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Communication Class 1 - Models of Communication - 09.10.2023

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28 views49 pages

Communication Class 1 - Models of Communication - 09.10.2023

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freeducationvrk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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UGC NET

PAPER I
COMMUNICATION

Professor Academy MALVIN FELICIA


JRF
PAPER 1
TOTAL NO OF QUESTIONS 50
MARKING SCHEME + 2 for correct answer
No negative marking
TOTAL MARKS 100
TOTAL NO OF UNITS 10
COMMUNICATION 5 QNS
( UNIT IV) 10 MARKS
OVERVIEW
• Communication :
 Definitions and Characteristics
 Process and Elements
 Models - LINEAR
INTERACTIVE
TRANSACTIONAL
COMMUNICATION
• Latin word “Communis” or “Communicare” (common).

• Exchange of thoughts, message, information etc. by way of


speech, signal or in writing.
COMMUNICATION
• Process of meaningful interaction among human
beings
Why do we
communicate?
•General type of
goals:
1. Self Presentation
goals
2. Relational goals
3. Instrumental goals
Definitions
• Communication is the sum of all things, and one person does
when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another. It
involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening,
and understanding.
– Allen Louis

• Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, or


emotions by two or more persons.
– George Terry
Definitions
• The process of conveying messages ( facts, ideas, attitudes and
opinions) from one person to another, so that they are
understood.
– M . W. Cumming

• Communication is the process by which information is transmitted


between individuals and organizations so that an understanding
response results.
– Peter Little
Characteristics of
Communication
• At least two Persons
• The Message
• May be Written or Oral or
Gestural
• Two-way Process
• Continuous
Characteristics of
Communication
• To motivate a response
• Integral part of the process
of exchange
• Can be Formal or Informal
• A dynamic process
Characteristics of
Communication
• Interdisciplinary Science
• A learnt ability
• Much more than words
• Goal oriented
Functions of Communication

INFORMATION INSTRUCTIVE

PERSUASION INTEGRATIVE
Process of Communication
Elements of
Communication
• Referent:
Motivates the sender or receiver
to share information (message, objects,
sounds, sights, time schedule, ideas,
perceptions, emotion, odour) that may
initiate communication
Elements of
Communication
• Sender:
• 1. Why to communicate?
• 2. What to communicate?
• 3. Usefulness of the communication
• 4. Accuracy of the information to be
communicated
Elements of
Communication
• Message:
• The content of communication
• Perception & personal factors of
the sender & receiver
• “The message is the stimulus or
meaning produced by the source for the
receiver or audience”

- (McLean, 2005)
Elements of
Communication
• Encoding:
* Process of converting ideas or
information or thoughts in to words or gestures
or symbols that will convey the exact meaning.
Elements of
Communication
• Encoding:
* Eliminate sources of confusion (Cultural
issues, mistaken assumptions and missing
information)
Elements of
Communication
• Medium (Communication Channels):
* Channel through which
information is transmitted to an
individual or a group of people.
* Can be physical or virtual.
* Choosing a suitable medium
allows the receiver to decode the
message clearly.
Elements of
Communication
• Medium (Communication channels) :
* Face to Face
* Telephone
* Print
* Emails
* Messages
* Virtual remote communication
* Mass Media
Elements of
Communication
•Classification of channels :
* Visual channel
* Auditory channel
* Tactile channel
* Combined channel
Elements of
Communication
•Medium (Communication channels)
:
Factors to be considered
1.Urgency:
2.Formality:
3.Purpose:
4.Accessibility:
Quiz?

What motivates the sender to


send a message?
Elements of
Communication
• Decoding :
* Translating the message format from its
sign format into meaning.
* Done by the person receiving the message.
Elements of
• Receiver :
Communication
* The person who decodes and
understands the message with the
same meaning as intended by the
sender
* The receiver uses his
conventions, cultural or
contextual background and language
skills
Elements of
• Feedback :
Communication
* Response, reaction or
information given by the recipient
of a message to the sender.
* Could be verbal and non-
verbal
* “Gauge of efficiency”
* A component that makes
communication a two way process
Elements of
Communication
• Noise (Interference / Barriers):
* Anything that prevents a
receiver from fully comprehending
the message
* Anything that interferes
the communication process between
a speaker and audience
* Can be external or internal
TRUE OR FALSE ?
1. Encoding is the transmission of message format from its sign
format into meanings.
2. One of the factors to be considered for selection of medium is
urgency.
3. Effective Communication is a natural ability.
4. In closed loop communication, sender verifies the performance
of the receiver.
• Communication :
 Definitions and
Characteristics
 Process and Elements
 Models - LINEAR

INTERACTIVE

TRANSACTIONAL
Models Of Communication

LINEAR MODELS INTERACTIVE


MODELS

TRANSACTIONAL
MODELS
Models of Communication

One Way Process 1. Aristotle’s Model (350 B.C)


LINEAR 2. Harold Lasswell (1948)
MODELS
3. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model (1960)
LINEAR MODELS 1. Aristotle’s Model (350 B.C)
One Way Process
LINEAR MODELS 1. Aristotle’s Model (350 B.C)
One Way Process
LINEAR MODELS 1. Aristotle’s Model (350 B.C)
One Way Process

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1.Awareness of 1.No noise
intended 2.Speaker
audience centred
2.Develops 3.No feedback
True or False ?

NOISE is the gauge of


efficiency in
communication process
LINEAR MODELS 2. Harold Lasswell (1948)
One Way Process

CONTROL CONTENT MEDIA AUDIENCE EFFECT


ANALYSIS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
LINEAR
MODELS 2. Harold Lasswell (1948)
One Way Process

Three functions of communication:


1. Surveillance of the environment
2. Correlation of components of Society
3. Cultural transmission between generation
LINEAR
MODELS 2. Harold Lasswell (1948)
One Way Process

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1.Easy and 1.Feedback not
Simple mentioned
2.Suits for 2.Noise not
all types of mentioned
LINEAR MODELS
3. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
One Way Process
LINEAR
MODELS 3. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
One Way Process
• First introduced to improve
technical communication
• To maximize telephone capacity
with minimum noise
• Also knows as ‘Mathematical
Model’ and ‘Information theory’
• First communication model to
LINEAR
MODELS 3. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
One Way Process

• Not suitable for transactional


communication process
• Three levels of problems of
communication
1.Technical problem – Channel
2.Semantic problem – Meaning
3.Effectiveness problem –
LINEAR MODELS
3. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
One Way Process

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1.Concept of 1.Passive role
Noise of receiver
2.Quantifiable 2.Misleading
nature nature of human
LINEAR
MODELS 4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model (1960)
One Way Process
LINEAR
MODELS 4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model (1960)
One Way Process

1.Source and Receiver need to


be on the same level
2.Equal capability of source
LINEAR
4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model (1960)
MODELS
One Way Process
DISADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES: 1.Lack of
1.Sub sects of feedback
major 2.Barriers not
components mentioned
2.Influence of 3.Noise not
Which is the First
Linear model to have
introduced the
component of Noise ?

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