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CS 302

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CS 302

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hasnainlodhi005
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CS-302

CH # 6 :
 NOT gate can be implemented using a NOR gate.

 NOR Gate performs the OR-NOT function

 An AND Gate can be implemented using a combination of three NOR gates

 NAND and NOR gates are known as Universal Gates,NoR can be implemented using nand gate.

 The output of a NAND is 0 when all inputs to the NAND gate are 1s. The XOR and XNOR gates are
frequently /extensively used in Digital Logic.

 This property of XOR and XNOR gates is used to detect odd an

d
even number of 1s in a Parity Detection Circuit.

 Logic Gates are implemented using transistors , The transistor itself is configured to work like a
switch

 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) , . When the BJT base pin is connected to 0 volts, the
transistor is switched off.
 E2CMOS: a combination of CMOS and NMOS technologies
1. Programmable Logic Devices .
 PMOS: p-channel and NMOS: n-channel MOS transistor
1. used in LSI requiring high chip density .
2. Large memories and microprocessors are implemented using these technologies .
3. low power consumption.
 ECL: Emitter-Coupled Logic
1. where switching speed is of prime importance .
 TTL: Transistor-Transistor Logic
1. Extensively used
2. fast switching speed and high power

 CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor.


1. extensively used
2. low power consumption
3. switching speed which is slower but comparable to TTL
4. higher chip density
5. Due to high input impedance is easily damaged due to accumulated static charge.
 The maximum and minimum voltages that represent binary 0 and 1 respectively.
 The number of gates that can be connected to the output of a single gate.
 TTL offers fast switching speed, immunity from damage due to electrostatic discharges , TTL
family has six different types of devices
 Standard TTL is the slowest and consumes more power
 Advanced low power Schottky has the fastest switching speed and low power .

 VIH , input voltage , Logic high , range of 2 to 5 volts .


 VIH(min) ,minimum , input , range (2 volts) .
 VIL , input voltage , Logic low , range of 0 to 0.8 volts.
 VIL(max) , e input range for a logic low signal. (0.8 volts).

 VOH , output voltag , Logic high , range of 2.4 to 5 volts .


 VOH(min) , high signal. (2.4 volts).
 VOL , Logic low , range of 0 to 0.4 volts.
 VOL(max) , logic low signal. (0.4 volts)

 Noise Margin , measure of the circuit’s immunity to noise.


• VNH = VOH(min) – VIH(min)
• VNL = VIL(max) – VOL(max)


Logic Gates and Logic circuits consume varying amount of power during their operation.
Ideally, logic gates and logic circuit should consume minimal power.
 Power Dissipation of TTL Devices :
1. PD = VCC(ICCH + ICCL) / 2
2. Power Dissipation in TTL circuits is constant
 Power Dissipation of CMOS Devices :
PD = PT + PL

1. The power dissipation of a HCMOS gate is 2.75 μW under static conditions and 170 μW
at 100 KHz.
 Smaller the Propagation Delay higher the frequency . . A Gate with a Propagation Delay of 3 nsec
is faster than a gate with a 10 nsec delay.
 two Propagation Delay
2. tPHL , changing from high level to low level.
3. tPLH , changing from low level to high level.
 Speed-Power Product (SPP) :
1. The SPP = tPPD expressed in Joules (J), the unit of energy. Lower the SPP product better
is the performance.
 Fan-Out and Loading :
Unit Loads = IOH/IIH = IOL/IIL = 400 μA/40 μA = 16 mA/1.6 mA = 10 .

 A+A=A
 A+A=1
 A.A = A
 A.A= 0

Lecture # 17:

 Commercial available 4-input Multiplexer is the 74XX153 IC which has two 4-input multiplexers.
 Multiplexer is a digital switch that has several inputs and a single output. Multiplexers are also
known as Data Selectors
 The simplest of the Encoders are the 2n-to-n Encoders.
 The operation of the BCD-to-Decimal Decoder is the same as a Binary 4-to-16 decoder,

 In a serial data representation, data is represented by a sequence of single bits.


 All communication systems set up across remote locations use serial transmission.
 An 8-bit parallel data can be converted into serial data by using an 8-to-1 multiplexer such as
74X151 which has 8 inputs and a single output.
 The counter is connected to a clock which sends a clock pulse to the counter every 1 millisecond.
 Multiplexers are used in a wide variety of applications. Their primary use is to route data from
multiple sources to a single destination.
 The entire sequence of operations is controlled by a Multiplexer and a Decoder circuit.
 Applications of Multiplexer :
 Data Routing.
 Common Anode 7-Segment Display
 Common Cathode 7-Segment Display
 Parallel to Series Conversion.

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