MATHSXPRESSO

Operations on
Large Numbers

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
perform addition and subtraction of large nurnbers
evaluate the product of large nurnbers
perforn division of large nunbers.
state the properties of addition, subtraction, multipication and division.
solve word problems based on the four operations.
calculate the average of the given numbers

Let's Recall t Initiative ond

Self-direction

Addition and Subtraction

Addition and subtraction of large numbers are performed in the same way as addition
and subtraction of smaller numbers. We start from the ones place and regroup if
necessarY.
b.
Th H TO Th H TO
7 2 8 9 Addend -Minuend
Addend Subtrahend
4 1 5 2 3 2 9 7 8

8 8 Sum 1 4 7 5 Difference

Thus, 7289 + 1523=8812 Thus, 4453-2978= 1475

 Multiplication and Division
multiplication and division with examples.
Let us revise the terms of
h
2, Quotient
Divisor 2045 Dividend
43 Multiplicand -40

Multiplier
5 Remainder
1

+4 3 0
5 16 Product

Thus, 43 x 12 = 516 Thus, 45 + 20=2 (0) and 5 (R)

Match the following:

1125 +3271 + 4258 6480

b 7218 +9 ii. 55212

321x 172 16392

d 48x 135 8654

e 52190-35798 802

ADDITION
We are already familiar with addition of 5-digit and 6-digit numbers with regrouping
Addition of 7-digit and 8-digit numbers is also done in the same way.
Start adding from the ones place. If the sum of any column is more than ten, then
with the next column. For example, if the sum in the ones column is 13, regroup
it as 1 ten and 3 ones. Write 3 in the ones column and carry over one to the tens
column.
Look at the following examples.
Example 1: Add 4,32,576 and 2,51,762.

Th H
4 7 6

5 1 7 6 2

6 8 4 3 3 8
Let's solve:
4,14,52,158 +
Thus, 4,32,576 + 2,51,762 = 6,84,338
6,14,34,155 + 4,55,11,100
Example 2: Add 5,36,24,092 and 2,43,65,188.
Th

6 5 1 8 8

8 2 8 0

Thus, 5,36,24,092 + 2,43,65,188 =7,79,89,280

Properties of Addition
Property 1: If Pand Qare two numbers, then P+ Q=Q+P

Example: Consider the numbers 24,62,381 and 35,67,890.

24,62,381 +35,67,890 = 60,30,271
and 35,67,890+ 24,62,381 = 60,30,271
Thus, 24,62,381 +35,67,890 = 35,67,890 +24,62,381
Property 2: If P, Qand Rare three numbers, then (P+ Q) +R=P+ (Q+ R)
Example: Consider the numbers 36,52,798, 56,87,456 and 10,29,385.
(36,52,798+56,87,456) +10,29,385 =93,40,254+10,29,385
=1,03,69,639
Again, 36,52,798 + (56,87,456 + 10,29,385) = 36,52,798 + 67,16,841
=1,03,69,639
Thus, (36,52,798 +56,87,456) + 10,29,385 = 36,52,798 + (56,87,456+ 10,29,385)
 the
number or a number is added to zero.
added to any
Property 3: When zero is itself.
the sum is the number
79,48,567 +0=79,48,567
Example:
79,48,567
Similarly, O+ 79,48,567 =
number, you get the next number which is callod
Property 4: When l is added to a number.
the successor of that
1 =3,56,84,599, which is the successor of 3,56,84,598
Example: 3.56,84,598 +

SUBTRACTION
familiar with the subtraction of 5-digit and 6-digit numbers. Subtraction of
We are
7-digit and 8-digit numbers is also done in the same way.
Examplel: Subtract 44,24,897 from 47,52,719.
TL 11hTh
7

4 2 4 8 97

3 2 7 8 2 2

Thus, 47,52,719 44,24,897 = 3,27,822

Example 2: Subtract 7,81,601 from 9,87,50,210.

Minuend
9 Sutrahend
Diterene

8 1 6 1

9 7 96 6

Thus, 9,87,50,210 - 7,81,601 =9,79,68,609

Properties of Subtraction
Property 1: When zero is subtracted from any number, then the difference is the
number itself.

Example: 59,57,643-0 = 59,57,643

Property 2: When a number is subtracted from itself, then the difference is zero.
Example: 36,53,784-36,53,784 = 0
Property 3: When 1 is subtracted from any number, you get the previous number
which is called the predecessor of that number.
Example: 7,64,82,457-1 =7,64,82,456, which is the predecessor of 7,64,82,457.

Caen Problerm Solving

Mental Maths

a. 900000 +1305684 =226g1

b 1305684-900000=

c. 10101010 +20302020 320494

d. 9876543-3456100 =

Word Problems
Example 1: Mr Smith bought a bike for 2,46,745 and a car for 15,80,480.
What amount of money did he spend in all?
Solution: Th

Cost of bike 4 67

Cost of car + 1 5 8 4 8

Total amount spent 2 7 2 2

Total amount spent by Mr Smith is 18,27,225.

 Example 2: Sabina had 15,00,000 with her. She bought a new car for 8,42,800 and
2,82,170. How much money is left with her?
a used car for

Solution: TThTh H T

4 2 8
Cost of the new car
2 2 1 7 0
Cost of the used car +

1 2 4 97 0
Money spent by Sabina 1

Amount af money left with Sabina =Total money Sabina had- Total money spent buk
TThTh H
Total money Sabina had 15 0

Amount spent 1 1 2 4 9 7

Amount left 3 7 5 03o

Thus, Sabina is left with 3,75,030.

ExERCISE 2.1
1 Add the following:
a. 78,91,253 +4,95,865 b. 35,78,928 +4,75,935
18,25,723+7,21,938 +542,153 d. 18,59,231 +48,92,193 + 53,52,476
e. 61,23,579 +52,38,165 +7,2491,125 f. 65,41,854 +9,58,421 +4,52,144
2. Subtract the folowing:
89,21,352-4,85,189 b. 73,52,192-8,39,187
c 52,15,372-25,06,789
d. 35,21,792 -18,39,198
e. 5,39,18,729 -43,19,857
f. 52,14,120- 23,19,857
3. Solve the following:
a. 2,54,27,192 +32,51,678 +58,41,902 b. 78,15,929 +25,28,591-59,72,891
4. Shrishti invested 15,50,500 in her business last year. The total sales was
78,78,450. What is the difference between her sales and investment?

5. Rahul's father saved 12,85,925 in the last 15 years. How much more should he save
to make it 15,00,000?
6. Solve the following:
a. What should be added to 5,37,93,210 to get 8,89,06,972?
b. What should be subtracted from 9,66,05,398 to get 4,53,98,932?
C Find the difference between the largest 8-digit number and the smallest
6-digit number.
7. 21,32,481 people live in State A. 2,42,745 people moved from
State Bto State Aand 18,452 people moved from State A to
State C. How many people now live in State A?

8. Fill in the missing digits.

b
TTh Th H TTh Th
4 5 7 O5 7 2

95 9 8 3 3 553

d
C.
TThTh H TTh Th H

7
79
2 8 3

1 2 8 4 3 4
35

9. Write the largest 7-digit number that ends with 1 and the smnallest 7-digit number
that ends with 2, using the digits 7, 8,9, 2, 0, 1, 4 without repeating any digit.
What number should be added to the sum of the above two numbers to make it
1,25,42,179?
 Cets Critical Thinlairng

HOTS Target Olympiad

2 G
A.3 13 c DE I
consecutive numbers is 18, find
If the sum of any three
B. 6 Fill in the empty boxes with digits so that
fillan 8-digit number.
Given atabove is a grid to digits is 19 and that 8-digit number is an even nuu
su of any
the sum three consecutive
answer?
Can there be more than one

Information Literooy
Technology Lteracy
Financial Literacy
has an account in that bank.
Adebit card is a card given bya bank toa person who
It can be used to pay money in a shop through an electronic
machine. Itis also used as an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) AT
card from which money can be withdrawn. So, the debit card
is an easy way to give money and also withdraw money.
Observe the debit card of any family member. You can
see that there are 4 sets of 4-digit numbers printed on
the debit card.
What is the significance of these numbers on the
debit card?

MULTIPLICATION
We have already learnt how to multiply two 3-digit numbers and how to multiply
a 4-digit number by a 2-digit number. Let us discuss the steps involved in the
multiplication of any number by a 3-digit or a 4-digit number.

Multiplication of a Number by a 3-digit Number

Multiplication of a number by a3-digit number involves 4steps. First, multiply the
multiplicand by the ones digit of the multiplier, then by the place value of the tens
digit of the multiplier, and then by the place value of the hundreds digit of the
multiplier. Then add the three answers.
Example: Multiply 1275 by 428.
Here, 1275 is the multiplicand and 428 is the multiplier.

TTh Th
1 2 7 5 <-Multiplicand
4 2 8 Multiplier
Step 1: 1275 x 8 = 1 0 2 0
Step 2: 1275 x 20 = 2 5 5
Step 3: 1275 x 400 = + 5 1 0 0

5 4 5 7 0 0 Product

Therefore, 1275 x 428 = 5,45,700

Multiplication of a Number by a 4-digit Number

Multiplication of a number by a 4-digit number involves5 steps. First, multiply the
multiplicand by the ones digit, then by the place value of the tens digit, then by the
place value of the hundreds digit and then by the place value of the thousands digit.
Then add the four answers.
Example: Multiply 5297 by 1025.
Here, 5297 is the multiplicand and 1025 is the multiplier.
Th H

5 2 -Multiplicand
-Multiplier
Step 1: 5297 x 5 4 85
Step 2: 5297 x 20 0 4
Step 3: 5297 x 0
Step 4: 5297 x 1000 + 2 9 7
4 4 2 5 Product

Therefore, 5297 x 1025 = 54,29,425

 Creativty and
SActivity 0000000000 Innovation

is an unconventional method of multiplication.

Napier's method
1 7 8
It works even for large numbers.
Consider 178 x 242.
Draw a 3 x3 grid, since both the numbers have 3 digits.
Then, write the numbers to be multiplied as shown.
Draw the diagonals for all the squares.
O44
314142
Multiply the numbers 1 x 2 =2, and write it as 02 in the first
07 6
square as shown.
Then, 7 x 2 =14 and write it in the second square.
Next comes 8x 2=16, write it in the third square. Similarly, fill up all the squares.
Add the numbers that lie between the two diagonals, for example, 6,
then 4 +1+2=7, and so on.
Write the answer by writing the digits from top left.
The product is 43,076.
Check your answer with the actual multiplication.
Now, try 2471 x 1252.
Check your answer with the actual multiplication. It really worksl Isn't it?

Properties of Multiplication
Property1: The product of any number and 1 is the number itself.
Nhat
Examples: 8521 x1= 8521; 24,683 x 1= 24,683
about the product
Property 2: The product of any number with Ois 0. f an even and an odd
Examples: 38,567 x0 =0;4,29,732 x0 =0 number Will it be

Property3: IfPand Qare two numbers, then Px Q=QxP. odd or even?

Example: 24,613 x 124 = 30,52,012
Also, 124 x 24,613=30,52,012
So, 24,613 x 124 = 124 x 24,613
Property 4: The product of two even numbers is an even number.
Example: 214 x 4 =856
Property 5: The product of any two odd numbers is an odd number.
Example: 117 x 7= 819
Word Problem
baskets?
Example: A basket of apples costs?1346. What is the cost of 96 such
Th H
3 6
Cost of 1 basket of apples
Total number of baskets 9 6
7 6

1 2 1 4

2 9 1 6
Cost of 96 baskets of apples 1

Hence, 96 baskets of apples will cost 1,29,216.

ExERCISE 2.2
1. Multiply the following:
a. 1028 x 321 h 4721 x 521 C. 1231x 482
d. 1845 x 240 e. 4837 × 103 3421× 120
g. 5005 x 1210 h. 2527 x 3985 7108 x 8015

2. A silk saree costs 2428. What will be the cost of 134 such sarees?

3. There are 1520 children in a school. The school collects 125 from
each student for charity. Find the total amount collected.
4. Find the product of the largest 3-digit number and the smallest 4-digit number.
5. Afactory produces 363 dolls in a day. How many dolls will be
produced in 1268 days?
6. Afactory manufactures 456 soaps in a day. How many soaps will the
factory manufacture in 15 weeks?
7. Ashopkeeper sells 134 books in a day. How many books will he sell in the month
of July?

HOTS) Critical Thinling

In the multiplication problem, find suitable values for A, B AAA

and Cto make the multiplication meaningful. x A A A
|ABCB A
 ShortcutMultiplication
Solve:
Consider 48 x 102.
a. 234 Y 205
102 is 100 +2. 4800 b. 154 x 97
48 x 100
48 x 102 + 96
48 x 2
4896

Try 121 x 39.

39 is 40-1.
121 x 40 4840
121 x 39 121 x 1 -121

4719

CNt Problem Solving

Mental Maths

1 Patterns in Multiplication
a. Observe the pattern. b. Observe the pattern.

121 x 11 = 1331 1 x 9=9

121 x 111 = 13431 12 x9= 108
121 x 1111 = 134431 123 x 9= 1107
121x 11111 =1344431 1234 x 9=11106
12345 × 9=111105
Guess, what will be 121 x 111111?
Guess, what will be 123456 x9?
2. Find out:
b. 101x 111 :
a. 101 x 11 =

101x1111 = d. 101x11111=
DiVISION
Choose the answers from the box and fill in the blanks with the letter beside each
answer. Arrange the letters in the correct order. What name do you get?

726 (U) 421 (A) 95 (M) 451 0) 12622 (N)

31713 (A) 808 (A) 7722 (N) 28 (R)

2. 5052 divided by 12
1. 448 divided by 16

3. 9500 divided by 100 4. 95139 divided by 3

6. 7986 divided by 11
5. 69498 divided by 9

7. 8118 divided by 18 8. 80800 divided by 100

9. 75732 divided by 6

Dividing a Number by 2-digit and 3-digit Numbers

Example 1: Divide 4932 by 38. 1 29
consider the number
Step 1: 38 is a 2-digit number. So, in
384932
formed by the thousands and hundreds places -38
the dividend. 113

49 >38, so divide 49 by 38. -764

372
divide.
Step 2: Bring down the next digit and -342
and divide,
Step 3: Bring down the last digit 30
be brought down.
Step 4: No more digits are left to
is 30.
Therefore, quotient is 129 and remainder
 Checking Division following formula.
division by using the Dividend
your
Youcan check Divisor +
Remainder
Quotient x

30
4932
38 +
129
to make a circus tent.
320 metres of cloth is required 64,320 metres of 201
Example 2: be made with 320 64320
How many tents can
cloth? -640
from 320 metres of cloth=1
Number of tents made 320
cloth= 64,320+320
64,320 metres of
Number of tents made from 320
put a zero in the quotient and bring down the 0
(Here, 32<320, so we
next digit.)
from 64,320 metres of cloth.
Therefore, 201 tents can be made

Properties of Division
is always 1.
Property 1: Ifa number is divided by itself, then the quotient
Example: 95,462 + 95,462 = 1
Property 2: Ifa number is divided by 1, then the quotient is the number itself.
Example: 95,452 + 1 = 95,462
Property 3: If zero is divided by a number other than zero, then the quotient is always
zero.

Examples: 0+721= 0; 0+4124 =0

Division by zero is not defined.

EXERCISE 2.3
1 Divide the following and verify your answer.
a. 10,427+28 b. 51,755+ 25 C. 12,579 +33
d. 78,412 +68 e. 78,415 +35 f. 68,572+ 124
2. The cost of 11 identical mobile phones is 91,300. What is the cost of
one mobile phone?
 one day.
3. 100 kg of rice is required to feed soldiers in a military camp for
How many days will 3200 kg of rice last in that camp?
4. 68 pearls are needed to make a necklace. If there are
14,620 pearls, then how many necklaces can be made?
A factory produces 18 bicycles per day. How many
days
5.
will it take to produce 10,962 bicycles?
52 kg of rice in a month. How many complete months will 768 kg of
6. A family eats
it last for one more month?
rice last? How much more rice is needed to make
month, how many
If the family reduces its consumption of rice by4 kg per
months will the given quantity last?
" Problerm Solving
Case Study Enwironmental Lterocy

residents of Rainbow
As part of the 'Green India' drive,
decided to plant more trees on the roadside. School students were asked
Colony
were asked to plant
to plant seedlings of flower plants and college students
saplings of trees on the roadside.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
The school students were given 100 seedlings. They were asked to plant the
1. instruction that they had
seedlings in one corner of the compound with the number of rows
to plant the seedlings in such a way that there were equal
So, the number of rows in which the seedlings were planted is
and columns.

b. 10 c. 12 d. 6
a. 8
with a
2. There were 23 college students. Each one planted 2 neemn saplings
distance of 1 m between any two saplings. The distance between the first
sapling and the last sapling was
a. 45 m b. 43 m C. 42 m d. 23 m

3. Rashig, the gardener, was given the job of taking care of the plants. He was
paid 150 if he worked for half aday and 250 if he worked for a full day.
In a month, if he worked for 10 half days and 10 full days, then his earnings
were

a. 5500 b.4500 c.4000 d. 5000

 grandson's t
year, Rashig
goesto his
villagefor
worth
his
birthday. Rashiq
3000 and he needs
4. Once a
wants to gift his
expenses.
grandson
Then, he
an article
must work for
$3000 fo
his own b. 20 full days and 5 half daye
a. 25 full days d. 24 full days
20 full days and 10 halfdays
c.

AvERAGE
What is an average?
Why do we need averages?
value which represents a group of values.
An average is a single
nformation Lteracy
Maths Talk
SLSCommuniation
While watching cricket matches, you might have seen the terms average riune:
TV screen.
averoge score, averoge run rate, etc., flashing on the
Do you know what they mean?
mean?
tf the average score of a cricketer is 88, what does it

Amit and Arjun are two friends who go to play volleyball on the beach every dav and
on their way back, they collect seashells. The number of shells they collected during a
week is given below.
Day Amit Arjun
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
At the end of the week, they find that the total number of shells collected by bo
the sYme. But Amit wouid not accept this and said that it was only on the last day that
 that day and could
Arjun collected mnore shells than him because, he was very tired Arjun.
collected more than
not collect more. On all the other days, he had
Does it mean that Amit had collected more seashells?
on an average, Amit had collected4 shells per day. Arjun's average is also the
No,
shells) as Amit's. This means that both have the same number of shells.
same =4
How do we calculate the average?
Step 1: Find the sum of all the given numbers.
Step 2: Divide the sum by the number of addends.
Step 3: The quotient is the average.
The runs scored by a cricketer in 11 matches are as follows:
Example
58
111, 98, 42, 79, 101, 89, 97, 82, 89, 67,
Find his average score.
Solution: Total runs scored by the cricketer
= 111+ 98+42 + 79+ 101 + 89+ 97+
82+89 +67 + 58 = 913
lotal runs 913
Average score = No. of matches played 11 = 83
83.
. The average score of the cricketer is
weekend by car.
Example 2: Mr Khan decided to take his family to his village on a
During the first hour, he covered 55 km. During the second hour, he
covered 52 km. During the third hour, he covered 48 km and during the
fourth hour, he covered 57 km. What was his average speed?
Solution: Total distance covered in 4 hours
55 km + 52 km + 48 km + 57 km =212 km
distance travelled
Average speed = TotalTotal 212
time taken 4

= 53 kilometres per hour

ExERCISE 2.4|
1 Find the average of the first 10 even numbers.
Find the average of the first five multiples of 4.
3. The marks scored by Ravi in 5 maths tests are 81, 78, 93, 85 and 88.
His marks in 5 tests of English are 68, 72,90, 88 and 82. Find his average marks in both
maths and English. In which subject did he score better?
 players in 7 matches are
a as follows:
of cricket
runs scored by two teams
4. The 2 3 4
1
Match 521 128 272
Team
24 328 391 247
361 408 521
Team B
100 228 452. 12
performance is better?
Which team's
has team AsCored betterrthan their average?
matches
b. In how many less than their averapo2
team B scored
c In how many matches has of rainfallin c
5. The bar graph given below
shows the amount
centimetressduring aweek
5

No rain
Thurs Fri Sat Sun
a. What is the average rainfall?
b. On which days was the rainfall less than the average?
c Which are the days when the rainfall was more than the average?
d. Was the rainfall equal to the average rainfall on any day?

HOTS Cu Criticol Thinking

1 The average marks scored by aclass of 25 students in an English exam is 82.

What is the total marks scored by them?
Total marks
Hint: . Total marks =Average x Number of
AverageNumber of
students students
2. The average daily wage paid to 10 machine operators of a factory is 180
and the average daily wage paid to 8 general labourers is 140. What is the
average wage of the whole group?
Revision Station "Productvity and
Conr Accountoblity
1. Solve the following:
a. 4,85,916 + 25,432 b. 78,91,728 -4,59,278
C. 35,72,897 - 4,59,188 d. 37,59,821 +5,97,257 +87,21,407
e. 78,41,532 +65,419 - 28,31,572 f. 41,352 +3,75,928 +312 - 2,92,572
2. Solve the following:
a. 312 x 4571 b. 8943+132
C. 79135 + 10 d. 5921 x 290
e 1002 x 405 f 7005 + 204

3. Atul had 28,49,450 with him. He bought two machines, one for 4,78,500
and another for 8,48,950. How much money is left with him? If he wants to
buy a third machine for 20,00,000, how much more money will he need?
4. The price of a second-hand car is 4,80,250. If the price of
a new car is 2,18,750 more than the price of the second
hand car, what is the price of the new car?
5. One bundle of notebooks costs 216. What is the cost of
1825 such bundles of notebooks?

6. If the train fare from Kolkata to Bijapur for one person is

R33, then how many people would have travelled if the
total fare collected is 80,223?
7. The cost of a silk saree is 3445 and the cost of a shirt is
375. What is the total cost of 121 sarees and 245 shirts?
8. 100 apples can be packed in one box. Can 1,00,800
apples be packed in 1008 such boxes?
9 Fill in the missing digits.
b
T TThTh H

4 9 2O 6

3OO 1 4 3 2 3 2

8 2 2 9O7 6 8