FARMING MADE EASY

USING MACHINE LEARNING

 1.INTRODUCTION

India being a rural nation, its economy transcendently relies upon agricultural yield development
and unified agroindustry items. It is currently quickly advancing towards a specialized turn of
events. India now is rapidly progressing towards technical development. Smart farming is
changing the face of agriculture in India. Technology can provide a solution to most challenges
farmers face. It can help them predict weather more accurately, decrease waste, boost output and
increase their profit margins. In the status quo, the farmers and the consumers find it difficult in
the real world to determine the accurate prices of crops without having prior knowledge of the
fluctuating trend prices or weather conditions. Accordingly, innovation will end up being helpful
to agriculture. The paper aims to predict crop prices in advance. This work is based on finding
proper regional datasets that help us in achieving high accuracy and better performance. Our
system, Agro-Genius, is using Machine Learning to build the Price Predicting Model.

In the past few years, a lot of fluctuation in the prices of the crop has been seen. This has increased
the rate of crop damage produced each year. The main aim of this prediction system is to ensure
that the farmers get a better idea about their yield and deal with the value risk.

Weather is also highly unpredictable these days. It also affects the crop production. The proposed
system will also forecast the weather helping the farmer make correct decisions regarding field
ploughing, field harvesting etc. Similarly, fertilizers play an important role. Fertilizers load the soil
with the required nutrients that the crops eliminate from the soil. Crop yields and production will
be fundamentally decreased if fertilizers are not used. That is the reason fertilizers are utilized to
enhance the soil’s supplement stocks with minerals that can be immediately assimilated and
utilized by crops. Our system will provide fertilizer consumption based on different crops and
provide a portal to buy the fertilizers and seeds from the user’s location. They can even get the
exact location along with the address of the fertilizer and seed shop. The provided fertilizers will
get more profit to the farmers on the growing system suggested crop. It will also show the best
suited crop based on cultivation date and month and location details, thereby maximizing the yield.

It will provide multilingual and region specific guide books for the farmers. Any farmer who is
new to this field and who wishes to gain information from his ancestors but having the same
methods documented will be highly beneficial. We have also provided maps for the farmers to
gain knowledge. Our system will provide two different types of maps for the farmer to gain the
knowledge about how the land and where they should start their farming. Irrigation maps show the
irrigated-non irrigated area over the country. Agriculture land view map will provide an overview

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of agricultural land present in various states of India and help farmers to analyze the non
Agricultural land which can further be improved. Maps make the farmers easy to understand they
have to just hover on the state they are thinking of starting their farming and they will get the
information about that state and they can decide whether they should change the place or should
start farming. If the farmers are new in this field it is the best thing for them as the most important
thing in farming is to firstly choose the land and place of farming.

Moving in the same direction, our system will incorporate a chat application which helps in
information sharing. Often farmers have certain queries which cannot be solved due to their limited
knowledge, hence we are building a platform where information can be exchanged. Language can
pose as a barrier to the users. Since the majority of non- English speaking farm workers in India
are native Hindispeakers, we anticipate that once these resources are developed they might be
translated to other languages as well. Hence, to make the website user friendly, we have provided
language translation.

Farmers should know about their location, date of cultivation of their crop. Our system is a web
application, which is developed based on machine learning concepts. The proposed system applies
machine learning and prediction algorithms like Naive Bayers, Decision Trees and K-Nearest
Neighbour to identify the most accurate model and then process it. This in turn will help predict
the price of the crop.

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

The following papers focused on predicting crop price using Machine Learning and providing
results. In April 2019, the exploration targets foreseeing both the cost and benefit of the given
harvest before planting. The preparing datasets so acquired give enough bits of knowledge to
foresee the suitable cost and request in the business sectors[1]. The authors have predicted the most
profitable crops and its expected price during harvesting time according to the location, by
predicting different historical raw datasets using different machine learning algorithms. The work
shown by Nishiba [2] is the expected utilization of data mining procedures in foreseeing the harvest
yield dependent on the input parameters average rainfall and area of the field. The easy-to-use
website page created for anticipating crop yield can be utilized by any client by giving the normal
precipitation and region of that place. Different Data Mining techniques are applied to different
datasets. This paper can also include certain modules [11] which can help farmers to make certain
decisions based on the harvested area or current trends in the market. The system can be extended
by visualizing the crop details in a map with details, which will help farmers to view the nearby
district cultivation details. Proposed system can be enhanced by providing a graphical visualization
of predicted prices for better understanding.

This system is proposed to provide help to the farmers for expecting the best amount for their crops
and for predicting the best price for the crops. This also helps the farmers to check previous prices
of different commodities. The system can predict crops using [9] Random forest, Polynomial
Regression and Decision Tree algorithms. The best crop and its required fertilizers make the farmer
more confident about the crop and its yield and also our system will do marketing work [4] by
estimating total value of the crop based on current market price. The idea of the system can be
extended by adding some extra features to the system like providing a nearby shop location portal
for purchasing seeds and fertilizers.

These papers aim at predicting the price and forecast through web application and it runs on
efficient machine learning algorithms like using an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
(ARIMA) model,Traditional ARIMA [6], Support Vector Regression Algorithm[8], and
technologies having a general easy to use interface to the clients. The training datasets [7] acquired
give sufficient bits of knowledge to foreseeing the appropriate price [10] and request in the
markets. The results are displayed as web applications in order that poor farmers can access easily.
Models can be improved by integrating this with other departments like horticulture, sericulture,
and others towards the agricultural development of our country. Different agriculture departments
have various problems in the current time. Incorporating them will not only increase the scope but
also help the farmers new to this part of the spectrum. Their work may be expanded by building a
framework forsuggesting agriculture produce and dispersion for farmers. Utilizing this framework,
We ought to get the same accuracy indeed when an information autonomous framework is utilized.
Further, can be enhanced by making an android application for the same.

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2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In this paper author is using various machine learning algorithms such as Random
Forest, Decision Tree and KNN to predict crop prices. All this algorithms get train
on Crop Prices dataset which contains crop details weather details such as Rainfall
and below screen showing dataset details with crop name, market name with prices
and Rainfall

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

We have used Python for basic programming in all modules. Flask is used for hosting. Socket
Programming is used for a chat application. Chart.js is used for visualizing the maps. JavaScript
is used for validation purposes.

For Weather Forecast [12] and fertilizer shop location, we have used APIs. Using the self-made
dataset and concept of linear regression in machine learning we have implemented a Crop
recommendation model so that a farmer can learn about the best suited crop for a particular region.
In Fertilizer Recommendation we have used a dataset for predicting which fertilizer should be used
for the disease present on crops. Socket programming is used for farmers interaction using
provided chat application [3]. Google API is used for providing a multilingual website for ease to
read.

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 3.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : MINIMUM i3.

• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Ram : 4 GB.

3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System: Windows 8

• Coding Language: Python 3.7

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 4 . SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal
is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates.
During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried
out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company.
For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the
system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

4.1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will
have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the
research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be
justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved
because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized
products had to be purchased.

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4.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the
technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high
demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the
available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the
client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or
null changes are required for implementing this system.

4.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the
user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The
user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity.
The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are
employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His
level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive
criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

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 5.SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-

purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The
standard is managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of
object oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two
major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of method
or process may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as
well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have
proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software
and the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to
express the design of software projects.

GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that
they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development
process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

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5.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of

behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is
to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms
of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those
use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions
are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.

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5.3 CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML)

is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by
showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the
relationships among the classes. It explains which class contains information.

5.4 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is
a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called
event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

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5.5 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities

and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified
Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and
operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram
shows the overall flow of control.

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 6.CODING

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn.svm import SVR
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

le1 = LabelEncoder()
le2 = LabelEncoder()

dataset = pd.read_csv("Dataset/CropDataset.csv",usecols=['variety','max_price','Rainfall'])
dataset.fillna(0, inplace = True)
df = dataset.loc[(dataset['variety'] == 'Coriander Seed')]

Y = df.values[:,1:2]
df.drop(['max_price'], axis = 1,inplace=True)
df['variety'] = pd.Series(le1.fit_transform(df['variety'].astype(str)))
df.fillna(0, inplace = True)
X = df.values

sc = MinMaxScaler(feature_range = (0, 1))

X = sc.fit_transform(X)
Y = sc.fit_transform(Y)
print(X.shape)

X_train = X
Y_train = Y
X_test = X
Y_test = Y

svr_regression = RandomForestRegressor()
#training SVR with X and Y data
svr_regression.fit(X_train, Y_train.ravel())
#performing prediction on test data

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predict = svr_regression.predict(X_test)
svm_mse = mean_squared_error(Y_test.ravel(),predict.ravel())
print(svm_mse)
#plotting comparison graph between original values and predicted values
plt.plot(Y_test.ravel(), color = 'red', label = 'Observed Crime Location')
plt.plot(predict.ravel(), color = 'green', label = 'Predicted Crime Location')
plt.title('SVM Crime Location Forecasting')
plt.xlabel('Original Observed Crimes Locations')
plt.ylabel('Forecasting Crimes Locations')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
print(predict)
predict = predict.reshape(predict.shape[0],1)
predict = sc.inverse_transform(predict)
predict = predict.ravel()
labels = sc.inverse_transform(Y_test)
labels = labels.ravel()

for i in range(len(labels)):
print(str(predict[i])+" "+str(labels[i]))

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 7. IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 MODULES:

1) New Farmer Signup:

Using this module farmers can signup with application
2) Farmer Login:
Farmer can login to application by using username and password given at signup
time and then farmer can select crop name to get its predicted prices in different
market. Farmer can view all schemes details launched from the government
3) Admin Login:
Admin can login to application by using ‘admin’ as username and password and
then can add new schemes details

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 8.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

8.1What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.
Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs
generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used
for the following –

• Machine Learning
• GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
• Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
• Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
• Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
• Test frameworks
• Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete
code for that manually.

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2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code
in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to
our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things
done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This
is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces
to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world.
A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

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10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to
it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need
to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in
other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to
search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people
suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the
free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives
you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need
to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build
web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and
also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

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Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python
over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the client-
side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such
application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it
just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers
during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers
are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t
do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java
code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

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History of Python :

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both
start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the
CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence
the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked
that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an
interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en
Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to
mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and
to the people who worked on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued:
"I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to
design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without
its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a
simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic
syntax, used indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks,
and developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call
it), a list, strings, and numbers."

8.2 What is Machine Learning :

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking
at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a
subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first
brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the
data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine
learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the
data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and
understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical

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 digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is
similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some
broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features
of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used
to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression,
the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised learning
in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks
such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct
groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct
representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the
following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because
they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial
stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that
what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make
decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.
Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several
real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines,
particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using
programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we
can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world
problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

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 Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity
and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind
is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is
facing currently are −
Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and
feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time
especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of
expert resources is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and well-
defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology
is not that mature yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be
represented well for the problem.
Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.
Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be
deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are
in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which
cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML
−

• Emotion analysis
• Sentiment analysis
• Error detection and prevention
• Weather forecasting and prediction

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• Stock market analysis and forecasting
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Customer segmentation
• Object recognition
• Fraud detection
• Fraud prevention
• Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

8.2.1 How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one
of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning
Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start learning
it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow
to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine
Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your needs to
reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites
that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and
Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics
to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

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(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important
as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML expert
will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection,
analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance, Probability
Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very
important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors,
and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn them
as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python!
While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is
currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python libraries that are
specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online
resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which
is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated
stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

24
 (a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

• Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
• Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to
the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste,
etc.
• Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the name
of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
• Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
• Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

• Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
• Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and cluster
analysis models.
• Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning
with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy
and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
• Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So
the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will
maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-
1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that
would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves
to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right
products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.

25
2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement
As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of
data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-
variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications
You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while
also targeting the right customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased,
and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with
a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function.
This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results
Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms.
You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

26
 4. High error-susceptibility
Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the
source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this release
were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van
Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This
release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting
unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release
as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not
backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of
duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the
13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way
to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

• Print is now a function

• Views and iterators instead of lists
• The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be
sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
• There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
• The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
• Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—
even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

27
 Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose
programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.
Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems
or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background
- without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow
TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine
learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and production
at Google.
TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.
Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features
including these important ones:

28
▪ A powerful N-dimensional array object
▪ Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
▪ Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
▪ Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas
Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and
analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and
preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem.
Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data,
regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with
Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including
finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a
variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be
used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy
and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error
charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample
plots and thumbnail gallery.
For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties,
axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to
MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn
Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a
consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose
programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design
philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

29
 Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code
is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems
or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background
- without breaking.
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :
Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer
devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.

8.2.2 How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit

30
2operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device
or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python
on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

31
Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color or
you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we are
downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

32
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-
based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-
based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part
in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python

33
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

34
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed
Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.
verify the python installation
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

35
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first uninstall
the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

36
 Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click on
Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have named
the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

37
 9. SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test
type addresses a specific testing requirement.

9.1 Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision
branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units
of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a
structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform
basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately to
the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

9.2 Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software
components to determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more
concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although
the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at
exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

9.3 Functional test

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions
tested are available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation,
and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

38
 Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective value
of current tests is determined.

9.4 System Test

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

9.5 White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge
of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose.
It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

9.6 Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds
to outputs without considering how the software works.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.
Test objectives
• All field entries must work properly.
• Pages must be activated from the identified link.
• The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

39
Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level –
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation by
the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

40
 10.RESULTS

In above screen server started and now open browser and enter URL

In above screen click on ‘Admin Login’ link to get below login screen

41
In above screen admin is login and after login will get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Add Government Schemes’ link to add new schemes

42
In above screen admin will ad schemes details with start and end date and then click
on ‘Submit’ button to save schemes details

In above screen in red colour text we can see scheme details added and now logout
and signup new farmer

43
In above screen farmer is signup and click on ‘Submit’ button to complete signup
process

In above screen signup is completed and now click on ‘Farmer Login’ link to get
below screen

44
In above screen farmer is login and click on ‘Login’ button to get below screen

In above screen farmer can click on ‘View Schemes’ link to get all schemes details

45
In above screen all schemes details can be viewed by farmer and now click on
‘Predict Crop Prices’ link to get below screen

In above screen farmer can select desired crop and then click on ‘Predict Crop
Prices’ link to get below prediction

46
In above graph red line represents Original prices and green line represents predicted
prices and by seeing above graph farmer can understand what is current price and
what will be future price and now close above graph to view predicted values

In above screen first column represents ‘district market name’ and second column
represents ‘Crop Name’ and third column represents ‘Original Crop Price’ and

47
fourth column represents “predicted prices’ using Machine learning algorithms and
now scroll down above screen to view machine learning algorithms predicted
accuracy

In above screen in last 3 lines we can see Random forest, KNN and decision tree
prediction accuracy.

Similarly you can select any crop and get prediction prices

Note: some crop contains only 3 or 4 records so prediction may not be correct as to
train we need minimum 50 to 100 records. Here bhindi and coriander crop contains
more records

48
 11.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION
This project is undertaken using machine learning and evaluates the performance by using KNN,
Naive Bayes, and Decision Tree algorithms. In our proposed model among all the three algorithm
Decision Tree gives the better yield prediction as compared to other algorithms

As most extreme sorts of harvests will be secured under this system, farmers may become more
acquainted with the yield which may never have been developed. The work exhibited the expected
utilization of machine learning methods in foreseeing the harvest cost dependent on the given
attributes. The created web application is easy to understand and the testing accuracy is over 90%.

FUTURE SCOPE
Agriculture industry is globally US$5 trillion industry andnow it has been revolutionized with
artificial intelligenceand IoT technologies. These innovative tools are assistingfamers to improve
crop yield, monitor soil parameters, livestock health and temperature conditions, control pests
andimprove other agriculture related tasks. Conventional MLand DL models such as SVM, RF,
ANN finds difficult toaccurately estimate soil parameters and weather conditions invarying
ecosystem. Therefore, swarm intelligence optimizedrobust and adaptive ML and DL algorithms
such as SVMPSO, ANN-GWO algorithms can be explored to effectivelyforecast different
parameters in precision agriculture.

In largeagriculture fields swarm intelligence inspired autonomoussystem can be built for

crop health and growth monitoring. UAV swarm can be utilized for near real time fieldand
livestock monitoring through computer vision and DLalgorithms and accordingly swarm of UAV
can be used forspraying of pesticides and fertilizers in the infected crops.

Greenness of crops can be identified through UAVs installedcameras and an

automated irrigation system can be built inlarge agriculture fields. Swarm of mobile robots can be
usedin the agriculture fields to efficiently automate task such asharvesting, weed identification and
elimination, etc. Metaheuristic algorithms can be explored for nodes localizationin agriculture
fields in order to optimize the sensor deployment in the field and keep the minimize cost to
farmers.Offline service chatbots can be built to assist farmers indeveloping countries where
farmers don’t have good internetconnectivity.

49
 12.REFERENCES

[1] Rachana, Rashmi, Shravani, Shruthi, Seema Kousar, Crop Price Forecasting System Using
Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms, International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), Apr 2019

[2] Nishiba Kabeer, Dr.Loganathan.D, Cowsalya.T, Prediction of Crop Yield Using Data Mining,
International Journal of Computer Science and Network, June 2019

[3] J. Vijayalakshmi, K. PandiMeena, Agriculture TalkBot Using AI, International Journal of

Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), July 2019

[4] Gamage, A., & Kasthurirathna, D. Agro-Genius: Crop Prediction Using Machine Learning,
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 4, Issue 10,
October – 2019

[5] Vohra Aman, Nitin Pandey, and S. K. Khatri. "Decision Making Support System for Prediction
of Prices in Agricultural Commodity." 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence (AICAI). IEEE, 2019.

[6] Nguyen, Huy Vuong, et al. "A smart system for short-term price prediction using time series
models." Computers & Electrical Engineering 76 (2019)

[7] Sangeeta, Shruthi G, Design And Implementation Of Crop Yield Prediction Model In
Agriculture, International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 8, Issue 01,
January 2020

[8] Rohith R, Vishnu R, Kishore A, Deeban Chakkarawarthi, Crop Price Prediction and
Forecasting System using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, March 2020

[9] Naveen Kumar P R, Manikanta K B, Venkatesh B Y, Naveen Kumar R, Amith Mali Patil,
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, 2020.

[10] Kumar, Y. Jeevan Nagendra, et al. "Supervised Machine learning Approach for Crop Yield
Prediction in the Agriculture Sector." 2020 5th International Conference on Communication and
Electronics Systems (ICCES). IEEE, 2020.

[11] Pandit Samuel, B.Sahithi , T.Saheli , D.Ramanika , N.Anil Kumar, Crop Price Prediction
System using Machine learning Algorithms, Quest Journals Journal of Software Engineering and
Simulation, 2020

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