UNIT – I

1. Which of the following statement is a proposition?

a) Get me a glass of milkshake
b) God bless you!
c) What is the time now?
d) The only odd prime number is 2
Answer: d
Explanation: Only this statement has got the truth value which is false.

2. The truth value of ‘4+3=7 or 5 is not prime’.

a) False
b) True
Answer: b
Explanation: Compound statement with ‘or’ is true when either of the statement is true. Here the
first part of the statement is true, hence the whole is true.

3. Which of the following option is true?

a) If the Sun is a planet, elephants will fly
b) 3 +2 = 8 if 5-2 = 7
c) 1 > 3 and 3 is a positive integer
d) -2 > 3 or 3 is a negative integer
Answer: a
Explanation: Hypothesis is false, thus the whole statement is true.

4. What is the value of x after this statement, assuming the initial value of x is 5? ‘If x
equals to one then x=x+2 else x=0’.
a) 1
b) 3
c) 0
d) 2
Answer: c
Explanation: If condition is false so value decided according to else condition.

5. Let P: I am in Bangalore.; Q: I love cricket.; then q -> p(q implies p) is?

a) If I love cricket then I am in Bangalore
b) If I am in Bangalore then I love cricket
c) I am not in Bangalore
d) I love cricket
Answer: a
Explanation: Q is hypothesis and P is conclusion. So the compound statement will be if
hypothesis then conclusion.

6. Let P: If Sahil bowls, Saurabh hits a century.; Q: If Raju bowls, Sahil gets out on first ball.
Now if P is true and Q is false then which of the following can be true?
a) Raju bowled and Sahil got out on first ball
b) Raju did not bowled
c) Sahil bowled and Saurabh hits a century
d) Sahil bowled and Saurabh got out
Answer: c
Explanation: Either hypothesis should be false or both (hypothesis and conclusion) should be
true.

7. The truth value ‘9 is prime then 3 is even’.

a) False
b) True
Answer: b
Explanation: The first part of the statement is false, hence whole is true.

8. Let P: I am in Delhi.; Q: Delhi is clean.; then q ^ p(q and p) is?

a) Delhi is clean and I am in Delhi
b) Delhi is not clean or I am in Delhi
c) I am in Delhi and Delhi is not clean
d) Delhi is clean but I am in Mumbai
Answer: a
Explanation: Connector should be ‘and’, that is q and p.

9. Let P: This is a great website, Q: You should not come back here. Then ‘This is a great
website and you should come back here.’ is best represented by?
a) ~P V ~Q
b) P ∧ ~Q
c) P V Q
d) P ∧ Q
Answer: b
Explanation: The second part of the statement is negated, hence negation operator is used.

10. Let P: We should be honest., Q: We should be dedicated., R: We should be

overconfident. Then ‘We should be honest or dedicated but not overconfident.’ is best
represented by?
a) ~P V ~Q V R
b) P ∧ ~Q ∧ R
c) P V Q ∧ R
d) P V Q ∧ ~R
Answer: d Explanation: The third part of the statement is negated, hence negation operator is
used, for (‘or’ –V) is used and for(’but’- ∧).

11. The compound statement A v ~(A ∧ B).

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Applying De-Morgan’s law we get A v ~ A Ξ Tautology.
12. Which of the following is De-Morgan’s law?
a) P ∧ (Q v R) Ξ (P ∧ Q) v (P ∧ R)
b) ~(P ∧ R) Ξ ~P v ~R, ~(P v R) Ξ ~P ∧ ~R
c) P v ~P Ξ True, P ∧ ~P Ξ False
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Definition of De–Morgan’s Law.

13. What is the dual of (A ∧ B) v (C ∧ D)?

a) (A V B) v (C v D)
b) (A V B) ^ (C v D)
c) (A V B) v (C ∧ D)
d) (A ∧ B) v (C v D)
Answer: b
Explanation: In dual ∧ is replaced by v and vice – versa

14. ~ A v ~ B is logically equivalent to?

a) ~ A → ~ B
b) ~ A ∧ ~ B
c) A → ~B
d) B V A
Answer: c
Explanation: By identity A → B Ξ ~A V B.

15. Negation of statement (A ∧ B) → (B ∧ C) is _____________

a) (A ∧ B) →(~B ∧ ~C)
b) ~(A ∧ B) v ( B v C)
c) ~(A →B) →(~B ∧ C)
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: ~(A →B) Ξ A ∧ ~B using this we can easily fetch the answer.

16. Which of the following satisfies commutative law?

a) ∧
b) v
c) ↔
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: All of them satisfies commutative law

17. If the truth value of A v B is true, then truth value of ~A ∧ B can be ___________
a) True if A is false
b) False if A is false
c) False if B is true and A is false
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: If A is false then both the condition are obeyed.

18. If P is always against the testimony of Q, then the compound statement P→(P v ~Q) is
a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Since either hypothesis is false or both (hypothesis as well as conclusion) are true.

19. A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a tautology.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Tautology is always true.

20. A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a contradiction.

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Contradiction is always false.

21. If A is any statement, then which of the following is a tautology?

a) A ∧ F
b) A ∨ F
c) A ∨ ¬A
d) A ∧ T
Answer: c
Explanation: A ∨ ¬A is always true.

22. If A is any statement, then which of the following is not a contradiction?

a) A ∧ ¬A
b) A ∨ F
c) A ∧ F
d) None of mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: A ∨ F is not always false.

23. A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction is called a

___________
a) Contingency
b) Equivalence
c) Condition
d) Inference
Answer: a
Explanation: Definition of contingency.

24. ¬ (A ∨ q) ∧ (A ∧ q) is a ___________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: ≡ (¬A ∧ ¬q) ∧ (A ∧ q)
≡ (¬A ∧ A) ∧ (¬q ∧ q)
≡ F ∧ F ≡ F.

25. (A ∨ ¬A) ∨ (q ∨ T) is a __________

a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ (A ∨ ¬A) ∨ (q ∨ T)
≡ T ∨ T ≡ T.

26. A ∧ ¬(A ∨ (A ∧ T)) is always __________

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: ≡ A ∧ ¬ (A ∨ (A ∧ T))
≡ A ∧ ¬(A ∨ A)
≡ A ∧ ¬A ≡ F.

27. (A ∨ F) ∨ (A ∨ T) is always _________

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ (A ∨ F) ∨ (A ∨ T)
≡ A ∨ T ≡ T.

28. A → (A ∨ q) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ A → (A ∨ q)
≡ ¬A ∨ (A ∨ q) ,≡ (A ∨ ¬A) ∨ q,≡ T ∨ q ≡ T.
29. Let Q(x, y) denote “M + A = 0.” What is the truth value of the quantifications
∃A∀M Q(M, A).
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: For each A there exist only one M, because there is no real number A such that M + A
= 0 for all real numbers M.

30. Translate ∀x∃y(x < y) in English, considering domain as a real number for both the
variable.
a) For all real number x there exists a real number y such that x is less than y
b) For every real number y there exists a real number x such that x is less than y
c) For some real number x there exists a real number y such that x is less than y
d) For each and every real number x and y such that x is less than y
Answer: a
Explanation: Statement is x is less than y. Quantifier used are for each x, there exists a y.

31. “The product of two negative real numbers is not negative.” Is given by?
a) ∃x ∀y ((x < 0) ∧ (y < 0) → (xy > 0))
b) ∃x ∃y ((x < 0) ∧ (y < 0) ∧ (xy > 0))
c) ∀x ∃y ((x < 0) ∧ (y < 0) ∧ (xy > 0))
d) ∀x ∀y ((x < 0) ∧ (y < 0) → (xy > 0))
Answer: d
Explanation: For every negative real number x and y, the product of these integer is positive.

32. Let Q(x, y) be the statement “x + y = x − y.” If the domain for both variables consists of
all integers, what is the truth value of ∃xQ(x, 4).
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: There exist no integer for which x+4=x-4.

33. Let L(x, y) be the statement “x loves y,” where the domain for both x and y consists of
all people in the world. Use quantifiers to express, “Joy is loved by everyone.”
a) ∀x L(x, Joy)
b) ∀y L(Joy,y)
c) ∃y∀x L(x, y)
d) ∃x ¬L(Joy, x)
Answer: a
Explanation: Joy is loved by all the people in the world.

34. Let T (x, y) mean that student x likes dish y, where the domain for x consists of all
students at your school and the domain for y consists of all dishes. Express ¬T (Amit, South
Indian) by a simple English sentence.
a) All students does not like South Indian dishes.
b) Amit does not like South Indian people.
c) Amit does not like South Indian dishes.
d) Amit does not like some dishes.
Answer: d
Explanation: Negation of the statement Amit like South Indian dishes.

35. Express, “The difference of a real number and itself is zero” using required operators.
a) ∀x(x − x! = 0)
b) ∀x(x − x = 0)
c) ∀x∀y(x − y = 0)
d) ∃x(x − x = 0)
Answer: b
Explanation: For every real number x, difference with itself is always zero.

36. Use quantifiers and predicates with more than one variable to express, “There is a pupil
in this lecture who has taken at least one course in Discrete Maths.”
a) ∃x∃yP (x, y), where P (x, y) is “x has taken y,” the domain for x consists of all pupil in this class,
and the domain for y consists of all Discrete Maths lectures
b) ∃x∃yP (x, y), where P (x, y) is “x has taken y,” the domain for x consists of all Discrete Maths
lectures, and the domain for y consists of all pupil in this class
c) ∀x∀yP(x, y), where P (x, y) is “x has taken y,” the domain for x consists of all pupil in this class,
and the domain for y consists of all Discrete Maths lectures
d) ∃x∀yP(x, y), where P (x, y) is “x has taken y,” the domain for x consists of all pupil in this class,
and the domain for y consists of all Discrete Maths lectures
Answer: a
Explanation: For some x pupil, there exists a course in Discrete Maths such that x has taken y.

37. Determine the truth value of ∃n∃m(n + m = 5 ∧ n − m = 2) if the domain for all variables
consists of all integers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The equation does not satisfy any value of m and n in the domain consist of integers.

38. Find a counterexample of ∀x∀y(xy > y), where the domain for all variables consists of all
integers.
a) x = -1, y = 17
b) x = -2 y = 8
c) Both x = -1, y = 17 and x = -2 y = 8
d) Does not have any counter example
Answer: c
Explanation: Putting x=-1, y=17; -17>17 which is wrong. Putting x=-2, y=8; -16>8 which is wrong.
39. p ∨ q is logically equivalent to ________
a) ¬q → ¬p
b) q → p
c) ¬p → ¬q
d) ¬p → q
 Answer: d
Explanation: (p ∨ q) ↔ (¬p → q) is tautology.

40. ¬ (p ↔ q) is logically equivalent to ________

a) q↔p
b) p↔¬q
c) ¬p↔¬q
d) ¬q↔¬p
Answer: b
Explanation: ¬(p↔q)↔(p↔¬q) is tautology.