 9 −5
2 1
1 2 −1
But, BA = (0 −2) ( )
0 1 3
3 −1
2×1+1×0 2×2+1×1 2 × −1 + 1 × 3 2 5 1
=( 0 × 1 + −(2(0͑ 0 × 2 + −2 × 1 0 × −1 + −2 × 3 ) = (0 −2 −6).
3 × 1 + 0 × −1 3 × 2 + −1 × 1 3 × −1 + −1 × 3 3 5 −6
In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative as AB ≠ BA. If AB = C then the entry (𝑐𝑖𝑗 ) is obtained by
multiplying the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row of A with 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column of B.
An Identity matrix sometimes called the unit matrix is a square matrix in which entries along the principal
(main) diagonal are all 1, and other entries are zero.
1 0 0
(0 1 0). This is identity matrix of order 3.
0 0 1
5 0 0
A scalar Matrix is one obtained by multiplying an identity matrix by a scalar e.g(0 5 0).
0 0 5
PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1 0 1 1 2
1. Let A = ( ) and B = ( )
2 −1 3 3 −1
Find; (i)3B (ii)BA (iii)B2 (iv)BA – A.
2. A null matrix or zero matrix is one in which all the entries are zero.
−1 2 4 5
If K =( ) and L = ( ) . Find a matrix m such that 2k + L + M = 0 (WAEC)
3 4 6 −7
Note: 0 is the null matrix.

b
1 2 −1 1 3 11
3. Given that ( )( ) =( ) find K. (WAEC)
𝑘 1 2 5 5 2
2 1 −3 −2
4. If M = ( ) and N = ( ).
−1 3 1 −4
Find MN – NM. (WAEC)
SUB-TOPIC 3:
Transpose of a matrix and Determinant of 2 × 2 AND 3 × 3 Matrices.

CONTENT:
Transpose of a matrix
Let A be a matrix, the matrix obtained by interchanging the columns and the rows of matrix A is called the
transpose of A. It is denoted by AT
1 4
1 2 3
If A = ( ) then AT = (2 5)
4 5 6
3 6
2 −1
matrix that is equal to its transpose is said to be symmetric e.g P =( ) as P = PT.
−1 3
0 −3 2 0 3 −2
Consider the matrix B =( 3 0 5) , BT = (−3 0 −5)
−2 −5 0 2 5 0
0 3 −2
-B = (−3 0 −5) . Hence BT = -B, the matrix B is said to be skew symmetric, if its transpose is equal
2 5 0
𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13
to its negative. Let C =( 21 𝑐22 𝑐23 ) . The entries c11, c22,c33 are said to be on the principals diagonal
𝑐
𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33
of the matrix. If all the entries or elements below the principal diagonal are zero and in the upper side all
1 2 3
the entries are not all zero, we have what is called upper triangular matrix e.g. (0 8 4) . Its transpose
0 0 5
gives a lower triangular matrtix.
Evaluation.
1 −1
1. Given that A = ( ) ; find, (i) A2 (ii)ATA (ii) AAT
2 3
1 4 −2 6
2. Let A = ( )‘ B = ( ).
−2 3 1 −3
Show whether or not (𝐴 + 𝐵 )T = AT + BT
Note:
Properties of Transpose.
1. (𝐴𝑇 )T = A
2. (AB)T = BT AT
3. (𝐴 + 𝐵 )T = AT + BT
4. 𝐼𝐹 K is a scalar and A is a matrix.
(𝐾𝐴)T = KAT.
SUB-TOPIC: DETERMINANTS OF 2 × 2 AND 3 × 3 Matrices.
We shall now consider second order determinants i.e determinants of the order two.
𝑎11 𝑎12
Let A be a square matrix of order two i.e A = (𝑎 𝑎22 ).
21
The product of entries along the diagonal from top left to bottom right minus the product along the diagonal
from bottom left to top right i.ea11 a22 – a21a12 is called the determinant of matrix A, and denoted by ᶑet A
= |𝐴|
𝑎11 𝑎12
=|𝑎 |
21 𝑎22
=a11a22 - a21a12 is called the determinant of matrix A, and denoted by det A.
det A = |𝐴|
𝑎11 𝑎12
=|𝑎
21 𝑎22 |
= a11a22 = a21a12
7 1
Example 1. Evaluate | |
2 −1
7 1
Solution.| | = 7(-1) – 2(1)
2 −1
= -7 -2
=-9.
𝑘 −1
Example 2. Find K if | | = 3.
2 2
k −1
Solution; | |= 3
2 2

Then K(2) – 2(-1) = 3
2K + 2 = 3
2K = 1
1
K = 2.
Determinants can be used to solve simultaneous equations using what is known as crammers rule.
Example 3
Use crammers rule to solve the simultaneous equations; 7x + y = -5
2x – y = -4
The equations in matrix form are written thus;
7 1 𝑥 −5
( ) (𝑦) = ( ) ……………..(*)
2 −1 −4
7 1
( )is the coefficient matrix. It contains the coefficient of the variables.
2 −1
7 1
Let ∆ be the determinant of the coefficient matrix i.e∆ = | |
2 −1
If you replace the column of the coefficient of x by the column of the solutions i.e that one on the right hand
−5 1
side of (*) , you will get ( ).
−4 −1
−5 1
Let ∆x =| |. Similary if you replace the column of the coefficient of y by the solution column
−4 −1
7 −5
to get ( ) , Let its determinant be ∆y.
2 −4
7 1
i.e∆y = | |.
2 −4
−5 1
∆𝑥 | | −5(−1) – (−4)(1) 5+4 9
−4 −1
By Crammers rule, the values of x and y can be found thus, x = = 7 1 = 7(−1) − −2(1) −7−2
=
∆ | | −9
2 −1
= -1.
7 −5
∆𝑦 | | 7(−4)− (2)(−5) −28 + 10 −18
2 −4
∆= = 7 1 = 7(−1) − 2(1)
= = = 2.
∆ | | −7 −2 −9
2 −1
This method cannot be used if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero. A square matrix whose
determinant is zero said to be a significant matrix.
For a determinant of order 3 one can use the method of sarrus diagram to evaluate such.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
To evaluate |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
The first two columns are copied towards the right to have five columns. Find the products the three entries
along the diagonals from top left to bottom right .Take the negative of the products of those from the right to
bottom left.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
|𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎 33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎 32
_ _ _ + + +
= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 -(𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎31 + 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 +
𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 ).
= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎31 - 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 - 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 .
Example.
7 1 −3
If A = (0 5 4 ) find |𝐴|
1 −2 1
7 1 −3
Solution |𝐴| = |0 5 4|
1 −2 1
7 1 −3 7 1
= 0 5 40 5
1 −2 1 1 −2
_ _ _ + + +
= 7(5) 1 + 1(4)(1) + (-3)(0)(-2) – (-3)(5)(1) – 7(4)(-2) – 1(0)(1)
= 35 + 4 + 0 + 15 + 56 – 0
= 110.
Evalution;
1. Use Crammers rule to solve the following simultaneous equations.
(a) 2x – 5y = 16
X + 4y = -5
(b) 2x – y = 1
X + 2y = 8
2(a) Find the transpose of the following matrices.
2 3 0 1 1 4 −1
(i) A = (−1 4 7 −3), (ii).B = (1 0 3), (iii) C = ( 4 2 0 ).
0 4 2 5 −1 0 3
(b) Which of the matrices are/is symmetric?

1 1 2 5 3 4
3. Evaluate: (a) |3 2 6| (b) find x if |−1 1 𝑥 | = 0.
7 0 4 1 1 0
1 1 0
4. If M = (−6 2 1) find [ M] (WAEC).
1 −1 2
𝑥 𝑥3
5. Factorise completely | | (WAEC)
𝑦 𝑦3
Method 2
We shall consider another method of evaluating a determinant of order 3.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎
Consider the determinant | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Recall that entry aijis the element in row I and column j. The minor of aijis the new determinant of order two
obtained from the above determinant by striking out the ith row and jth column. If is denoted by mij.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎22 𝑎23
e.g M11 = |𝑎 | obtained from | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎
32 𝑎33
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎12 𝑎13
M21 = |𝑎 𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 |.
32 𝑎33 | obtained from | 21
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
To find the determinant of order 3, we can choose to use the elements of any row or column and their
cofactors. The cofactor Cij of element aij is (-1) i + j Mij
i.eCij = (-1)i +j Mij.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

To find |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | and using the element of the first row , we write
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎 𝑎23 𝑎 𝑎23 𝑎 𝑎22
𝑎
| 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | = (-1)1+1a11 | 22 | 1+2a | 21 | 1+3a | 21
𝑎32 𝑎33 + ( -1) 12
𝑎31 𝑎33 + (-1) 13
𝑎31 𝑎32 |.
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
=a11(𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 ) - a21(𝑎12 𝑎33 − 𝑎13 𝑎32 ) + a31(𝑎12 𝑎23 − 𝑎13 𝑎22 )

= 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎21 𝑎13 𝑎32 + 𝑎31 𝑎12 𝑎23 - 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎13 𝑎22 .
Let use this method for example 4.
7 1 −3
5 4 1 −3 1 −3
|0 5 4 | = (-1)1+17| | + (-1)2+10| | + (-1)3+11| |
−2 1 −2 1 5 4
1 −2 1
= 7(5 + 8) - 0 (1 – 6) + 1 ( 4 + 15)
= 91 + 19
= 110.
In working this example, the elements of the first column were used as there was zero among them.
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
𝟏 𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟖 −𝟏 −𝟓 𝟗 𝟑𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟏
Given A=( ) ,B = ( ) ,C=( ) and D = ( )
𝟔 𝟖 𝟐 𝟎 𝟔. 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟒𝟕 𝟔𝟏
𝟔 𝟏
a) Give the order of each matrix
b) Which matrices could
c) Find the sum of these matrices
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. What are the horizontal entries of a matrix known as? a) Columns b) Rows c) Elements d)
Transpose
2. If a matrix has 3 rows and 4 columns, what is its order? a) 3 × 4 b) 4 × 3 c) 3 × 3 d) 4 × 4
3. Which type of matrix has the same number of rows and columns? a) Row matrix b) Column
matrix c) Square matrix d) Transpose matrix
4. What is the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix A = |a b| ? |c d| a) ad - bc b) ab - cd c) ac - bd d) bc -
ad
5. Which operation is not commutative for matrices? a) Addition b) Subtraction c) Multiplication
d) Transpose

6. What is the result of scalar multiplication of a matrix A by a scalar k? a) A + k b) kA c) A - k d) A
/k
7. In matrix multiplication, for matrices A (m × n) and B (n × p), what is the order of the resulting
matrix? a) m × p b) p × n c) n × m d) p × m
8. Which matrix is equal to its transpose? a) Symmetric matrix b) Skew-symmetric matrix c)
Identity matrix d) Null matrix
9. What is the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix found using the method of cofactors called? a)
Eigenvalue b) Trace c) Discriminant d) Minor
10. Cramer's rule can be used to solve a system of equations when: a) The determinant of the
coefficient matrix is nonzero. b) The determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero. c) The
equations are linear. d) The variables are integers
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: MATRIX, ELEMENT, ROW, COLUMN SQUARE
MATRIX, TRANSPOSE
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
"Mathematics is the most beautiful and most powerful creation of the human spirit." -
Stefan Banach

WEEK: THREE
TOPIC: LOGARITHM
Evaluate logarithms by converting between logarithmic and exponential forms

Find unknown bases or arguments in simple logarithmic equation
Solve word problems involving evaluating logarithms.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: students can solve problems using law of indices
SUB-TOPIC 1: Revision of laws of indices
CONTENT:
The expression 𝑎𝑛 means 𝑎 is multiplied by itself 𝑛 times,
e.g24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16, 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
Laws of indices (revision)
(i) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒; 5
2 × 22 = 25+2 = 27
𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 3
5
(ii) 𝑎𝑛
𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 33
= 35−3 = 32
(iii) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (22 )3 = 22×3 = 26

1 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1
(iv) 𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎−𝑛 32
= 3−2
(v) 𝑎0 = 1 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 50 = 1
1 1
𝑛 3
(vi) 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 83 = √8 = 2
(vii) If 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑓 2𝑚 = 2𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑛

Examples:
−1
1. Evaluate 9 2
Solution:
−1 −1 −1 1
9 2 = (32 ) 2 = 32× 2 = 3−1 =
3
1
2. Evaluate 814
Solution:
1 1
.814 = (34 )4 = 31 = 3
−1
1 2
3. Evaluate (4)
Solution:
−1 −1
1 2 1 2 −1 −1
( ) = ( 2 ) = (2−2 ) 2 = 2−2× 2 = 2
4 2
16
4. Simplify −2
83
Solution:
16 −2 1 2
)
= 16 ÷ 8 3 = 16 ÷ = 16 × 82/3 = 24 × 2(3× 3 = 24 × 22 = 26 = 64
8−2/3 82/3
272/3 × 811/4
5. 93/2
2 1 2 1
273 × 814 (33 )3 × (34 )4
Solution: 3 = 3
92 (32 )2
32 × 31
=
33
33
= 3
3
=1
6. Simplify (2𝑎2 𝑏)2 (−𝑎2 𝑏)3
Solution:
(2𝑎2 𝑏)2 (−𝑎2 𝑏)3 = (4𝑎4 𝑏 2 )(−𝑎6 𝑏 3 )
= −4𝑎4+6 𝑏 2+3
= −4𝑎10 𝑏 5
7. Simplify (2𝑥𝑦)2 + (−𝑦)(4𝑥𝑦)(−2𝑥)
Solution:
(2𝑥𝑦)2 + (−𝑦)(4𝑥𝑦)(−2𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + (−𝑦)(−8𝑥 2 𝑦)
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Simplify the following

3
8 2
1. √(27)
4 1 −3
2. √(5 16)
15𝑎3 𝑏 5
3. 5𝑎𝑏 2
Solve for the value of x in the following

(a) If 4𝑥 = 21/2 × 8, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(b) If 8𝑥/2 = 23/8 × 43/4 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(c) Given that 1252𝑥+1 = 625 × 25−𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(d) If 3𝑚 × 27(2𝑚−1) = 81 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑚
SUB-TOPIC 2: Indices involving powers in simultaneous linear equations
CONTENT:
Example1: If 3𝑦+𝑥 = 9𝑦+𝑥 and 2𝑥−𝑦 = 8𝑥−3 , find the values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 respectively. (NECO)
Solution: If 3𝑦+𝑥 = 9𝑦+𝑥 and 2𝑥−𝑦 = 8𝑥−3, then expressing both equations in the powers of their common
base, we have
3𝑦+𝑥 = 32(𝑦+𝑥) ⇒ 3𝑦+𝑥 = 32𝑦+2𝑥 … … … (𝑖)
𝑥−𝑦 3(𝑥−3) 𝑥−𝑦 3𝑥−9
2 =2 ⇒ 2 =2 … … … . (𝑖𝑖)
Equating the powers of equations (i) & (ii)
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 … … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
Solving equations (iii) & (iv) simultaneously,
We obtain 𝑥 = 9 , 𝑦 = −9
Example 2: Solve the equation 4𝑥+1 − 9(2𝑥 ) = −2 (𝑊𝐴𝐸𝐶)
Solution:
4𝑥+1 − 9(2𝑥 ) = −2
4𝑥+1 − 9(2𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
4(4𝑥 ) − 9(2𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
4(22𝑥 ) − 9(2𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
4(2𝑥 )2 − 9(2𝑥 ) + 2 = 0
Since 23×2 = (23 )2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝 = 2𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
4𝑝2 − 9𝑝 + 2 = 0
Factorizing we have;
4𝑝2 − 8𝑝 − 𝑝 + 2 = 0
4𝑝(𝑝 − 2) − 1(𝑝 − 2) = 0
(𝑝 − 2)(4𝑝 − 1) = 0
⇒𝑝 − 2 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑝 − 1 = 0
1
𝑝 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 =
4
Remember that 𝑝 = 2𝑥
When 𝑝 = 2, 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 21
2𝑥 = 21
∴𝑥=1
1
When 𝑝 = 4
1
2𝑥 =
4
2𝑥 = 2−2
∴ 𝑥 = −2
So, the solution of the equation is 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1
1. Find the value of 𝑥 given that 7 × 49(𝑥+2) = 343
1 1
2. Solve simultaneously for 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦; 4𝑥 × 8𝑦 = 256 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑥 × 4𝑦 = 2
1
3. Find the values of 𝑥 & 𝑦, given that 3𝑥 × 3𝑦 = 93 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑥 × 3𝑦 = 27
1
4. Find the values of 𝑥 & 𝑦, given that 5𝑥 × =5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 × 5𝑦 = 125
5𝑦
1
5. Given that 3 𝑜𝑓 27𝑥 = 92𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
2
1
6. For what values of 𝑥 is 125−𝑥 = 25 ?
1 1
7. Simplify 125−3 × 49−2 × 100
272/3 × 64−1/2
8. Simplify
32−2/5
9. Simplify the following
1
(i) 273
1
(ii) 16−4
1
(iii) 125−3
(iv) (81/3 )−2
1 3
(v) 𝑦 2 × 𝑦 −1 × 𝑦 2
(vi) Find 𝑥, given that 9 × 31+𝑥 = 27−𝑥
10. Simplify the following
(a) 25−3/2
(b) 813/4
1 −3/2
(c) (4)
(d) (𝑥 3 )−2/3
(e) (𝑧 0 )1/4
1
273
(f) 1
−
16 4
1/2
(g) 64 × 93/2 × 2−5
SUB-TOPIC 3: LAWS OF LOGARITHM

CONTENT:
The following are the different rules that may be applied when solving problems on logarithms
Addition law: log 𝑏 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁

This implies that when two logarithms of the same base are multiplied, the result is the addition of the two
logarithms to their common base.
Example; log10 72 = log10 (10 × 7.2) = log10 10 + log10 7.2
𝑀
Subtraction law:log 𝑏 ( 𝑁 ) = log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁
This shows that when logarithms are divided, the logarithm of the denominator is subtracted from the
logarithm of the numerator in their common base.
3
Example; log10 0.3 = log10 ( ) = log10 3 − log10 10
10
Logarithm of its own base:log 𝑦 𝑦 = 1

The logarithm of any number to its own base is equal to 1.
2
Example; log 5 5 = 1, log √7 √7 = 1, log 2 (3) = 1 𝑒𝑡𝑐
3
Power law:log 𝑏 𝑁 𝑘 = klog 𝑏 𝑁

When a logarithm is raised to a certain power, the power is used to multiply the logarithm itself.
Example 1; log10 103 = 3log10 10
= 3 × 1 = 3note: log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
Example 2; log 2 83 = 3 log 2 8
= 3 log 2 23
= 3 × 3 log 2 2
=3×3×1
=9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 2 2 = 1
1
Power of the base: log 𝑎2 𝑥 = 2 log 𝑎 𝑥
When it is the base that power, the reciprocal of this power is used to multiply the logarithm itself.
1
Example1; log 23 16 = log 2 16
3
1
= log 2 24
3
4 4 4
= log 2 2 = × 1 =
3 3 3
Example2; log √9 27 = log 1 27
92
= 2 log 9 27
= 2 log 32 27
1
= 2 × log 3 27
2

= log 3 33
= 3 log 3 3 = 3 × 1 = 3
Logarithm of 1: log 𝑏 1 = 0
The logarithm of 1 to any base is equal to zero i.e.log 3 1 = 0, log10 1 = 0, log 7 1 = 0
Example; if log10 1 = 𝑥
Then, 10𝑥 = 1
But we know that any number raised to power zero is 1
So that, 10𝑥 = 100
∴𝑥=0
Showing that log10 1 = 0
1
Reciprocal law:log 𝑎 𝑥 = log
𝑥𝑎
When the reciprocal of a logarithm is required, the base and the number interchange their positions.
1
Example; log 4 8 =
log8 4
log 𝑥
Change of base:log 𝑎 𝑥 = log𝑛 𝑎
𝑛
log 8 log10 16
Example: log 3 8 = 10 ,log √2 16 = etc
log10 3 log10 √2
This shows that when the base of a logarithm is changed, the initial base is used as a separate logarithm to
divide the initial logarithm to the new base.
General examples
log √27
1. Simplify
log 9
Solution:
1 3
log 272 log 32
=
log 9 log 32
3
log 3
=2
2log 3
3 2
= ÷
2 1
3 1
= ×
2 2
3
=
4
2. Simplify log10 √20 + log10 5 − log10 √5
Solution:
2√5 × 5
log10 2√5 + log10 5 − log10 √5 = log10 ( )
√5
= log10 (2 × 5)
= log10 10
=1
3. Evaluate 𝑥 if log10 10𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2
Solution:
10𝑥 = 103𝑥+2
. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2⇒𝑥 = −1
4. Find 𝑥, if log 4 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 2
Solution:
log 4 (𝑥 2 − 9) = 2
(𝑥 2 − 9) = 42
(𝑥 2 − 9) = 16
𝑥 2 = 16 + 9 = 25
𝑥 2 = 52 , we have to equate the base since the powers are the same
⇒𝑥=5
5. Find the value of 𝑥 given that; log10 5 + log10 (𝑥 + 2) − log10(𝑥 − 1) = 2 (WAEC)
Solution:
Using the combined laws of logarithm (addition and subtraction laws), we have
5(𝑥 + 2)
log10 ( )=2
𝑥−1
5(𝑥 + 2)
= 102
𝑥−1
5(𝑥 + 2) = 100(𝑥 − 1)
5𝑥 + 10 = 100𝑥 − 100
5𝑥 − 100𝑥 = −100 − 10
−95𝑥 = −110
−110
𝑥=
−95
3
∴𝑥=1
19
𝟏
𝑻𝒓𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇: 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟓) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐. 𝟓 (The answer is 2)
Substitution in Logarithm
6. Given that log 3 = 0.4771, log 2 = 0.3010, find the values of the following without using logarithm table.
(NECO 2002 Q5)
i. log √6
3
ii. log √0.3
Solution:
1
i. log √6 = log 62
1
= log 6
2
1
= log(2 × 3)
2
Applying the addition law of logarithm, we have
1
= (log 2 + log 3)
2
But we were given log 2 = 0.3010 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 3 = 0.4771
1
= (0.3010 + 0.4771)
2

0.7781
= = 0.38905
2
1
3
ii. log √0.3 = log(0.3)3
1
= log(0.3)
3
1 3
= log ( )
3 10
1
= (log 3 − log 10)
3
1
= (log 3 − 1)
3
1
= (0.4771 − 1)
3
−0.5229
=
3
= −0.1743
7. If log 2 = 0.3010 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 3 = 0.4771, calculate without using tables the value of log 0.72
Solution:
72
Log 0.72 = log ( )
100
= log 72 − log 100
= log(8 × 9) − log 102
= log 8 + log 9 − log 102
= log 23 + log 32 − log 102
= 3 log 2 + 2log 3 − 2 log 10
= 3(0.3010) + 2(0.4771) − 2(1)
= 0.9030 + 0.9542 − 2
= −0.1428
8. Given that log10 5 = 0.699 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log10 3 = 0.4771, find log10 45 without using mathematical tables, hence
solve 𝑥 0.8265 = 45
Solution:
log10 45 = log10(9 × 5)
= log10 9 + log10 5
= log10 32 + log10 5
= 2 log10 3 + log10 5
= 2(0.4771) + (0.699)
= 1.653
0.8265
For 𝑥 = 45, we take logarithm to base ten of both sides;
0.8265
i.elog10 𝑥 = log10 45
0.8265 log10 𝑥 = log10 45
But log10 45 = 1.653 from above
0.8265 log10 𝑥 = 1.653
1.653
log10 𝑥 =
0.8265

log10 𝑥 = 2
2
𝑥 = 10 ∴ 𝑥 = 100
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. If log10(2𝑥 + 1) − log10 (3𝑥 − 2) = 1, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥

2. If log10(3𝑥 − 1) − log10 2 = 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
log √8
3. Simplify log 8
4. Without using mathematical tables, find x given that 6 log(𝑥 + 4) = log 64
5. If log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑞 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑝+𝑞 , 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
TOPICAL TEST:
1. Given that log 𝑥 − log(2𝑥 − 1) = 1, find 𝑥 (WAEC)

2. Evaluate without any tables 3 log 2 + log 20 − log 1.6 (WAEC)
3. Solve the equation, log 2 (𝑥 2 − 2) = log 2 (𝑥 − 1) + 1 (WAEC)
4. Evaluate log10 √35 + log10 √2 − log10 √7 (WAEC)
5. Evaluate log10 50 + log10 64 − log10 32 (WAEC)
Multiple Choice Question

𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝒕−𝟏
1. Find the the value of t for which 𝟐𝟕 = (𝟒) A -4 B. -2 C. 4 D. 2
[𝟏+𝒙]
2. Given that 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟗 find x A-3 B.-1/3 C. 5/2 D. 2
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒𝟐 ×𝟏𝟔𝟐
3. Simplify 𝟏 A.1/2 B. 0 C. 1 D. 4
𝟒𝟐
𝟑𝒏−𝟏 ×𝟐𝟕𝒏+𝟏
4. Simplify 𝟖𝟏𝒏
A.32𝑛 B. 9 C. 3𝑛 D. 3𝑛+1
(𝑷−𝒓)𝟐 −𝒓𝟐 1 2𝑝
5. Simplify A.1/2 B. p – 2r C. D.
𝟐𝑷𝟐 −𝟒𝑷𝒓 𝑃−2𝑟 𝑃−2𝑟
6. If 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒑 express x in terms of a and p A. x = u + p B. x = a/p C. x =p
D. x = ap
1 1 2 2
7. Given that 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝟒 , find a . A. 22 B. 42 C. 23 D. 43
8. Solve the equation 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟖 𝒙 = 𝟐 A.1/2 B. 1/4 C. 1 D. 4
9. Given that a =log7 and b =log 2 , express log 35 in terms of a and b A.ab -1 B. a – b +1 C.2
D. 4
10. . Simplify log39 + log315 – log35
A. log319 B. log3 C. 3 D. 1

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Logarithm ,Exponent ,Base, Natural logarithm
,Logarithmic function ,Logarithmic equation ,Logarithmic properties.
"Logarithms are the music theory of numbers." - Tobias D

WEEK: FOUR
TOPIC: ARITHMETIC OF FINANCE
 Calculate compound interest and depreciation

 Calculate annuities and amortization
 Calculate bond and debenture
 Caulate income and value added tax
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: students can solve problems on simple interest, profit and loss
SUB-TOPIC 1: Simple Interest (Revision), Compound Interest and Depreciation
CONTENT:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑one.
Interest is a free paid on borrowed assets. It is the price paid for the use of borrowed money, 1borrowed( principal). But
the sum of the principal and the interest is called the amount.
𝑃𝑅𝑇
Thus: 𝐼 = 100
Examples:
1
1. Find the simple Interest on N 500 000 for 3 months at1 % per annum.
2
Solution
3 1 3
I =? , P =N 500 000, T =3 months ie12 or 0.25 years, R =1 2or 2%
𝑃𝑅𝑇
I = 100
3 3
= 500 000 X 2 X12
100
= 500 000 X 1.5 X 0.25
100
= 500 000 X 0.375
100
=N 1 875
Hence, the interest is N 1 875.
2) A civil servant took a car refurbishing loan of N 650 000. He is expected to pay back the loan over 5 years at a
simple interest of 4% per annum.
(a) calculate the simple interest on the loan for 5 years.
(b) Find the total amount he must pay.

(c) If the total amount is to be paid back in monthly instalments over 5 years, how much does he pay each month?
(WAEC)
Solution
I = ? , Loan = N 650 000, T =5 years, R =4%
𝑃𝑅𝑇
I = 100
(a) I = 650 000 x 4 x 5
100
N130 000
(b) Total Amount he must pay = Interest + Loan
=130 000 + 650 000
= N 780 000
(C) Instalment payment over 5 years monthly, ie 5 x 12 months (60 months)
=780 000 ÷ 60
…
(3) N60 000 was invested for 1 year and 6 months . If the simple interest gained was N 10 000, what was the rate of
interest?
Solution
1
P = N60 000, T =12 or 1.5 years, R =?, I = N10 000
𝑃𝑅𝑇
I=
100
100 ×10 000
. =R
60 000×1.5
100 /9 =R
11 .11 % =R
(4) Calculate the time it takes for N 7 000 to yield a simple interest of N 924 at 8.8%.
I = N 924, P = N 7 000, R = 8.8%, T = ?

𝑃𝑅𝑇
I=
100
100𝑋𝐼
.𝑃𝑅
=T
924
. =T
7 𝑋 8.8
9240
.7𝑋88 =T
12
.8 = T or 1.5 years/ 1 year 6 months.
Compound Interest
The interest is compounded ie, larger/ bigger. The interest is calculated each period on the original principal and all
interest accumulated during past periods. Note , the interest earned in each period is added to the principal of the
previous period which becomes the principal for the next period.
Examples:
(1) Duke borrowed N 10 000 for 3 years at 8% interest compounded annually. Find the compound interest.
Solution
st
1 . year: principal =N10 000
8
Interest = x 10 000 (N 800)
100
nd
2 .year: principal = N 10 800
8
Interest =100 x 10 800 (N 864)
rd
3 . year: principal =N 11 664
8
Interest =100 x 11 664 (N 933.12)
:. Compound Interest =N 800 + N 864 + N 933.12
= N 2 597.12
Note: Generally, the amount A after T years is given by

𝑅)
A = P( 1 + 100𝑇
8
= 10 000( 1 + 100)3
= 10 000 ( 1 + 0.083 )
= 10 000( 1.083)
= 10 000 X 1.259712
= 12 597.12
Therefore, the compound Interest is I =A – P
= N 12 597.12 – N 10 000
Interest =N 2 597.12
2) A student borrows 120 000 to buy a laptop, scanner and printer at 5% per annum compound interest. He repays N 40
000 at the end of each year. How much does the student still owe at the end of 3 years?
Solution
For each year, calculate the amount plus interest minus the repayment, and then carry this amount forward as the
principal for the following year.
1st. year: principal N 120 000.00
5% interest=(0.05x120 000) + 6 000.00
N126 000.00
Repayment: - 40 000.00
nd
2 . Year: principal 86 000.00
5% interest (0.05 x 86 000) + 4 300.00
N 90 300.00
Repayment - 40 000.00
3rd. year: principal 50 000.00
5% interest (0.05 x 50 300) + 2 515.00
52 815.00
Repayment - 40 000.00
Amount still owed after 3 years is 12 815.00
3.A man wishes to keep some money in saving deposit at 25% compound interest so that after 3 years he can buy a car
for N 550 000. How much does he need to deposit now? (JAMB)
Solution
𝑅
Using A =P( 1 + R%)3 or ( 1 + 100 )3
550 000 = P ( 1 + 0.25)3
550 000 = P(1.253
P= 550 000
1.25) 3
No Log
550 000 5.7404
3
1.25 0.0969 x 3 = - 0.2907
2816 5.4497
Antilog = N 281 600
DEPRECIATION
Recall: depreciation is the loss in value of items/assets.

Examples: A palmtop costs N20 000, its value depreciates by 12.5% in the 1st year, 20% in the 2nd year and in the 3rd
year. Find its value after 3 years.
Solution:
1st year: value of palmtop = N 20 000
Depreciated value =12.5/100 × 20 000
= 2500
Less: 12.5% dep. = -2500 from 20 000 = 17 500
2ndyear: value of palmtop = 17 500
Depreciated value = 20/100 × N 17 500
= 3 500
3rd year: value = N 14 000
Depreciated value = 20/100 × N 14 000
= N2 800
Therefore, the value of the palm top after 3 years is N11 200
1. A machine bought for N50 000 depreciated by 15% during the first year and by 20% during each subsequent
year. Calculate its value three years later.
Solution
15% = 15/100 = 0.15, 20% = 20/100 = 0.20
st
1 year: cost of machine N 50 000
15% dep. = 0.15 × N 50 000 - 7500
------------
42 500
20% dep. = 0.20 × N42 500 - 8500
------------
3 rdyr: value of machine 34 000
20% dep. = 0.20 × N34 000 - 6800
---------------
N 27 200
The value of the machine after 3 years is N27 200
Note: the formula below allows us to calculate depreciation when the rate is the same each period.
A = P (1 - R/100 )T OR A = P (1 – R% )T
Where A= the book value after n( T) years

P = Initial cost of the asset
R = rate of depreciation
T(n) time or number of years (period)

NOTE: A = P (1 + R% )T is for compound interest while A = P (1 - R/100 )T is for depreciation.
3.the fixed asset of a company is depreciated by 15% each year. What will be the book value at the end of 3
years of a television bought for N120 000?
Solution
A = ? P = N120 000 R= 15% i.e. 15/100 or 0.15
T/n = 3 years
A = P (1 – R% )T
= 120 000 (1- 0.15)3
= 120 000 (0.85)3
= 120 000 × 0.614125
= N 73 695
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Stella saved N 100 000 in a bank. If the simple interest is paid yearly at 4% per annum, find the amount which stella
has in the bank at the end of 4 years.
2. To buy a computer , Musa borrowed N 40 000 at 9 % simple Interest, calculated yearly. If he will be making monthly
payment for 4 years , calculate:
(a) The amount of interest to be paid.
(b) The amount to be paid back.
(b) The monthly payment amount.
3.Jummai borrowed N100 000 for 3 years at 10% interest compound annually. Calculate the compound interest.
4.A Micro-finance bank is advertising a loan scheme for farmers. Take N500 000 for 5 years at 5% compound interest. If
the loan is terminated before a 5 year period, one gets a bonus of N100000
What was the actual amount paid back by someone who terminates the loan in 3 years?
5. N1.5million is invested for 2 years at 5.2% per annum compound interest. Calculate the total amount and the
compound interest.
6. A new car which costs N5 400 000 depreciates by 20% at the end of the 1st year. At the end of the subsequent years,
the depreciation is 10% of the value at the beginning of the year. Calculate the value of the car at the end of the:
a)1st year b) 3rd year (WAEC)
SUB-TOPIC 2: ANNUITIES AND AMORTIZATION
ANNUITIES
An annuity is a series of equal payments made at regular intervals or it is a sequence of equal periodic deposits. The
periodic deposits/payments may be monthly, quarterly, annually or a fixed period of time.
The amount of an annuity is the sum of all deposits made plus all interests.
A = P (1 + R%) pls complete eqn.

This is for so long period of years.
2.A =P (1 + R) N for Limited period of years. But both are the same viz.
Examples
1.Calculate the amount of an annuity of N 5 000 paid annually for 4 years at 15% interest per annum.
Solution
A = P (1 + R) N
15
=5 000 (1 + 0.15) N ( 100 = 0.15)
Now 1st. year annuity = N5000
The first payment is received at the end of the year, so it earns interest only for 3 years.
Amount after 3 years = 5 000 (1 + 0.15 )3
= 5 000 (1.15 )3
nd
2 . Year annuity = N 5 000
The 2nd payment is received at the end of the 2nd year and earns interest only for 2 years.
Amount after 2 years = N5000 (1 + 0.15)2
= 5 000 (1.15)2
Amount for 3rd year = 5000 (1 + 0.15)1
4th years Amount = N 5 000 (1.15)0
Therefore, Total amount
= 5 000 (1.15)3 + 5 000 (1.15)2 +5 000 (1.15)1 + 5 000 (1.15)0
= 5 000 (1 + 1.151+1.152 +1.153) (From the last term to first or Ascending order)
= 5 000 (1 + 1.15+1.3225 + 1.5209)
= 5 000 × 4.9934
= N 24 967
2. Calculate the amount of an annuity of N 8 000 paid yearly for 20 years at 10% interest per annum.
Solution
1st year annuity = N8 000
Amount after 20 yrs. = N8 000 (1 + 0.10)19
= N8 000 (1.1)19
2nd year annuity = N8 000
Amount after 19 yrs. = N8 000 (1 + 0.10)18
= N8 000 (1.1)18
3rd year annuity = N8 000
Amount after 18yrs = N8 000 (1 + 0.10)17
= N8 000 (1.1)17
And so on.
Total amount = N8 000 (1.119 + 1.118 +1.117 + …. + 1.12 + 1.11+ 1.10)
Rearranging in ascending order
= 8 000 (1 + 1.1 + 1.12 + 1.13 …. + 1.118+ 1.119)
To sum all will be a tug of war.
NOTE: The terms inside the bracket is a geometric progression (G.P) with the first term a=1, common ratio, r= 1.1 and
n=20
Recall: sums of a G.P is
S = a(rn-1)/(r-1)
Total amount = N 8 000 [(1.1)20 – 1)]/ (1.1 - 1)

No. Log
20
1.1 0.0414 × 20
6.730 0. 828
= N 8 000 (6.730 - 1) / 0.1

= N 8 000 × 5.730
0.1
= N 80 000 × 5.730
= N 8 × 57 300
= N458 400
∴ 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑁458 400 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑠. 𝑓 𝑜𝑟
Total amount is = A [(1 + R%)n–1]

R
Where A = Amount invested each period,
N = number of payments
R = interest rate per payment period
10
∴ 𝐴 = 8 000, 𝑛 = 20, 𝑅 = 10% 𝑜𝑟 𝑖. 𝑒 0.1
100
Total amount is = N8 000×[(1 + 0.1)20 – 1]

0.1
= N8 000×[(1.1)20 – 1]
0.1
= N8 000×[6.7275 – 1]
0.1
= N8 000 ×[5.7275]
0.1
= N8 000 ×[57.275]
1
= N458 200
20
NOTE: (1.1)
No. Log
20
1.1 0.0414 × 20 But with calculator = 6.7275
6.730 0. 828
3) Calculate the amount of an annuity of N2 000 payable yearly for 30 years at 10% per annum compounded annually.
Solution:
𝑃 = 2 000, 𝑟 = 10% 𝑖. 𝑒 0.10, 𝑛 = 30

∴ 𝐴 = N2 000×[(1 + 0.10)30 – 1]
0.10
=2 000×[(1.10)30 – 1]
0.10
=2 000 × 164.94
= N328 988 . 05
AMORTIZATION
This is the distribution of a single Lump-sum cash flow into smaller cash flow instalments or the process of paying off
a debt often from loan or mortgage over time through regular payments. The formula is:
𝑃 = 𝐴(1 − (1/1 + 𝑟)n)
𝑟
Where P is the principal amount borrowed, A the periodic payment, r the periodic interest rate divided by 100 and n
the total number of payments.
Examples
1. Find the amortization of N1 000 borrowed at 5% interest for 3 years.
Solution
P = N 1000, A=? n= 3 years r= 5/100 or 0.05
𝑃 = 𝐴(1 − (1/1 + 𝑟)n)
𝑟
3
1000 = 𝐴(1 − (1/1 + 0.05) )
0.05
3
1000 = 𝐴(1 − (1/1.05) )
0.05
1000 = 𝐴(1 − (100/105) ) 3
0.05
1000 = 𝐴(1 − (0.9523) ) 3
0.05
1000 = 𝐴(1 − 0.8636)
0.05
1000 = 𝐴(0.1364)
0.05
1000 = 𝐴(13.64)
5
1000 = 2.728A
Divide both sides by the coefficient of A
1000= A OR 1000 000
2.728 2728
A= N 366.56
2) A person pays an amortization of N100 at a mortgage rate of 10% for 1 year. If the payment is monthly, find the
principal amount borrowed?
Solution
P =? A=100 r= 10/100 yearly interest rate i.e., 0.1/12 = 0.0083 monthly interest rate
And n=1 × 12 = 12
𝑃 = 𝐴(1 − (1/1 + 𝑟)n)
𝑟
12
𝑃 = 100(1 − (1/1 + 0.0083) )
0.0083
12
= 100(1 − (1/1.0083) )
0.0083
= 100(1 − (10000/10083)12)
0.0083
= 100(1 − (0.9917683)12)
0.0083
= 100(1 − 0.9055715)
0.0083
= 100(0.0944284)
0.0083
= 100 × 11.37691572
= 𝑁1137.69
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑁1137.69
1. If N3 000 is deposited at the beginning of each year for 16 years into an account paying 10% compounded
annually, what will be the value of the annuity at the end of the 16th year?
2. A deposit of N1 000 is made at the beginning of each year for 30 years and earns 6% interest compounded
annually. What is the value of this annuity at the end of the thirtieth year?
3. The amount received on an annuity after 10 years at 8% interest per annum is N150 000. Calculate the annual
payment.
4. The sum of N250 000 is invested annually at 7% per annum compounded annually. Calculate the amount of
annuity for 10 years.
5. Calculate the simple interest payable on$ 5 200 in 5 weeks at 4.5% per annum to the nearest cent (Use 52 weeks =
1 year)
6. Calculate the compound interest on N350 000 for 3 years at 5.5% per annum.
SUB-TOPIC 3: Bond ,Debentures, Rates and income tax

CONTENT:
Bond and Debentures

Bonds is a long term financial security used to source for funds . Bonds may be issued by firms, financial institutions or
governments. Bonds issued by the government are generally regarded as very safe.
Debenture is a fixed interest – bearing security with a specified maturity date. The owner can claim his capital on
maturity. A debenture is a loan capital or corporate bond. It is an instrument for a limited liability company to raise long-
term capital. It is not a share and so debenture holders are not co-owners of the business. They are creditors to a
company. They do not share the risks of the business like share holders and have no say in the management of the
business.
Debenture holders receive a fixed rate of interest on their capital. They are entitled to their interest payment
whether profits are made or not and are paid before any dividends can be paid to
share holders.
There are two major types of debenture: (a) Mortgaged debenture and (b) floating debenture.
Sub- Topic 2
Shares : These are the units of capital or ownership of a limited liability company. It is the division of the company’s
ownership into numerous equal parts ie the interest which a share holder has in the company.
EXAMPLES
1 A Company decides to sell shares at a unit price of N 185 for the first 3 000 units and N145 for a bulk of 5.7 million
units. How much will one pay for 5.7 million shares.
Solution
Cost of a unit = N 185
First 3 000 units = N 185 x 3 000
5.7 million units =N 5 700 000
- 3 000
5 697 000
:. 5 697 000 units at N 145
No Log
3 000 + 3. 4771
5 550 5. 7443
Antilog = N555 000 (a)
5 697 000 6. 7556
145 + 2.1614
8 260 8. 9170
Antilog = N826 000 000 (b)
(a) + (b) =N 826 000 000 + 555 000
=N 826 555 000
Using calculator is N185 x3 000 = 555 000
N 145 x 5 697 000 = + 826 065 000
N 826 620 000
Sub – Topic 3
Rates
Rates are used to compare quantities of different kinds, such as rate of pay, fuel consumption, speed and density.
Examples
1) The rateables value of a town is N 8 000 000. Find the rates payable at 12k in N 1.00
Solution
12k in N 1. 00
N1. 00 in N 8 000 000 = 8 000 000
:.Type equation here. 12K = 8 000 000 X 12K
In Naira = ÷ 100
No Log
8 000 000 6. 9031
12 + 1. 0792
7. 9823
100 - 2. 0000
9600 5. 9823
Antilog = N 960 000
(2) A Famer planted 5 000 grains of maize and harvested 5 000 cobs, each bearing 500 grains. What is the ratio of
the number of grains sowed to the number harvested? (JAMB)
Solution
5 000 cobs each bearing 500 grains = 5 000 x 500 grains.
The ratio of the number of grains sowed =5 000 x 500
5 000
No Log
5 000 3. 6990
500 + 2.6990
6 .3980
5 000 - 3.6990
5 000 2 .6990
Antilog = 500
The ratio of the number of grains sowed to the number harvested
5 000: 500 x5 000
1: 500
(3). The mass and density of a metal are 350kg and 8.5gcm-3
Find the volume of the metal in cm3to 3 s.f.
Solution
Note 1 000g = 1 kg.
350 kg = 350 x 1 000g
Density = mass
Volume
DXV =M
𝑀
V =𝐷
= 350 000 g / cm3
8.5
No Log
350 000 5.5441
8.5 - 0.9294
4117 4.6147
Antilog = 41 170 cm3
Using calculator = 350 000 cm3
8.5

= 4 117.6
=4 120cm3
INCOME TAX
This is a certain amount paid to the government out of your income after some deductions are made. It is paid only on
taxable income = total income – allowances.
To calculate income tax, the steps are:
(a) Calculate the total allowance.
(b) Calculate the taxable income and
(c) Calculate the tax.
EXAMPLES
(1) A married man with five children under 16 years of age and 4 dependent relatives works in a firm and earns N
250 000 per annum. He also claims N 10 000 per annum for a life insurance policy. Calculate his monthly income
tax.
Solution
Total income = N250 000
From tax allowances table:
(i) Personal allowance =20% of (N 250 000 + N 5 000)
20
=100 x 250 000 + 5 000
=N 50 000 + 5 000
N 55 000
children allowance = (4 x 2 500) 10 000
(ii) Wife allowance = 5 000
Dependent relative = 2(N 2 000) 4 000
Insurance policy = 10 000
Total allowance = N 84 000
(ii) Taxable income = Total income – Total Allowances
= N 250 000 – N 84 000
= N 166 000
(iii). Calculating the tax:
5
1st N 30 000 at 5% = x N 30 000 = N 1 500
100
10
Next N 30 000 at 10% =100 X N 30 000 =3 000
15
Next N 50 000 at 15% =100x N50 000 = 75 00
20
Next N 50 000 at 20% = 100 x N 50 000 =10 000
The remainder N 166 000 –N 160 000 = N 6 000
25
N 6 000 AT 25% = 100 x N 6 000 = N 1 500
Total tax:
= N (1 500 + 3 000 + 7 500 +10 000 + 1 500)
= N 23 500
23 500
:. Monthly tax = N
12
=N 1 958.33
(2). A married man with 2 dependent relatives earns N 800 000 per annum. If he claims insurance premium of N 30 000.
What is his monthly income tax.

Solution
(i). Personal allowance.
20
20% of N 800 000 + N 5 000 = x N 800 000 + N 5 000
100
= N 160 000 + N 5 000
= N 165 000
Wife allowance = 5 000
Dependent relative, 2(N2 000) = 4 000
Insurance policy = 30 000
(ii). Taxable income = total income – total allowance.

= N 800 000 – N 204 000
= N 596 000
5
1st N 30 000 at 5% = 100 x N 30 000 = N 1 500
10
Next N 30 000 at 10% = X N 30 000 =3 000
100
15
Next N 50 000 at 15% =100 x N50 000 = 75 000
20
Next N 50 000 at 20% = 100 x N 50 000 =10 000
The remainder N596 000 – N 160 000 = N 436 000
25
25% of 436 000 = 100 x N 436 000 = N 109 000
Total tax:
= N (1500 + 3 000 + 7 500 + 10 000 + 109 000)
= N 131 000
131 000
:. Monthly tax =
12
= N 10 916.66.
(3). A single man’s annual salary is N 150 000.He claims the following tax allowances: personal allowance – 20% of salary
+ N 5 000; Housing - N 4 000; Transport – N 3 000; Insurance – N 3 750.
Income tax is charged as follows: on the first N 30 000, 5k per naira, on the next N 30 000, 10k per naira, on the
remainder, 25k per naira. C calculate how much income tax he pays per month.
SOLUTION
(i). Personal allowance = 20% of N 150 000 + N 5 000
20
= 100 x N 150 000 + N 5 000
= N 30 000 + N 5 000
= N 35 000
Housing = 4 000
Transport = 3 000
Insurance = 3 750
(ii). Taxable income = total income – total allowance
= N 150 000 – N 45 750
= N 104 250
5
1st N 30 000 at 5% = 100 x N 30 000 = N 1 500
10
Next N 30 000 at 10% =100 X N 30 000 =3 000
The remainder = N 104 250 – N 60 000. (45 750 + 1 500 + 3 000)
= N 44 250
25
:. 25% of N 44 250 = 100 x N 44 250
= N 11 062.50
Total tax = N (1 500 + 3 000 + 11 062.50)
= N 15 562.50
:. Monthly tax = N 15 562.50
12
= N 1 296.88
Valued Added Tax (VAT)
Valued Added Tax (VAT) is a direct tax charged on most goods and services. The rate varies from country to country
and can be change by the government. In Nigeria, the current rate is 5% of the basic cost of an item.
EXAMPLES
(1).one year a company paid a N 94 500 bill to (PHCN). The bill included VAT at 5%. Calculate how much money the
government receives as VAT on the bill.
SOLUTION
Since N 94 500 includes 5% VAT, then N 94 500 is 105% of the actual PHCN bill. The VAT is 5% of
105% of actual bill = N 94 500
1% of actual bill = N 94 500
105
5
:. 5% of actual bill = N 94 500 x 105
= N 4 500
(2). The cost of constructing a city house complex is N 24 million (including VAT). Find the amount of VAT that this
includes.
SOLUTION
Since N 24 million includes VAT, then N 24 million is 105% of the cost of construction. The VAT is 5% of the
constructing cost.
105% of the cost = N 24 000 000
1% of the cost = N 24 000 000
105
5
:. 5% of the cost N 24 000 000 x 105
= N 1 142 857.11
(3). To encourage learning and business, computers do not attract VAT. Find how much VAT a school pays when
buying the following items.
Item Number Unit per (N) exclusive VAT
i Computers 6 48 000
ii. Electronics. 10 15 000
iii. Chairs 15 9 000
iv. Lockers 50 6 500
SOLUTION
The VAT is 5% of cost of an item but if VAT is included in the cost, it implies 100 + 5%
(i). Computers = 6 48 000 x 5 = N 14 400
100
(ii). Electronics =10 x 15 000 x 5 = N 7 500
100
(iii). Chairs = 15 x 9 000 x 5 = N 6 750
100
(iv). Lockers = 50 x 6 500 x 5 = N16 250
100
Total VAT paid by the school = N (7 500 + 6 700 + 16 250) excluding computers.
= N 30 500
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
(1). A block of lead measures 2.5m by 1.2m by 0.8m. If the density of lead is 11.4g/cm3, find its mass in kg.
1
(2) A village has a total land area of 1 2 km2 and is in habited by 15 000 people. Find the population density of the village.
(3) A bankrupt’s liabilities are N 1 290 000. He can only pay 20k in the naira. Find his assets.
(4). A divorced man with 5 children under 16 years of age earns N 130 000 per annum. He supports an insurance
premium of N 5 000. Calculate his annual income tax.
(5) A couple are both working, each earning a salary of N165 000 per annum. They have 3 dependent relatives and 5
children, there of whom are under 16 years of age.
The husband claims child allowance while the wife claims dependent relative allowance. In addition, each claims a life
insurance of N 4 500. How much tax does:
(a) The husband pays? (b). the wife pays? (c). what is the difference between their net pay?
((6). The annual income of a married man with five children is N 54 600. The man is allowed the following amounts
free of tax by the Inland Revenue Department. Personal – N 6 000, Wife – N 3 000, Children – N 2 500 per child to a
maximum of 4. Other dependent relative = N 3 400; Life insurance = N 2 200.
1
Tax is then deducted at the rate of 12 k in the naira for the first N 20 000, 15k in the naira for the next for the next N
2
20 000 and 30k in the naira for the rest. Calculate:
TOPICAL TEST:
1. A man made a loss of 15% by selling an article for N595. Find the cost price of the article.
A. N600.00 B. N 684.25 C. N 700.00 D. N 892.25
1
2. A cooperative society charges an interest of 52% per annum on any amount borrowed by its members.
If a member borrows N 125, 000, how much does he pay back after one year?
A. N 136,875 B. N 131,875 C. N 128,750 D. N 126, 250
3. A man bought 220 mangoes at N5𝑥. He sold each for 3𝑥 kobo and made a gain of N8. Find the value
of 𝑥.
A.2 B.5 C. 6 D. 10
4. Ladi sold a car for N840, 000 at a loss of 4%. How much did Ladi buy the car?
A. N 80,500 B. N 80,640 C. N 87,360 D. N 87,500

5. A machine valued at N20,000 depreciates by 10% every year. What will be the value of the machine at
the end of two years?
A. N16,200 B. N14,200 C.N12,000 D. N8,000
6. A seller allows 20% discount for cash payment on the marked price of his goods. What is the ratio of
the cash payment to the marked price?
A. 1:4 B. 1:5 C.3:4 D.4:5
7. N140,000 is shared between Abu, Kayode and Uche. Abu has twice as much as Kayode and Kayode
has twice as much as Uche. What is Kayode’s share?
A.N80,000 B. N40,000 C. N20,000 D. N10,000
8. At what rate per cent per annum will N520.00 yield a simple interest of N39.00 in three years?
1 1
A. 4% B.32% C.3% D. 22 %
9.Find the value to which N3000.00 will amount in 5 years at 6% per annum simple interest.
A.N3,900.00 B. N3,750.00 C. N3,600.00 D. N3,300.00
10. A car uses one liter of petrol for every 14km. if one liter of petrol costs N63.00, how far can the car go
with N900.00 worth of petrol?
A. 420km B. 405km C.210km D.200km
ESSAY QUESTIONS
(1) An advertisement for a suit says, Cost is N 69 900 plus VAT. How much does the customer pay?
1
(2). In 2011 the UK government increased VAT from 17 2 % to 20 %. The price of a plasma TV was £ 499 before the rise in
VAT. To the nearest £1, what was its price after the increase in VAT?
(3). Find out how much customers pay for each item in the following advertisement
FRESH BONANZA
(i). T –Shirts N 1 000 + VAT
(ii). Dresses N 2 500 + VAT
(iii). Jackets N 5 800 + VAT
(iv). Trousers N 3 800 + VAT
(v). Shoes N 3 500 + VAT.
4. A girl bought a mobile phone on hire purchase for N15 000, out of which she paid N8 000.
If she is allowed to pay the remaining amount in five equal instalments.
5. calculate the total amount of each of the following ordinary annuities

a) N5 000 payable yearly for 3 years at 6% per annum
b) N8 500 payable yearly for 4 years at 5% per annum.
6. The value of a bus depreciates by 20% of its value at the beginning of each year. If the bus costs N1 million, find its
value after 2 years.
7. An Aeroplan costs $ 300 000. Its value depreciates by 25% in the 1st year, 20% in the 2nd year and 15% in each of the
following years. Find its value after 4 years.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Finance , simple interest ,Compound
interest,Annuity,Investment,Tax, Debenture,Amortization,Bond
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
“Through the intricate dance of numbers, arithmetic finance unveils the symphony of
opportunity, where every calculation is a note, and every decision a crescendo towards
prosperity."

WEEK: FIVE
TOPIC: SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SPHERE
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;
 Find the surface area of sphere and hemisphere

 Find the volume of sphere and hemisphere
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The student has leant solid shape like cone, cuboids, cylinder etc.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Surface area of sphere
CONTENT:
Sphere The diagram below shows a soled sphere of radius

(Sphere diagram)
Formula
Curved surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
Volume of sphere 3
𝜋𝑟 3
(Sphere diagram)
1. (diagram)
Example 1
Find the volume and curved surface area of a sphere of radius 9cm correct to 4 s.f (take 𝜋 = 3.142)
Solution
4
Volume of sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
𝜋 = 3.142 𝑟 = 9𝑐𝑚 = 3𝑐𝑚3
4 142
Volume = 3 × 3. 1
× 93 𝑐𝑚3
= 3054.024𝑐𝑚3
= 3054𝑐𝑚3 (4 𝑠. 𝑓)
Curved surface area = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋 = 3.142
𝑟 = 9𝑐𝑚
Curved surface area= 4 × 3.142 × 92 𝑐𝑚2
= 1018.008 𝑐𝑚2
= 1018𝑐𝑚2 (4 𝑠. 𝑓)
Example 2: the volume of a sphere is2100𝑐𝑚3 , and its radius is x cm. find the volume of x and hence the curved surface
22
area of the sphere. (take 𝜋 = 7
)
Solution

4
Volume of sphere= 3 𝜋𝑟 3
4 22
2100 = × × 𝑥3
3 7
4 22
2100 = × × 𝑥3
3 7
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 21
2100 × 21 = 4 × 22 × 𝑥 3
3 2100 × 21
𝑥=√
4 × 22
34410
√
88
= 7.943 𝑐𝑚
= 7.9𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑑. 𝑝
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
22
= 4 × 7.9432
7
= 793.147𝑐𝑚2
= 7931.1𝑐𝑚2 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑑.
Example 3: A sphere of radius 2 cm is of mass 11.2 g. find:
(a) The volume of the sphere
(b) The density of the sphere
22
(c) The mass of a sphere of the same material but with radius 3cm ( take 𝜋 = )
7
Solution
R= 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑚 = 11.2 𝑔
4
(a) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
704 3
= 𝑐𝑚
21
= 33.5𝑐𝑚3 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑑. 𝑝
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
(b) Density of sphere=𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
11.2
=
33.523𝑐𝑚3
= 0.334 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
= 0.33 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑. 𝑝
(c)
(c) In this case, radius, r=3 cm
Area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4 22
= × × 33 𝑐𝑚3
3 7
792 3
= 𝑐𝑚
7
= 113.142𝑐𝑚3 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 0.334 × 113.142
= 37.789 𝑔
= 37.8 𝑔 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑑. 𝑝
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. What is the definition of a sphere? Provide its key characteristics and explain how it
differs from other three-dimensional geometric shapes.
2. A sphere has a radius of 5 units. Calculate its volume and surface area, rounding
your answers to two decimal places.
3. Explain the relationship between the diameter and radius of a sphere. How are these
two measurements related mathematically?
4. Compare and contrast a sphere and a hemisphere. What are the defining features of
each, and how do their formulas for volume and surface area differ?
5. If the surface area of a sphere is given as 154 square centimeters, find its radius.
Show your step-by-step calculations.
6. Imagine a hemisphere with a diameter of 12 meters. Calculate the volume of this
hemisphere, rounding your answer to the nearest cubic meter.
7. A cylindrical container has a diameter of 8 inches and a height of 10 inches. It is
filled to the brim with water and then poured into a hemisphere with the same
diameter. How much of the hemisphere's volume remains unfilled? Provide the
answer as a percentage.
Feel free to use these questions for your purposes. If you need any further assistance or
modifications, just let me know!
SUB-TOPIC 2: Area and volume of hemisphere
CONTENT:
Total surface area of a hemisphere =3 𝜋𝑟 2

2
Volume of a hemisphere = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
Example 4:
(a) Find the volume and the total surface area of a solid hemisphere of diameter 14 cm to 3 s.f.
(b) If the density of the material used to make the hemisphere is 7.5𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3, what is the mass of the hemisphere in
1
kg to 3 s.f? (Take π=3 )
7
Solution
𝑑 14
𝑟= = = 7 𝑐𝑚
2 2
2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
2 22
= × × 73
3 7
= 718.66𝑐𝑚3
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 3𝜋𝑟 2
22
=3× × 72 𝑐𝑚2
7
= 462𝑐𝑚2
(𝑏)𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 𝐷 × 𝑉 = 7.5 × 718.66𝑔
= 5389.95𝑘𝑔
= 5.38995𝑘𝑔
= 5.39 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑠. 𝑓
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1) Find to 3 s.f. the volume and surface area of a sphere of radius (a)7cm (b)3.5cm
2) Find to 3 s.f the volume and surface area of a sphere of diameter (a)12cm (b)16.8
3) The surface area of a sphere is 154𝑐𝑚2 ,calculate the radius and hence the volume of the sphere.
4) Find to 3 s.f. the volume and total surface area of a hemisphere of radius (a) 14cm (b) 10 cm
5) The volume of a sphere is 904.32𝑐𝑚3 . Find its radius and hence and hence its curved surface area.
Multiple Choice Questions: Sphere

Question 1: What is the formula for the curved surface area of a sphere? A) A = 2πr2 B) A = 4πr2 C) A
= πr2 D) A = (4/3)πr3
Question 2: What is the volume formula for a sphere? A) V = 3πr2 B) V = (4/3)πr3 C) V = πr2 D) V =
4πr2
Question 3: For a sphere with radius 6 cm, what is its curved surface area? A) 144π cm² B) 216π cm²
C) 432π cm² D) 36π cm²

Question 4: If the volume of a sphere is 500 cm³, what is its radius? A) 5.53 cm B) 7.28 cm C) 8.63 cm
D) 9.82 cm
Question 5: Given the density of a sphere is 5 g/cm³ and its volume is 800 cm³, what is its mass? A)
1600 g B) 4000 g C) 2400 g D) 3200 g
Fill in the Gap Questions: Sphere
Question 6: The volume of a sphere with radius 10 cm is __________ cm³.
Question 7: A hemisphere has a curved surface area of 1256 cm². Its radius is __________ cm.
Question 8: The mass of a sphere is 28.8 g and its density is 3.6 g/cm³. Its volume is __________ cm³.
Question 9: The radius of a sphere is 12 cm. Its curved surface area is __________ cm².
Question 10: A solid hemisphere has a volume of 315 cm³. Its radius is __________ cm
ESSAY
(1) A sphere has a volume 1,000𝑐𝑚3 .(a) Use table to calculate its radius correct to 3 s.f
(b)Hence calculate the surface area of the sphere.
(2) A cylinder and sphere both have the same diameter and the same volume. If the height of the cylinder is 96cm.
find their common radius.
(3) Calculate to 3 s.f the volume and surface area of each of the following. (a) a sphere radius 10cm. (b)a sphere
diameter, 16cm (c) a hemisphere, radius 2cm (d) a hemisphere, diameter 9cm.
(4) A solid sphere has a radius of 5cm and is made of metal of density. 7.2g 1𝑐𝑚3 .Calculate the mass of the sphere in
kg.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Radius, Circumference, Equator, Surface area
,polar hemisphere

"Life is like a sphere, rolling through moments and experiences, gathering wisdom along its
journey. Just as a hemisphere embraces both light and shadow, so should we embrace life's
dualities to find our true balance and purpose."

WEEK: SIX
TOPIC: LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE.
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the class the students should be able to;
 Understand the Earth's Coordinate System

 Distinguish Between Latitude and Longitude
 Locate Places Using Coordinates
 Apply Latitude and Longitude to Real-world Scenarios
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students can obtain length of an arc and area of sphere.
SUB-TOPIC 1: Earth as a sphere
CONTENT:
Earth as a sphere : Sphere is a ball shape , not exactly circular.

The earth is a sphere of radius about 6 370 km. It has two major axes, namely North – South (N-S) axis and East – West (
E – W) axis. The N – S axis is called the polar axis ie a straight line through the centre of the earth joining the North and
South pole . The earth rotates about its polar axis.
The North and South end points of the polar axis are called the north pole (N) and the south pole (S) respectively.
(DIAGRAM)
When you want to lick an orange, it is either cut into two or peeled into sectors. To lick the one cut is bigger than the
peeled sector. The one cut is like a full orange – half, or a great cicle. If you cut the mouth just to lick, the cap is very
small then –a small circle.
(a) A great circle is a circle formed when a sphere is cut by a horizontal plane passing through its centre . In other
words a great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere.
Note: The centre of a great circle is the same as the centre of the sphere. Therefore, the radius of a great circle is the
same as the radius of the sphere.
(b). A Small circle is a circle formed when a sphere is cut by a horizontal plane passing through any part of the sphere
other than the centre. The radius of a small circle is smaller than the radius of the sphere. Also, all lines of Latitude
are small circles.
THE LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.

The spherical earth has imaginery lines called lines of latitude and longitude which are drawn on the earth’s surface
to determine the location of any point.
(a). LATITUDE: is the curve that runs from east to west of the earth. Halfway between the north pole and the south
pole is a line of Latitude.called the equator. It is a great circle and is marked latitude 0° All latitudes to the North of
the equator is numbered 1° N to 90° while that to the south 1° S to 90°S.
The equator centre of the earth with equal radius with that of the earth. All Latitudes North or South of the
equator are parallel, often called parallels of latitude.
(b). LONGITUDE: is the curve that runs from North to South. The circles formed on the surface of the earth as a result
of this line, are great circles called line of longitude. Lines of longitude, or meridians, are semi – great circles that
have the polar axis (NS) as a diameter.
Meridians are not parallel. They converge at the poles and are widest at the equator. The
Type equation here.meridian that passes through London, England is called Greenwich Meridian/ Prime meridian. It
is the reference meridian marked longitude 0®. The position of other meridian are 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 from 1° E to 180° E,
and 1° W to 180° W towards East and West respectively. So, all longitudes are great circles.
(c). THE RADIUS OF THE EARTH.

This is denoted using R which is approximately 6 370 km or 6 400 km (2 s.f.). Any line that has its source from the
center of the earth o, is labelled with the radius R.
(d). RADIUS OF THE PARALLELS OF LATITUDE

In the figure below, the latitude of the point A is Q. C is the center of the circle of latitude on which A lies.
Let r be the radius of the parallel of latitude through A, then in ∆ ACO.
< CAO = Q ( alternate angles CA OB )
OA = R ( radius of the earth )
𝑟
:. cos 𝑄 = 𝑅
r = Rcos 𝑄
DIAGRAM
The relationship r = R cos 𝑄 IS true for all parallels of Latitude where Q is the angle of Latitude you’re solving for its
radius.
Note: (i). All points which lie on the same parallel of latitude have the same latitude.
(ii). All points which lie on the same meridian have the same longitude.
EXAMPLES
(1). By using a suitable sketch, locate the points.
(a). T (60° N, 40° E) (b). P (70° S, 50° W )
DIAGRAM
Steps to draw which will help also to interpret:

(a). Draw a circle to represent the earth. Indicate the polar axis NS, the equator and prime
meridian.

(b). Draw any latitude / longitude for the North and South or East /West respectively.
(2). State the longitude of the following: (a) B (b). Q (c) R (d) C in figure i.
DIAGRAM
(a) B is on longitude 90° i.e. from G to B west ward.
(b) Q is 90° from G to Q east ward.
(c) R is 135° from G to R ie 90° + 45°
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
(1). Sketch, Mark the following points:

(a) Q (60° N, 20° E) (b) M (35° S, 55° W ) (c) R (35° S, 20° E )
(2). Use (fig i) above, to answer the following:

What is the difference in longitude between: (i). C and H? (ii) B and H?
(3). In fig. ii, G is the point where the Green which Meridian crosses the equator. Lines of latitude 70° N and 30° S, and
longitude 80° E and 40° W are given.
i). State the latitude and longitude of the following points.
ii). Write down the points on the same latitude.
iii) Write down the points on the same longitude.
SUB-TOPIC 2: Calculations of distance between two points on the earth
CONTENT:
Recall,
r arc
𝜃
𝜃
(i) Arc length AB, L = × 2𝜋𝑟
360
𝜋𝑟𝜃
OR Arc length AB, L = 180
180 𝐿 360 𝐿
but the angle 𝜃 is given as, 𝜃 = 𝜋𝑟
or 2𝜋𝑟
𝜃
(ii) Perimeter of sector AB = × 2𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟
360
𝜃
(iii) Area of sector AOB = × 𝜋𝑟 2
360
Examples:

(1) In the figure below, AB is a chord of the circle centre O and radius 12cm, <AOB = 100⁰. Calculate correct to 3 s.f
100⁰
(a) The length of chord AB

(b) The length of arc ADB
(c) The perimeter of sector OADB
22
(d) The area of the shaded segment (Take 𝜋 = 7
)
Solution:
(a) In the diagram, OM bisects <AOM and the chord AB. So <AOM = 100/2 = 50
𝐴𝑀
In triangle OAM, sin50⁰ = 12
AM = 12 sin50⁰
= 12 x 0.7660
∴ chord AB = 2 x 12 x 0.7660
= 18.384cm
= 18.4 to three s.f
𝜋𝑟𝜃
(b) Length of arc ADB = 180
22
×12 ×100
7
= 180
= 20.95cm
= 21.0 to three s.f
(c) Perimeter of sector OADB = arc ADB + 2r

= 20.95 + 2(12)
= 20.95 + 24
= 44.95cm
= 45.0cm to three s.f
1 2
(d) Area of triangle AOB = 2
r sin 100⁰
2
= 1/2 x 12 x sin 100
= 70.91cm2
𝜃
Area of sector OADB = 360
× 𝜋𝑟 2
= 125.71cm2
∴ Area of the shaded segment = Area of sector OADB − Area of triangle AOB
= 125.71 – 70.91
= 54.8cm2

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
(1) Find (i) the perimeter (ii) area and (iii) the length of the arc of the figure below (take pie = 22/7)
P
10cm
102⁰
(2) calculate to 3 s.f the perimeter, area of the shaded part and the length of the arc in the diagram
A B
8cm
80⁰
22
(3) PQ is a chord of the circle centre O, 21cm in length and radius 12cm. calculate <AOB to 3 s.f (𝜋 = 7
)
SUB-TOPIC 3: Calculations of distance between two points on the earth.
CONTENT:
Recall that all lines of longitudes and the equator are called great circles. To calculate distances along great circles means
finding the distance along the longitudes and the equator.
Note: To find the difference in longitude when the longitudes of two places are:
(a) On opposite sides of the prime meridian (i.e. are East and West) simply add the longitudes together
(b) Both on the same side of the meridian, (are both east and west) subtract the smaller the smaller longitudes from
the larger longitude. The same is true for differences in latitudes
So angular difference means difference in longitude or in latitude
Examples
(1) Determine the angle between the following locations on the earth’s surface.
(a) 45⁰E and 85⁰E
(b) 40⁰W and 88⁰W
(c) 75⁰E and 66⁰W
Solution
(a) 85 – 45 = 40⁰ on the same location

(b) 88 – 40 = 48⁰ on the same location
(c) 75 + 66 = 141⁰ on different location
(2) Towns A and B lie on the equator. A has longitude 63⁰E while B has longitude 126⁰E.
(a) What is the distance between the two towns along the equator?
22
(b) How far is town A from the North pole? (Take the radius of the earth as 6400km and 𝜋 = 7
)
Solution:
DIAGRAM
63
(a) Arc AB = 360
× 2𝜋𝑅
= 7040km
(b) Distance of A from the North pole = Arc AN

Angular difference = 90 + 0 = 90
90
∴ Arc AN = 360
× 2𝜋𝑅
= 10057km
(3) Point X has longitude 68⁰W and point Y has longitude 112⁰E. if both points lie on latitude 65⁰N. calculate the
distance between X and Y along
(a) Latitude 65⁰N
(b) A great circle
Solution:
The longitudes of X and Y differ by 180 ( i.e 68 + 112 = 180), hence X and Y lie on the same meridian, a great circle
passing through the north pole. Thus,
1
(a) Distance from X and Y along latitude 65⁰N = 2 × 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
1
= × 2𝜋𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠65⁰
2
= 1174km
(b) XOY = 180 – 2(65) = 50⁰
50
⇒ arc XNY = × 2𝜋𝑅
360
= 5556km
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The positions of Abuja (Nigeria) and Bonn (Germany) to the nearest degree are (9⁰N, 7⁰E) and (51⁰N, 7⁰E)
respectively. Use R = 6400km to calculate their distance apart to two s.f
2. By road, opobo Town and katsina are 1312km apart. Their positions are (4.6⁰N, 7.5⁰E) and (13.0⁰N, 7.5⁰E)
respectively.

(a) Calculate their great circle distance apart.
(b) Explain why there is a difference between your result and the road distance.
. (3) Two points M and N on the surface of the earth are given by their latitudes and longitudes as M (50⁰S , 15⁰E)
and N(50⁰S , 75⁰E). calculate (a) the radius of the parallel of latitude on which M and N lie. (b) the distance MN
measured along the parallel of latitude (Take the radius of the earth to be 6400km) (WAEC)
(4) P and Q are two places on the same parallel of latitude 34.6⁰S. Their longitudes are 28.7⁰E and 11.3⁰W
respectively. A is another point on the same meridian through P and its latitude is 25.4⁰N, calculate
(a) The distance between P and Q along the parallel of latitude
(b) The shortest distance between P and Q on the surface of the earth.
(c) The circumference of the circle of latitude through A (Assume that the earth is a sphere of radius
6400km) (WAEC)
(5) Find the distance measured along the parallel of latitude between Monrovia (6.3⁰N, 10.8⁰W) and Benin city
(6.3⁰N , 5.7⁰E)
(6) Find the parallel of latitude along which a journey of 166km makes a change of 4⁰in longitude. (Give your
answer to the nearest degree)
TOPICAL TEST:

1. Find the parallel of latitude in the northern hemisphere along which a journey of 640km makes a change of 8° in
longitude.
A. 54°N B.44°N C.76°N D.46°N
2. Two towns X and Y both on latitude 600S have longitude 270E and 330W respectively. Find to the nearest kilometre,
the distance between X and Y measured along the parallel of latitude. [Take 𝜋R = 4 × 104Km, where R is the radius of
the earth]
A. 28850km B. 16667km C. 8333km D. 6667km E. 3333km
3. Two points P and Q are on longitude 670. Calculate their distance apart in terms of 𝜋. (Take radius of the earth =
6400km)
6400 3200
A. 6400 𝜋km B. 𝜋
km C. 3200 𝜋km D. 3200km E. 𝜋
km
4. The length of a geographical globe is 60cm. Find the length of the parallel of latitude 600N.
A. 66 𝜋cm B. 60 𝜋cm C. 30 𝜋cm D. 10 𝜋cm E. 6 𝜋cm
5. A (500E, 200S) and B (500S, 1600W) are two points on the earth’s surface. Calculate the distance between A and B along the parallel
of latitude.

6. The shortest possible distance between two points on the Earth’s surface is the distance of a
A. great-circle B. latitude C. longitude D. small circle E. Circumference
7. Points S and T are on the parallel of latitude 460S. The longitude of S is 1300W and that of point T is 1030W. A third point
U, also on latitude 460S, is on longitude 230E. What is the shortest distance between T and U measured along the
parallel of latitude to the nearest 10km?
8. What is the length of the Arctic Circle (66.50N)?
A. 14 900km B. 15 900km C. 16 900km D. 17 900km E. 18 900km
9. How far from the North Pole is any point on the Arctic Circle?
A. 1610 km B. 1620 km C. 1615 km D. 2610 km E. 3610 km
10. Find the distance between Singapore (420N, 740W) and Romania (420N, 120E) measured along the parallel of latitude.
A. 6100 km B. 6500 km C. 7000 km D. 7050 km E. 7100
THEORY
1. Two places X and Y on the equator are on longitudes 67E and 123E respectively. (a)What is the
22
distance between them along the equator? How far is X from the North Pole? (takeπ = and R=6400Km)
7
SSCE
2. A point X is on latitude 28°N and longitude 105°W.Y is another point on the same latitude as X but on
Longitude 35°E (a) calculate, correct to 3 significant figures, the distance between X and Y along
22
latitude 28°N.How far is X from the equator Take π = 7 and radius of the earth =6400km.
SSCE
3. An aeroplane flies due west for 3 hours from P (lat 50°N, long.60°W) to a point Q at an average
Speed of 600km/hr.The aeroplane then flies due south from Q to a point Y 500km away. Calculate,
Correct to 3 sig figures, (a) the longitude of Q, (b) the latitude of Y.(Take The radius of earth R=6400km
22
π=7) SSCE
4. K (lat 60N, long 50W) is a point on the earth’s surface.L is another point due east of K and the third
Point N is due south of k.The distance KL is 3520Km and KN is 10951Km.Calculate
(a)the longitude of L
22
(b) the latitude of N (π = 7 , R= 6400km) SSCE
5. A plane flies due east from A (lat 530N, long 250E) to a point B (lat 530N, long 850E) at an average speed of
400km/hr.The plane then flies south from B to a point C 2000km away. Calculate, correct to the
nearest whole number.
(a) the distance between A and B.
(b)the time the plane takes to reach B
22
(c) the latitude of C (Take π = 7 and R =6400km) SSCE
6. An aeroplane flies from town A (200N, 600E) to town B (200N, 200E)

(a) if the journey takes 6 hours, calculate correct to 3 sig figures, the average speed of the aeroplane.
(b)If it then flies due north from town B to town C, 420 km away, calculate correct to the nearest
22
degree, the latitude of town C. (take π = and Radius of the earth= 6400km. SSCE
7
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Longitude: Navigation, Coordinates, Meridian, East-
West, Prime Meridian , Equator, Parallel, North-South, Location, Hemispheres
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER
"Longitude and latitude guide our journeys, not just on maps, but in life. Longitudes teach us
to persist through challenges, while latitudes remind us to explore the diverse horizons of
our dreams. Together, they shape the coordinates of our destiny."
WEEK: Eight
TOPIC: Trigonometry Graphs of Trigonometric Ratios
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to ;
 Identify Trigonometric Ratios

 Plot Basic Trigonometric Graphs
 Solve Trigonometric Equations Using Graphs
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students can plot quadratic graph
SUB-TOPIC 1: THE GRAPH OF Y = SIN FOR 00 <  < 3600
CONTENT:
The graph of y = sin is drawn by considering the table of values for sin  from  = 00 to  =
3600 at intervals of 900 as shown in the table below.
 00 900 1800 2700 3600

y = sin  0 1 0 -1 0
y
y= sin 
1
-axis
0
90º 180º 270º 360º

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
-1 1. Draw the graph of each of the following functions
(a) Y= - sinx (b) y = - cosx
SUB-TOPIC 2:
THE GRAPH OF Y= cos  for 00 < 0 < 3600 and THE GRAPH OF Y = tan for 00 <  < 3600
CONTENT:
THE GRAPH OF Y= cos  for 00 < 0 < 3600

The graph of y = cos  is also drawn by considering the table of values for cos  from  =
0 to  = 3600 at intervals of 900 as shown in the table below.
0
 00 900 1800 2700 3600

Y = cos  1 0 -1 0 1
y= cos 
1
0 -axis
90º 180º 270º 360º
-1
THE GRAPH OF Y = tan for 00 <  < 3600

The graph of y = tan is drawn by considering the table of values for tan from  = 00 to
 = 3600 at intervals of 450 as shown below.
 00 450 900 1350 1800 2250 2700 3150 3600
y=tan 0 1 udf -1 0 1 udf -1 0
udf.  Undefined
y
y= tan 
0 -axis
45º 90º 135º 180º 225º 270º 315º 360º
-1
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Draw the graph of each of the following functions

(c)y = -tanx (d) y = sinx + cosx (e) y = 1+ sinx
SUB-TOPIC 3: GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR AND TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPH
CONTENT:
Example 1:
(a) Copy and complete the table of values for the function y = 2 cos2x - 1
X 00 30 60 900 120 150 180
0 0 0 0 0
y=2cos2x- 1. 0. 1.0
1 0 0

(b) Using a scale of 2cm to 300 on the x-axis and 2cm to 1 unit on the y-axis draw the graph of y
= 2 cos 2x – 1 for 00  x  1800
(c) On the same axes draw the graph of
1
y (x  360 )
180
(d) Use your graph to find the
(i) Values of x for which 2 cos 2x + ½ = 0
(ii) Roots of the equation
x
2 cos 2x – + 1 = 0 (WAEC).
180
Solution:
y = 2cos2x – 1
x 00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
y=2cos2x-1 1.0 0.0 -2.0 -3.0 -2.0 0.0 1.0
For x = 600
y = 2 cos 2 x 600 – 1
= 2 cos 120 – 1
= -2 cos (180 – 120) – 1
= -2 cos 600 – 1
= -2 x 0.5 – 1
= -1 – 1
= -2
For x = 90
y = 2 cos 2 x 900 – 1
= 2 cos 180 – 1
= -2 – 1
= -3
For x = 120
y = 2 cos 2 x 1200 – 1
= 2 cos 240 – 1
= -2 cos (240 – 180) – 1
= -2 cos 60 – 1
= -2 x 0.5 – 1
= -1 – 1
=-2
For x = 1500
y = 2 cos 2x – 1
= 2 cos 2 x 150 – 1
= 2 cos 300 – 1
= 2 cos (360 – 300) – 1
= 2 cos 60 – 1
= 2 x 0.5 – 1
=1–1
=0
(b) Turn to the next page for graph
1
(c) To draw the graph of y  (x  360)
180
select any three values from the x-axis of the table above
x 00 900 1800
y -2.0 -1.5 -1.0
(d) (i)
2 cos 2x + ½ = 0
2 cos 2x = -½
2 cos 2x – 1 = -½ - 1
2 cos 2x – 1 = -1½
The values of x for which 2 cos 2x + ½ = 0 can be obtained at the point where y = -1½ (point A
and B on the graph)
i.e., x = 520 or x = 1290
(ii) The roots of 2cos2x – x + 1 = 0

180
2cos2x – x + 1 = 0
180
2cos2x = x - 1
180
2cos2x – 1 = x – 1 -1
180
2 cos 2x – 1 = x - 2
180
{where x – 2 = 1 (x – 3600)}

180 180
The roots are found at the point where the two graphs y = 2 cos 2x – 1 and y = 1/180 (x –
3600) meet.(points C and D on the graph)
i.e. x = 550 or x = 1320
Scale: 2cm to 30 º on x-axis

2
2cm to 1unit on y-axis
1 y = 2cos2x -1
A,C B,D
0
0º 30º 60º 90º 120º 150º 180º
-1
y=
1
1800
x  360 
y = -1½
-2
-3

************************************
Example 2:
(a) Copy and complete the table of values for the function y = 2 cos 2 + sin 
x -1200 -900 -600 -300 300 600 900 1200 00

y -1.87 -0.13 -1 0.13 2
(b) Using a scale of 2cm to 300 on -axis and 2cm to 1 unit on y-axis draw the graph of y = 2
cos 2 + sin  for –1200    1200
************************************
7θ
(c) Using the same scale and axes draw the graph of y  1
410
(d) From your graph, find the roots of the following equations
(i) 2 cos 2 + sin  = 0
(ii) 2 cos 2 + sin  + ½ = 0
7θ
(iii) 2 cos 2 + sin  = 1
410
Solution:
y = 2cos 2 + sin 
x -1200 -900 -600 -300 300 600 900 1200
y -1.87 -3.00 -1.87 0.50 1.50 -0.13 -1.00 -0.13
For  = -1200
-1200 ≡ 2400
y = 2 cos 2 x 240 + sin 240
= 2 cos 480 + sin 240
= 2 (-0.5) + (-0.8660)
= -1 –0.8660
= -1.87

For  = -30
-300 ≡ 3300
y = 2 cos 2 x 3300 + sin 3300
= 2 cos 6600 + sin 3300
= 2 (0.5) + (-0.5)
= 1 – 0.5
= 0.5 Scale: 2cm to 30º on -axis
y-axis 2cm to 1 unit on y-axis

3
2
y = 2cos2 + sin
1

7
θ
y= 410 -1
0 -axis
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150

-1
-2
-3
-4
For  = -90
-900 ≡ 2700
y = 2 cos 2 x 2700 + sin 2700
= 2 cos 540 + sin 270
= 2 (-1) + (-1)
= -2 – 1
= -3

For  = 30
y = 2 cos 2 x 30 + sin 300
= 2 cos 600 + sin 300
= 2 (0.5) + (0.5)
= 1 + 0.5
= 1.5
7θ
(c) y  1
410
 -1200 00 90
y -3.05 -1 0.54
For  = -120
y = -7 x 120 – 1
410
y = -2.05 – 1
y = -3.05
For  = 0
y=7x0-1
410
y = -1
For  = 900
y = 7 x 90 - 1
410
y = 630 - 1
410
y = 1.54 – 1
y = 0.54
(d) (i) The roots of 2 cos  + sin  = 0 is at the points where y = 0 i.e. where the graph crosses
the -axis.
 = -350 or  = 590
(ii) 2 cos 2 + sin  + ½ = 0

2 cos 2 + sin  = -1/2
The roots are the values of  where y = -1/2 i.e.  = -420 or  = 690 or  = 1120
7θ
(iii) 2 cos 2 + sin  = 1
410
7θ
The roots are at the points where the two graphs y = 2 cos 2 + sin  and y= 1
410
meet. i.e.  = -1030 or  = -640 or  = 600
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
(1) (a) Copy and complete the following table of values for the function
y = sin  - cos 2.
 00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
y -1.00 0.00 1.37 -1.00
(b) Using a scale of 2cm to 300 on -axis and 2cm to 1 unit on y-axis draw the graph of y = sin 
- cos 2 for 00    1800
2  1
(c) Using the same scale and axes draw the graph of y 
270
(d) From your graph, find the roots of the following equation.
(i) sin  - cos 2 = 0
(ii) sin  - cos 2 = 1
2  1
(iii) sin  - cos 2 =
270
(2) (a) Copy and complete the following table of values for the function
y = 1 – 3 sin 2x
x 00 150 300 450 600 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 750
y 1 -0.5 -1.6 1 2.5 3.6 2.5 1 -0.5
(b) Using a scale of 1cm to 150 on the x-axis and 2cm to 1 unit on the y-axis draw the graph of y
= 1 – 3 sin 2x for 00  x  1800
x  40
(c) Using the same scale and axes, draw the graph of y 
50
(d) From your graph, find the roots of the following equation
(i) 1 – 3 sin 2x = 0
(ii) 1 – 3 sin 2x = 2
x  40
(iii) 1 – 3 sin 2x =
50

TOPICAL TEST:

Question 1: What is the value of y for θ = 1800 in the function y = sin θ?
A) 0
B) -1
C) 1
D) Undefined
Question 2: For which value of θ does the function y = cos θ have a value of -1?
A) 900
B) 0
C) 1800
D) 3600
Question 3: What value of y corresponds to θ = 2250 in the function y = tan θ?
A) 1
B) Undefined
C) 0
D) -1
Question 4: Which of the following functions has a graph that intersects both the positive y-axis and
the negative x-axis?
A) y = -sin x
B) y = -cos x
C) y = tan x
D) y = sin x + cos x
Question 5: What is the equation for the function whose graph crosses the x-axis at θ = 520 and θ =
1290?
A) 2 cos 2θ + ½ = 0
B) 2 cos 2θ – θ + 1 = 0
C) 2 cos 2θ – 1 = 0
D) 2 cos 2θ – 3600 = 0
Question 6: What are the roots of the equation 2 cos 2θ + sin θ = 0 based on the graph?
A) θ = -350, θ = 590
B) θ = -420, θ = 690, θ = 1120
C) θ = -103, θ = -640, θ = 600
D) θ = -120, θ = 900
Question 7: In the function y = 1 – 3 sin 2x, when does the graph cross the x-axis?
A) x = 600, x = 1500
B) x = 300, x = 750
C) x = 450, x = 1350
D) x = 00, x = 1200
Question 8: What are the solutions to the equation 2 sin 2x + 1 = 0 based on the graph?
A) x = 300, x = 1050
B) x = -450, x = 750
C) x = 150, x = 600
D) x = 450, x = 90
Question 9: For which value of x does the function y = cos 2x + 2 sin x have a value of 1?
A) 00
B) 600
C) 1800
D) 200
Question 10: For which value of x does the function y = cos 2x + 2 sin x have a value of 1?
A) 00
B) 600
C) 1800
D) 200
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Trigonometric

Functions, Amplitude, Period, Phase Shift, Trigonometric Identities, Unit Circle,
Waveform, Oscillation, Trigonometric Graphs

"As the angles of life shift and the curves of challenges arise, remember that just as a
trigonometry graph finds harmony in its waves, you too can find balance in the
oscillations of your journey. Embrace the coordinates of growth and let the beauty of
your path unfold, one calculated step at a time."

WEEK: Nine
TOPIC: Differentiation of Algebraic functions
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
 Define differentiation and understand its significance in calculus.

 Apply the power rule to differentiate functions of the form f(x) = x^n, where n is a constant.
 Apply the product rule to differentiate the product of two functions.
 Differentiate equations where the dependent variable is not explicitly isolated.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students can solve questions on linear and quadratic equation
SUB-TOPIC 1: Differentiation from the first principle and Standard derivatives of some basic
functions
CONTENT:
MEANING OF DIFFERENTIATION/DERIVED FUNCTION#

The process of finding the differential coefficient of a function is called
differentiation.Differentiation deals with the measure of the rate of change in a particular
function when some quantities in the function is either increased or decreased. For example,
given the function y = f(x), a change in x will produce a corresponding change in y. When y is
increased, x is bound to increase in proportion and vice versa. Note: The reverse of
differentiation is integration.
DIFFERENTIATION FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE

The method of finding the derivative of a function from definition is called differentiation from
the first principle. Note: A change in x to 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 produces a corresponding change in y to 𝑦 +
∆𝑦.
Example 1:
Differentiate the following from the first principle
𝐴. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
𝐵. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
SOLUTION
𝐴. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
Take increment in both x and y
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) + 5
∆𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 5 − 𝑦
∆𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 5 − (2𝑥 + 5)
∆𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 − 5
∆𝑦 = 2∆𝑥
Divide both sides by ∆𝑥
Δ𝑦 2∆𝑥
=
Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥
Take limits of both sides as ∆𝑥 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
Δ𝑦
lim = lim 2
∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
∴ =2
𝑑𝑥
𝐵. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2
∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 𝑦
∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
∆𝑦 = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑥 2
∆𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥∆𝑥 + 𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
∆𝑦 = 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥
Δ𝑦 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2
=
Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥
Δy 2x∆x (∆x)2
= +
Δx ∆x ∆x
Δ𝑦
= 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥
Δ𝑥
take limits of both sides as ∆x → 0
Δ𝑦
lim = lim (2𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 + 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 2:
1
𝑦=
𝑥
SOLUTION
1
𝑦=
𝑥
1
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 =
𝑥 + ∆𝑥
1
∆𝑦 = −𝑦
𝑥 + ∆𝑥
1 1
∆𝑦 = −
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 − (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑦 =
𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
𝑥 − 𝑥 − ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 =
𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
−∆𝑥
∆𝑦 =
𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 ∆𝑥
Δ𝑦 −∆𝑥
= ÷ ∆𝑥
Δ𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
Δy −∆𝑥 1
= ×
Δx 𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) ∆𝑥
Δ𝑦 −1
=
Δ𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)

take limits of both sides as ∆x → 0
Δ𝑦 −1
lim = lim ( )
∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 0)
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 × 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
STANDARD DERIVATIVES OF SOME BASIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑𝑦
(1) if y = a , where ‘a’ is constant , then =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2) if y = ax , then =𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(3) if y = 𝑥 𝑛 , then = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(4) if y = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , then = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(5) if y = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 , then = 𝑛𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(6) if y = sin ax , then = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(7) if y = cos ax , then = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(8) if y = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , then = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 1:
𝑑𝑦
Use the standard derivatives given above to find of the following functions
𝑑𝑥
A. 𝑦 = 4
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 7𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=7
𝑑𝑥
C. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
D. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5
𝑑𝑦
= 3 × 5 × 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 15𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐:
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x
A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑦
= 7 − (−3)2𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 7 + 6𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥
C. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
D. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
E. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑒 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1
F. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 1) 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= − × 4(4𝑥 − 1)−3/2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= −2(4𝑥 − 1)−3/2
𝑑𝑥
PRACTICE EXERCISE:

(1) 𝑦 = 1 − 4𝑥
(2) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
Find the derivative of the following function
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
2
2. 𝑦 =
𝑥
7
3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 −
𝑥2
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1
1. Find from first principle, the derivative, with respect to 𝑥 of 2𝑥2+ .
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
2. By first principle , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3. Find the derivative of the following functions:
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 -7 b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/2 c. 𝑦 = 1/𝑥 4
4. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
A. 2x2-x-1
B. 6+5x-x2
SUB-TOPIC 2: RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
CONTENT:
SUM AND DIFFERENCE RULE

(a) If y = u + v
dy d(u + v)
=
dx dx
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
= + (𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(b) 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑢 − 𝑣)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= −
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
(𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆)
𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑿𝑨𝑴𝑷𝑳𝑬𝟏:
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
(a) Y = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 1
(b) Y = 6𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
SOLUTION
(a) Y = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑏) 𝑦 = 6𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
= 18𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 18𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝟐:
𝑑𝑦
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9
𝑑𝑥
𝑪𝑯𝑨𝑰𝑵 𝑹𝑼𝑳𝑬(𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, (𝑥 − 3)5 , (2𝑥 − 5)3 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= ×
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
Example 1:
Differentiate
(a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 8)4
(b) 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 1
𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(𝑎) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 8)4
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 8
→ 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢
=2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑢3 × 2
𝑑𝑥
= 8𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 8(2𝑥 + 8)3
𝑑𝑥
(𝑏) 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = √𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑢1/2
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑢−1/2
𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑢−1/2 × 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
1
= × 2𝑥
2𝑢1/2
𝑥
= 1/2 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)1/2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑬𝑿𝑨𝑴𝑷𝑳𝑬 𝟐:
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 (2𝑥 2 + 1)4 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1)4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)4
2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑢3 × 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 4(2𝑥 2 + 1)3 × 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 16𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑼𝑪𝑻 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑸𝑼𝑶𝑻𝑰𝑬𝑵𝑻 𝑹𝑼𝑳𝑬𝑺
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
= 𝒗 + 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑣
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑢
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒚 𝒗 −𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏:
𝑎. 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
𝑦 = (3 + 2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑦 = (3 + 2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3 + 2𝑥 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑥)2 + (3 + 2𝑥)(−1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −4𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
b. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: (2𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 2 − 1)2
Let 𝑢 = (2𝑥 − 1)3 and 𝑣 = (𝑥 2 − 1)2

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 3 × 2(2𝑥 − 1)2 = 2 × 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 6(2𝑥 − 1)2 = 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 2 − 1)2 × 6(2𝑥 − 1)2 + (2𝑥 − 1)3 × 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1) [3(𝑥2 − 1) + 2𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1) [3𝑥2 − 3 + 4𝑥2 − 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1) (7𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3)
𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLE 2:
1−𝑥 2
Find the derivative of the function:
1+𝑥 2
SOLUTION
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= −2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 3
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝒅𝒚 −𝟒𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1+𝑥
1. a. Differentiate with respect to x:
1−𝑥 2
𝑥 2 −1
b.Find the derivative of the following function:
2𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
a.(2x+1)3(x2+1)
b. x3(2x2-1)
Find the third derivative of the functions:
1. Y = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 1
2. Y = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1
SUB-TOPIC 3:
HIGHER DERIVATIVE
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑦
Then = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑥
Also, = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 3
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑥 𝑛−3 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) etc.
𝑑𝑦 3
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the second derivative of y=3x3-5x2
SOLUTION
Y=3x3-5x2
𝑑𝑦
= 9𝑥 2 − 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 18𝑥 − 10
𝑑𝑥 2
EXAMPLE 2:
𝑑3𝑦
Find the 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 5
𝑑𝑥 3
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 12𝑥 2 − 36𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
= 24𝑥 − 36
𝑑𝑥 3
CLASS ACTIVITY
Find the third derivative of the functions:
3. Y = 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 1
4. Y = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1
APPLICATION TO REAL LIFE SITUATION SUCH AS MAXIMA AND MINIMA, VELOCITY,

ACCELERATION AND RATE OF CHANGE ETC.
GRADIENT

𝑑𝑦
If y or f is a function of x , then the first derivative or f ‘(x) is called the gradient function.
𝑑𝑥
The gradient of a curve at any point P(x1,y1) is obtained by substituting the values of x1 and y1
𝑑𝑦
into the expression for . This is the same as the gradient of the tangent at that point.
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the gradient of the curve y=x2+7x-2 at the point (2,16)
SOLUTION
y=x2+7x-2
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑥
Thus at (2,16)
𝑑𝑦
= 2(2) + 7
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 11
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 2:
If f(x)=(x2+3)3, find the gradient of f(x) at x= ½
SOLUTION
Let y=(x2+3)2
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, the gradient at x= ½ is
𝑑𝑦 1 12
= 4 × ( + 3)
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 ( + 3)
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑𝑦
= 0.5 + 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6.5
𝑑𝑥
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Find the gradient of the curve y=x2+3x-2 at the point x=3.
2. Find the coordinate of the point on the given curve, y=x2-x+3 whose gradient is 1.
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
Suppose that a particle’s distance, s meters, after t seconds is given by s=t2+3t+5
𝑑𝑠
The velocity is the rate of change of s compared with t, i.e., . Since s= t2+3t+5, then
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
= 2𝑡 + 3
𝑑𝑡
Hence the velocity after t seconds is given by 2t+3.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity compared with time. If velocity is vm/s then the
𝑑𝑣
acceleration is 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 .
𝑑𝑡
EXAMPLE 1:
A particle moves in a straight line specified by the equation x=3t2-4t3. Find the velocity and
acceleration after 2 seconds.
SOLUTION
X=3t2-4t3
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 6𝑡 − 12𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
At t=2, we have 6(2)-12(2)2
= 12- 48
=-36m/s
𝑑2𝑥
𝑎 = 2 = 6 − 24𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 2, 𝑎 = 6 − 24(2)
𝑎 = 6 − 48
𝑎 = −42𝑚/𝑠 2
EXAMPLE 2:
An object projected vertically upwards satisfies the relation h=27t-3t2, where hm is the height
after t seconds.
a. Find the time it takes to reach the highest point.
b. How high does it go?
SOLUTION
a. h=27t-3t2
𝑑ℎ
𝑣= = 27 − 6𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑣 = 0
i.e. 27-6t=0
6t=27
t=27/6=4.5seconds
b.to find the highest point, substitute t=4.5s into the expression for h.
h=27(4.5)-3(4.5)2
h=60.75m
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that after t seconds it has gone s
meters, where s=t2+2t.
Find the velocity of the particle after
a. 1 second
b. 3 seconds
2. A stone is thrown vertically into the air, and its height is s meters after t seconds,
where s =29.4t-4.9t2
a. after how many seconds does it reach its greatest height?
b. what is the greatest height?
c. What is its initial velocity?
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
A function y is increasing if > 0 while a function is decreasing if < 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example1:
Find the range of values of x for which x2-x is increasing.
SOLUTION
Let y=x2-x
𝑑𝑦
x2-x is increasing if >0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 1 > 0
𝑑𝑥
2x>1
x> ½
EXAMPLE 2:
Find the range of values of x for which x2-x is decreasing?
SOLUTION
Let y=x2-2x
𝑑𝑦
x2-x is decreasing if <0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 2 < 0
𝑑𝑥
2x<2
X< 1
RATE OF CHANGE
EXAMPLE 1:
1. Find the approximate increase in the area of a circle if the radius increases from 2cm to
2.02cm.
SOLUTION
Let A denote the area of the circle of radius r.
Then, A=𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝐴
𝑛𝑜𝑤 , 𝛿𝐴 = 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝑟
2𝜋𝑟(0.02) = 0.04𝜋𝑟
𝟐𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 × ×𝟐
𝟕
=0.2514cm2
EXAMPLE 2:
If the side of a square is increasing by 0.2%, find the approximate percentage increase in
the area.
SOLUTION
A=x2
𝒅𝑨
= 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝐴
𝛿𝐴 = 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝑟
0.2 𝑥2
𝛿𝐴 = 2𝑥 𝑥=
100 250
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒙
= =𝟓
𝟐𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐
= % 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝟓
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

A turning point/stationary point of a curve is a point at which the gradient is zero. The
turning point is either maximum point(highest point ) or the minimum point(lowest point) or
the point of inflexion.

PROCEDURE FOR TESTING AND DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN STATIONARY POINTS
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
1. Given y=f(x),determine 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒚
2. Put = 𝟎 and solve for x
𝒅𝒙
3. Substitute x into equation to obtain the y, i.e.(x,y) of turning point.
NATURE OF TURNING POINT
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Using
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
A. If < 𝟎(𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆) − 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
B. If >0 (𝒊. 𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆) − 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
C. If = 𝟎 − 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝒅𝒙𝟐
EXAMPLE 1:
A curve is defined by the function y=x3-6x2-15x-1,find the maximum and minimum point.
SOLUTION
𝒅𝒚
First, we find and equate to zero.
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟓) + 𝟏(𝒙 − 𝟓) = 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝑋 = 5 𝑜𝑟 − 1
To test for maximum or minimum,

We differentiate the second time
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
=𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Put x=5, 6(5)-12=18>0…………..minimum point at x=5

Put x=-1, 6(-1)-12=-6-12=-18<0……………maximum point at x=-1
To find the corresponding y put x=5 to the first equation i.e. y=x3-6x2-15x-1
Y=125-150-75-1=-101, minimum point (5,-101)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = −1 − 6 + 15 − 1
𝑦=7
Maximum point(-1,7), minimum point(5,-101)
𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 7
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = −101
EXAMPLE 2:
Find the maximum or minimum value of the curve y=x2-6x+5
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑑𝑥
2x-6=0
2x=6
X=3
𝑑2𝑦
= 2, 2>0 therefore, it is minimum
𝑑𝑥 2
To obtain y,
y=32-6(3)+5
y=9-18+5
y=-4
minimum point is (3,-4)
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Find the maximum and minimum points of the curve y=x3-3x+5

2. Find the turning point of y=x3-6x2+12x-11
3. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.001m/s. find the rate at which the
area is increasing when the radius of the circle is 10cm.
4. Find the approximate change in the surface area of a cube of side x metres caused by
decreasing its side by 1%.
5. Find the range of values of x for which x2-5x is increasing.
6. Find the range of values for which x2-4x is decreasing.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. After t seconds a particle has gone s metres where s=t3-6t2+9t-5. Find the time (in
seconds) for its velocity and acceleration to be zero. Calculate also the velocity and
acceleration initially and after 5 seconds.
𝑥 −3
2. Differentiate − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −1
3
3. Find dy/dx of (3-2x)-1/2
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x2-2x+3 at the point (2,3)
5. If the radius of a circle is increased from 5cm to 5.1cm, find the approximate increase in
area.

Question 1: What is the derivative of the function f(x)=x4+4x3−2x+1 with respect to x? .

A.4x3+12x2−2
B. 4x3−12x2−2
C. 4x3+12x2+2
D. 4x3−12x2+2
Question 2: If y=(2x+8)4, what is dy/dx? A. 8(2x+8)3

B. 4(2x+8)3
C. 2(2x+8)3
D. 16(2x+8)3
Question 3: The velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is given by v(t)=3t2−6t. What
is the acceleration of the particle? A. 6t−6
B. 6t+6
C. 6t−12
D. 6t+12
Question 4: The curve y=x3−6x2+5 has a maximum point at: A. (2, -3)
B. (3, -4)
C. (-1, 7)
D. (5, -101)
Question 5: The function f(x)=x2−4x is increasing for values of x in the range: A. x<2
B. x>2
C. x<0
D. x>0
Question 6: A particle moves in a straight line according to the equation x=3t2−4t3. What is the
velocity of the particle at t=2 seconds? A. 12 m/s
B. -36 m/s

C. -12 m/s
D. 36 m/s
Question 7: The turning point of the curve y=2x3−12x2+12x−11 is: A. Maximum point
B. Minimum point
C. Inflection point
D. Not enough information to determine
Question 8: The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius r is given by: A.
2πr
B. 2π
C. πr2
D. 2r
Question 9: If the side of a square is increasing at a rate of 0.2%, the approximate percentage
increase in its area is: A. 0.2%
B. 0.4%
C. 0.04%
D. 0.002%
Question 10: The highest point of the curve y=x3+3x2−9x+5 is: A. (-1, 7)
B. (0, 5)
C. (1, 0)
D. (3, 5)
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Derivative, Rate of Change, Tangent Line,
Instantaneous Slope, Limits, Differential Calculus, Chain Rule, Power Rule, Product Rule,
Quotient Rule, Critical Points, Inflection Points

Amidst the constant flux of life, differentiation teaches us that even in the smallest
increments of change, there lies immense potential. Like finding the slope of a curve, our
journey's essence is revealed through each moment we embrace. Embrace change, for in
its subtlety lies the profound canvas of growth."

WEEK: TEN
TOPIC: Integration of Simple Algebraic functions:
LESSON OBJECTIVES: the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
 Understand the concept of integration and its relationship to differentiation.

 Recognize and differentiate between indefinite and definite integrals.
 Apply basic integration rules to algebraic functions involving constants, powers,
and basic trigonometric functions.
 Perform integration using the power rule, constant multiple rule, and
sum/difference rule.
 Solve simple integration problems involving polynomial expressions and
trigonometric functions.
 Apply appropriate techniques to handle integration of basic trigonometric
identities and substitution.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: the students can solve questions on differentiations
SUB-TOPIC 1: Integration and evaluation of definite simple Algebraic functions.
CONTENT:
INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF DEFINITE SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Integration is the opposite of Differentiation. It is the process of obtaining a function from its
𝐹(𝑥)
derivative. A function F (x) is an anti derivative of a given function F (x) if d = f (x).
𝑑𝑥
In general, if F (x) is any anti derivative of f (x), then the most general anti derivative of f(x) is
specified by f (x) + c and we write: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + c
The symbol ∫ is called an integral sign and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is called the indefinite integral.
The arbitrary constant c is called the constant of integration, and the function f (x) is called the
integral.
𝑑𝑥 4
For example , F(x) = x4 + c is an anti derivative of f(x) = 4x3 because F’(x) = = 4x3 = f(x).
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑛+1
In general, if n ≠ -1, then an anti derivative of f(x) = 𝑥 𝑛 is F (x) = +C
𝑛+1
To integrate a power of x ( apart from power n = - 1, increase the power of x by 1 ( one)
and divide by the new power.
EXAMPLE 1:
𝑥 5+1
a. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = +c
5+1
𝑥6
= +c
6
𝑑 𝑥6 6𝑥 5
( +1)= = x5
𝑑𝑥 6 6
𝑑 𝑥6
( - 2 ) = x5
𝑑𝑥 6
𝑑 𝑥6
( + 3 ) = x5
𝑑𝑥 6
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
 Similarly, [ + C ] = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
:. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 dx = +C ; ( n ≠ -1 )
𝑛+1
b. Integrate the following:
(i). ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii). ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 10)𝑑𝑥 (iii). ∫ 𝑥 −1/2 dx
𝑑𝑦
(iv). If = 4 and y =2 when x = -1, find y in terms of x.
𝑑𝑥
SOLUTION :
(I). ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1+1
= 2[ ] +C
1+1
2𝑥 2
= +C
2
2
=𝑥 +C
(ii). ∫ (𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 − 10)𝑑𝑥 This can be done term by term.
∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 10)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 - ∫ 10𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= + - ∫ 10𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥
2+1 1+1
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥 0+1
= + - 10 + C
3 2 0+1
1 3 1 2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 - 10x + C
3 2
Notice that instead of giving three different constants of integration, the three can be
combined and written as one.
1
(iii). ∫ 𝑥 −1/2 dx = 𝑥 −2+1 + C
𝑥 1/2
= +C
1/2
= 2 √𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑦
(iv). = 4 , so dy = 4dx
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑑𝑥 ie y = 4x + C. When y = 2, x = -1 2 = 4(-1) +
C
C = 6 Hence, y = 4x + 6
 The integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥
Let u = ax + b
𝑑𝑢
= a,
𝑑𝑥
du = adx , so dx = 1/a du
1
∫ 𝑓( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
= 1/a ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢.
3𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 2 :a. Integrate (i). ∫(3𝑥 + 2)4 𝑑𝑥 (ii). ∫
(2𝑥−1)2
Solution : For ∫(3𝑥 + 2)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let u = 3x +2, =3
𝑑𝑥
So 3dx = du , hence dx = 1/3du
1
:. ∫(3𝑥 + 2)4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
3
1 4
=
3
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢5
= ( )+C
3 5
1
= 𝑢5 + C
15
3𝑑𝑥
(ii). ∫ , Let U= 2x – 1
(2𝑥−1)2
𝑑𝑢
=2
𝑑𝑥
2dx = du
dx= ½ du
1
3𝑑𝑥 3( )𝑑𝑢
2
∫ (2𝑥−1)2 = ∫ 𝑢2
3 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢2
3
= ∫ 𝑢−2 du
2
3 𝑢−2+1
= ( ) +C
2 −2+1
3( 𝑢−1
= ) + C
2 −1
−3 1
= . +C
2 𝑈
−3 1
= . +C
2 2𝑋−1
3
=− +𝑐
4𝑥−2
𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 −4
integrate (i).∫ ( ) dx (ii). ∫ 2x( 𝑥 2 − 1)2 dx
𝑥2
𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 −4 𝑥4 3𝑥 3 4
∫( 𝑥2
)dx = ∫ (
𝑥 2
+
𝑥2
-
𝑥2
)dx
= ∫ 𝑥 2 dx + ∫ 3xdx – 4 ∫ 𝑥 −2 dx
𝑥3 3 4
= + 𝑥2 + +C
3 2 𝑥
(ii). ∫ 2x (𝑥 2 - 1) dx = ∫ (2𝑥 3 - 2x) dx
= ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥4 - 𝑥2 + C
2
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1) ∫ (x 2 + 3x – 2) dx
2
2) ∫ √𝑥 + √𝑥) dx
3). ∫ √𝑥 3 dx
SUB-TOPIC 2: APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION IN CALCULATING AREA UNDER THE CURVE

CONTENT:
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION IN CALCULATING AREA UNDER THE CURVE

y-axis
y = f(x)
a b x-axis
𝑏
The integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is called the definite integral of the function f(x) with ‘a’ and ‘b’
the lower and upper limits of the integral respectively.
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 geometrically represents the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the
lines x = a , x =b and the x-axis.
Example 1:
4
Evaluate ∫1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
4
∫1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 + 𝑐]14
Now substitute the value of the upper limit for x minus when you substitute the lower limit.
= (43 + 𝑐) − (13 + 𝑐) = 64 + c – 1 – c = 63
Now we shall examine some properties of the definite integral,
y-axis
y = f(x)
𝐴1 𝐴2
a c b x-axis
𝑐
𝐴1 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏
𝐴2 = ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑐 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
If the area is below the x-axis it will have a negative sign attached to it. Negating such
an area will make it positive.
It is very essential to sketch the curve y = f(x) if the definite integral,
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is to be used in finding the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the lines x= a ,
x = b and the x – axis.
Example 2:
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 the lines x = 2, x = 3 and the x –axis.
Solution:
Y-axis 𝑦 = 𝑥2
2 3 x-axis
𝑏
Let the shaded area be the required area. i.e. ∫𝑎 𝑦𝑑𝑥
3
The area = ∫2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥3
= [ ]
3 2
33 23
= −
3 3
27−8
=
3
19
= sq. units
3
1
=6 sq. units
3
Example 3:
Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = 𝑥 2 the line y = 1, y = 9 and the y –
axis.
Solution: y-axis y = x2
9
1
x-axis
9 9
The area = ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑦 as y = x2 then x = √𝑦, so the area = ∫1 √𝑦𝑑𝑦
1 9
+1
𝑦2
= [1 ]
+1
2 1
3 3
2
= [9 − 12 ]
2
3
2
= [33 − 13 ]
3
2
= (26)
3
1
= 17 sq. units
3
EQUATION OF CURVE GIVEN GRADIENT

EXAMPLE 1:
A curve passes through the point (0,1) and its gradient at any point P(x,y)=3x2-5. Find the
equation of the curve.
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑦
Let = 3𝑥 2 − 5
𝑑𝑥

dy=(3x2-5)dx
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(3𝑥 2 -5)dx
y=x3-5x+c
at (0,1)
1=0-5(0)+c
C=1
The equation is y=x3-5x+1
EXAMPLE 2:
A particle moves in a straight line in such a way that its velocity after t seconds is (3t+4)m/s.
find the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds.
SOLUTION
V=3t+4
𝑑𝑠
= 3𝑡 + 4
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = (3𝑡 + 4)𝑑𝑡
3
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (3𝑡 + 4)𝑑𝑡
0
3
3𝑡 2
S=⌈ + 4𝑡⌉
2
0
S=27/2 +12
S=25.5m
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Find the area of finite region between the axis and the curve
1
(i) y = x(x - 2)(x - 3)[Ans: 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡] (ii) y = x(x - 1)(x - 3)
12
2. Find the area bounded by the following curves and lines and the axis
(i) Y = x2 for x = -1 , x = 2
2
(ii) Y=x +1 for x=1 , x=3
2
(iii) Y = (𝑥 − 2) for x=2 , x=4

SUB-TOPIC 3:
CONTENT:
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

EXAMPLE 1:
A particle moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration of 2cm/s2. If its velocity after t
seconds is vcm/s, find u in terms of t, given that the velocity after 3 seconds is 12cm/s.
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑣
a= =2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 2𝑡 + 𝑐
When t=3 and v=12
12=2× 3 + 𝑐
12=6+c
C=6
∴ 𝑣 = 2𝑡 + 6
EXAMPLE 2:
The velocity, Vms-1 of a body after time t seconds is given by V=3t2-2t-3. Find the distance
covered during the 4th second.
SOLUTION
Let S be the distance covered
4
S=∫3 (3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 3)𝑑𝑡
4
3 2
S=⌈𝑡 − 𝑡 − 3𝑡⌉
3
S=(64-16-12)-(27-9-9)

S=27m
SIMPSON’S RULE
Another rule for numerical integration is attributed to Thomas Simpson (1710-1761) an English
Mathematician.
𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑠𝑜𝑛’𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏

𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑏−𝑎
ℎ=
𝑛
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
a=xo,x1,x2,x4,…xn=b
𝑏 1
and their corresponding ordinates at y0,y1,y2…,yn, Simpson showed that∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≃ ℎ(𝑦0 +
3
4𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 + 4𝑦3 + 2𝑦𝑛−2 + 4𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑛
this can also be written as

𝑏
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ℎ[(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦𝑛−2 )]
𝑎 3
EXAMPLE:
Using Simpson’s rule with 8 strips, evaluate
𝟓
𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙
Correct to 2 decimal places.
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 = 𝟓 − 𝟏 = 𝟒

𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒃 − 𝒂 = 𝟒 𝒏=𝟖
𝒃−𝒂 𝟒
h= = = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟖 𝟖
The working is set in a tabular form as follows:
x y First last Odd Remaining
ordinates ordinates ordinates
1 Y0 1
1.5 Y1 0.67
2.0 Y2 0.50
2.5 Y3 0.40
3.0 Y4 0.33
3.5 Y5 0.29
4.0 Y6 0.25
4.5 Y7 0.22
5.0 Y8 0.2
totals 1.2 1.58 1.08
5
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ≃ × 0.5[1.2 + 4(1.48) + 2(1.08)]
1 𝑥 3
5
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ≃ × 0.5[1.2 + 6.32 + 2.16]
1 𝑥 3
≃1.613
51
Hence, ∫1 𝑑𝑥 ≃ 1.61 (2𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑥
EXAMPLE 2:
Using Simpson’s rule with 4 strips, evaluate
6
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Correct to 2 decimal places.
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
𝑏−𝑎 =6−2=4 𝑛 =4
𝑏−𝑎 4
ℎ= = =1
𝑛 4
X Y First last Odd ordinates Remaining
ordinates ordinates
2 Y0 4
3 Y1 8
4 Y2 16
5 Y3 32
6 Y4 64
totals 68 40 16
6
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = × 1[(𝑦0 + 𝑦4 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 ) + 2𝑦2
2 3
1
= (68 + 4(40) + 2(16))
3
1
= × 260
3
=86.67 (2 d.p.)
𝑷𝑹𝑨𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑬 𝑬𝑿𝑬𝑹𝑪𝑰𝑺𝑬
Using Simpson’s rule with six strips, evaluate

5 1
∫2 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥Find the area of the finite region bounded by y = x2 - 2x – 3 , x = -1 , x = 3 and the x
– axis

1. Find the area of the finite region bounded by y = x2 - 2x – 3 , x = 0 , x = 5 and the
x – axis
2. Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = 9x2 the line y = 1 , y =
9 and the y – axis.
INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING
3. ∫(𝑥 3 + 3)2 𝑥 2 dx
4. ∫ (2𝑥 + 1)4 dx
TOPICAL TEST
INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING

7𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ (5𝑥−4)3
6𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 −1
2. ∫ dx
𝑥2
3. Find the equation of a curve with gradient given by 2x-3 and passes through the
point (3,2)
4. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that its acceleration after t
seconds is (2t-1)cm/s2.if its velocity after t seconds is vcm/s, find v in terms of t,
given that v=9 and t=2.
5. Find the area enclosed by the curve y=4+3x-x2 and the x-axis.
6. Evaluate
𝟏
∫ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
7. Evaluate
𝟏
𝟕 + √𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Question 1: What does the symbol ∫ represent in mathematics? a) Summation b) Derivative c) Integral
d) Fraction

Question 2: Which of the following is the reverse process of differentiation? a) Subtraction b)
Integration c) Multiplication d) Exponentiation
Question 3: What is the integral of the constant function f(x) = 7 with respect to x? a) 7x b) 7 c) x + 7
d) 0
Question 4: Which of the following is the correct notation for the integral of a function f(x) with
respect to x? a) ∂f(x) b) ∫f(x) c) δf(x) d) ∆f(x)
Question 5: What is the indefinite integral of the function f(x) = 2x^3 + 5x^2 - 3x with respect to x? a)
x^4 + 5x^3 - 1.5x^2 + C b) 8x^4 + 10x^3 - 1.5x^2 + C c) 0.5x^4 + 2.5x^3 - 1.5x^2 + C d) 0.5x^4 +
5x^3 - 3x^2 + C
Question 6: Which rule states that the integral of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their
integrals? a) Chain rule b) Power rule c) Product rule d) Linearity of integration
Question 7: What is the definite integral of the function ∫(2x + 3) dx from x = 1 to x = 5? a) 18 b) 28 c) 14 d) 10
Question 8: The process of finding the area under a curve using integration is also known as: a)
Differentiation b) Rectification c) Differentiation d) Integration
Question 9: What is the integral of the sine function ∫sin(x) dx? a) -cos(x) + C b) -sin(x) + C c) cos(x) +
C d) sin(x) + C
Question 10: What is the value of ∫[0, 3] (2x + 1) dx? a) 7 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Integral, Antiderivative, Definite Integral,

Indefinite Integral, Area Under the Curve, Integration Techniques, Integration by
Parts, Substitution, Integration Limits, Integral Calculus, Accumulation

"Integration is the art of unifying fragments into a whole, much like life's experiences
converging to shape our story. Just as integration weaves curves into a seamless
tapestry, let your moments blend together to create a life of purpose, where every
fragment adds to the masterpiece of your existence."

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SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

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WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

(e) Multiplication of matrices.

ARITHMETIC OF FINANCE (a) Simple interest (revision).

LONGITUDE AND (a) Earth as a sphere.

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 Use the property √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎√𝑏 to simplify the surds.

THE RULES GUIDING THE BASIC OPERATION WITH SURDS

6. 2√𝑋 + 3√𝑋 = 5√𝑋 e.g 2√2 + 3√2 = 5√2

1. State which of the following pairs of expressions are equal

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= 6 − 2√6 − 24 = −18 − 2√6

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1. Simplify the following:

2. Simplify the following:

∴= (√𝑎 + √𝑏)(√𝑎 − √𝑏) = (√𝑎)2 − (√𝑏)2

1. 𝑺𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔: (𝒂) (𝟓√2 + 2√8)(5√2 − 2√2)

2(𝑎) (4√5 − √9)(4√5 − √9)

(4) 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

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Angles 30° 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟔𝟎°

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, < 𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 30°

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EVALUATION OF EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING SURDS

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1. Simplify the following:

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Multiple Choice Questions

2. Given that √128 − √18 − √𝑘 = 7√2, find 𝑘.

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Perfect Square.Radical Symbol ,Radical Expression

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TOPIC: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 Understand matrix notation

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students can solve question on determinant of a 2x2 matrix

SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF MATRICES AND TYPE OF MATRICES

MATRIX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.

Find; (i)3B (ii)BA (iii)B2 (iv)BA – A.

Note: 0 is the null matrix.

Find MN – NM. (WAEC)

Transpose of a matrix and Determinant of 2 × 2 AND 3 × 3 Matrices.

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SUB-TOPIC: DETERMINANTS OF 2 × 2 AND 3 × 3 Matrices.

=a11a22 - a21a12 is called the determinant of matrix A, and denoted by det A.

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We shall consider another method of evaluating a determinant of order 3.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

i.eCij = (-1)i +j Mij.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

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Let use this method for example 4.

Multiple Choice Questions: