Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 1.Introduction The purpose of this workshop is to understand how to model an/exteinial| Serodyniamics problem. tt also shows the skills needed to expand from the basic analysis to assess and improve basic accuracy with respect to both experimental and other CFD data. This workshop will show how to do the following: + Assessing Y+ for correct turbulence model behavior + Modifying solver settings to improve accuracy + Reading in and plotting experimental data alongside CFD results + Producing a side-by-side comparison of different CFD results 2. Prerequisites This tutorial assumes that you are already familiar with the ANSYS Workbench interface and its project workflow. This tutorial also assumes that you have completed the first workshop and that you are famil- iar with the ANSYS Fluent tree and ribbon structure, Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly. 3. Problem Description The flow simulated is an external aerodynamics application for the flow around a NACA0O12 airfoil. You will be studying the lift and drag generated by the standard airfoil and how well the solver predicted these compared to high quality experimental data.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 4. Setup and Solution 4.1. Loading a Mesh and Starting Fluent 1. Copy the files (naca0012.msh,test-data-bottom.xy, test-data-top.xy,and mach_0.5_comparison.cas/dat.gz) to your working folder. 2. Start ANSYS Workbench. 3. Drag a Fluid Flow Fluent Analysis System to the Project Schematic. 4, Right-click on Mesh, cell 3, and select Import Mesh File... -» Browse....Setup and Solution Bl Arahsis Systane ee @ Fu Fion-Exnsion(otfe ~ @ Fes Fon ce 1 Fiud Flow Pollen) Bj Heroine Fue) F rceametrone Gener G Treestron dec G Tuicnesineyrciw i comnatarion = = Sten comeceyren i} 5 Clewr Generated Data toe |B teore repete l anim [vera festa. | sasnote @ Dodie comoneniock Hii s | Sdow ore | ise ones). | Select the file naca0012 .msh from your working folder and click Open. Note After the mesh file has been imported, the Geometry cell is no longer needed and Workbench automatically removes it from the analysis system. 6. Save the project as 04-Airfoil. File + Save 7. Double-click Setup, cell 3 to open the Fluent Launcher, a, Inthe Fluent Launcher dialog box, enable Double Precision. b. Click OK in the Fluent Launcher dialog box to open ANSYS Fluent. Note IF HPC licenses are available, you can select and enter the number of processes.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 4.2. Setting Up Domain In this step, you will perform the mesh-related activities using the Setting Up Domain ribbon tab (Mesh group). 1. Check the mesh, [= setting Up Domain > Mesh > Check ANSYS Fluent will perform various checks on the mesh and report the progress in the console. Make sure that the reported minimum volume is a positive number, Presently ignore the warnings. Note ‘As a general guideline, the cell aspect ratio should be around 5 oF less in the main region of the mesh (away from the boundary layer). However, it is usual to have much higher aspect ratio cells in the boundary layer, up to around 100. In this case, the maximum aspect ratio in the boundary layer is much higher than this, 1e mesh was designed in this way due to the need for very low y+ values. Away from the boundary layer, the maximum aspect ratio is around 5. For this special case, the high maximum aspect ratio is justified. Not all cases require such a well resolved boundary layer mesh. High aspect ratio cells can give problems in the solver calculations near to the wall, hence the warning when the mesh quality metrics are reported. In this case, because the high aspect ratio is justified, the warning can be safely ignored. 2. Check the wall distance. Note in post-processing. So before you can al The cells need some data before you can bé check the cell wall distance, you need to i + Initialize the flow field using the h = solving > i i. Retain the default selection of Hybrid for Method. lization group of the Solving ribbon tab. ion ii, Chick Ini 3. Check the Cell Wall ance, [= postprocessing > Graphics > Contours -> Edit...Setup and Solution Options ‘contours of O Filed Mesh. X © Global Rance is Max (m) in ax (mm) eT 8.20103 .1132178-06 Gp to Range [El Draw Profiles Surfaces [2/4] 1 Draw Nesh evel Satin defaultinterior 2 at E fared Surface Name Patten | New Surface Natch} Surface Types [0/31] dlip-sut ‘exhaustfen fan [Display| [Compute] [cose] [Help] In the Contours dialog box, in the Options group, clear Global Range. From the Contours of drop-down lists, select Mesh... and Cell Wall Distance. From the list of Surfaces, select ai lower and airfoil_upper. Click Compute. The minimum and maximum computed cell wall distances are displayed in a grayed format in the dialog box under Min and Max. They are 8.2 X 107m and 7.1 X 10°m. [This is y not y+ Note For the airfoil wall surfaces, these values are as expected from the mesh design, so you can proceed with your set up. Close the Contours dialog box. Note The mesh is designed to have these cell wall distances in order to achieve a target value of y+ for the turbulence model at the wall-adjacent cells. y+ is the non-dimensional normal distance from the first grid point (the wall-adjacent cell center) to the wall.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil If the first grid point is placed within the viscous sublayer (near wall region, y+ < 5), the turbulence model's enhanced wall treatment (EWT) option should be chosen. Wher using EWT, the intention is to integrate governing equations directly to the wall withou Using wall functions (based on universal law of the wall) The aspect ratio could be reduced, while keeping the same y+ value: by keeping the same first cell distance and increasing the number of nodes along the wall surface. This reduces the length of cells for a given height reducing the aspect ratio while significant increasing the overall cell count. The aspect ratio could also be reduced, while increasing the y+ value: by increasing the normal distance of the first grid point from the wall to give y+ values of between 30 and 300, which would be a sensible target range for y+ for this problem when using the wall functions approach. For this particular problem, wall functions are less accurate than having the first grid point in the viscous sublayer. 4.3. Setting Up Physics 1. In the Solver group of the Setting Up Physics ribbon tab, retain the default selection of the Steady from Time. [EG Seti Up Dorman [Setina Up Physics | UserDefined || Soking Tine \elodty Formulation ini © steady Presuresased © absohte | ene © Dersity-Based Relative @ Reference Values... nar _ Solver Setting Up Physics -> Solver to simulate the + Select Density-Based,under Type. compressible 2. Set the operating conditions. Setting Up Physics Botan Pressure Use absolute | aperating Pressure (pascal) pressure Bla @ Reference Pressure Location x(m) 0 @ yom o 8 bi zmlo (24) (Gn) (ie)Setup and Solution In the Operating Conditions dialog box, enter 0 for Operating Pressure (pascal) Click OK to close the Operating Conditions dialog box. Note Absolute pressure = operating pressure + gauge pressure. For incompressible flows it is normal to specify a large operating pressure (typically at- mospheric pressure) and let the solver work with smaller gauge pressures for the boundary conditions, to reduce round-off errors. For compressible flows, the solver needs to use absolute values in the calculation. Therefore, with compressible flows, it is sometimes convenient to set the operating pressure to zero, and input/output absolute pressures. Set up your models for the CFD simulation using the Models group of the Setting Up Physics ribbon tab. a Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation, In the Setting Up Physics ribbon tab, select Energy (Models group). [FE= setting Up Physics -> Models > Energy Enable the k- omega model i. Inthe Setting Up Physics ribbon tab, click Viscous... (Models group) = setting Up Physics > Models -> Viscou i, In the Viscous Model dialog box, select k-omega from the Model list.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil ) Transition SST (4 eqn) (© Reynolds Stress (5 ean) a © Scale-adaptve simulation (Sas) | 34 P © Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) keomaga Model User Defined Functions © Standard Turbulent viscosty ) BSL. [mone ssT Prandti Numbers Ss Energy Prandti Number 5 Low-Re Corections inone es Wal Prandt! Number Options none = Viscous Heating © Curvature Correction © Production Kato-Launder > © Production Limiter 1 intermittency Transtion Model (Ox) (Cancel) (Heb ili, Select SST from the k-omega Model group. iv. Retain the other default settings and click OK to accept the model and close the Viscous Model dialog box. 4, Set the air material properties. Be ‘Create/Edit... — [= setting Up Physics -> Materials -> Create/Edit.15 ® Tiree Coofficont Method Setup and Solution (i cresterece waters we Nave mea forma Prone ; Dens (ke/m2) leas =) eée..] © (Specte Het i onan =) Ee 100643 : Themal Conducray (wm) aang onze > vecsty (ms) (aetind bette] (Coes) (Heb) a, Inthe Create/Edit Materials dialog box, the Material Type selected is air. b. From the Density drop-down list, select ideal-gas. ¢._ From the Viscosity drop-down list, select sutherland. Sutherland's law with two coefficients has the form _ are “T+G, For air at moderate temperatures and pressures, Cy = 1.458 x 10-6 kg/m-s-K ¥/?, and Cy = 1104 K Methods © Two Coefficent Method (SI Units Only) > Reference Viscosty, mud (kg/m-s) 1,7168-05 > Reference Temperature, TV (k) 273.11 Sutherlane!s law with three coefficients has the form > fffective Temperature, 5 (k) 110.56 yn =o (Bi) BS For air at moderate temperatures and pressures, Ho = 1.716 x 1075 ke/m-s, Ty =273.11 K, and $= 110.56 K. (Ox) (Cancel) [Heb] i. Retain the default selection of Three Coefficient Method and the other default values in the Sutherland Law dialog box. ii, Click OK to close the Sutherland Law dialog box.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil d, Click Change/Create in the Create/Edit Materials dialog box and close it. Note ‘The Sutherland law for viscosity is well suited for high-speed compressible flow. For simplicity, you will leave Cp (Specific Heat) and Thermal Conductivity as constant. Ideally, in high speed compressible flow modeling, these should be temperature depend- ent as well. 5. Set up the boundary conditions for the CFD analysis using the Zones group of the Setting Up Physics ribbon tab. Cel Zones | Boundaries | Profiles... Zones [== setting Up Physics > Zones > Boundaries -> All This opens the Boundary Condi a ns task page. In the Boundary Conditions task page, in the Zone list, select airfoi the Wall dialog box. lower and click Edit... to open i. In the Wall dialog box, ensure that Stationary Wall is selected for Wall Motion. ii, In the Thermal tab, ensure that Heat Flux is selected from the Thermal Condi iii, Ensure that Heat Flux is set to 0. iv, Close the Wall dialog box. Ensure similar conditions are set for airfoil_upper. Double-click farfield in the list of Zone in the Boundary Conditions task page and set the boundary conditions in the Pressure Far-Field dialog box, using the values in the following table: Component Value [Gauge Pressure 73048 pascal Mach Number 0.7 X-Component of Flow Direction 0.99963, {Y-Component of Flow Direction 0.02705 Turbulence Specification Method Intensity and Viscosity Ratio Turbulent Intensity 1% Turbulent Viscosity Ratio i [Temperature (click Thermal tab) 283.241K)Setup and Solution Thermal [ Ratiation | Spaces | Uos | bem Gauge Pressure (pascal) 73048 ‘(constant MachNumber0.7 constant Component of Flow Direction 0.99963 constant -Y-Component of Flow Direction 0.02705 constant Turbulence Specteaton Neto Turbulent Intensty(%) 1 S~*«CWY “Turbulent Viscosty Ratio 1 @ OK} {cancel} [Help] The angle of attack a. in this case is 1.55 deg. The x-component of the flow is cos(a) and the y-component is sin(a). Note The pressure-far-field boundary is applicable only when using the ideal-gas law. It is important to place the far-field boundary far enough from the object of interest. For example, in lifting airfoil calculations, it is not uncommon for the far-field boundary to be a circle with a radius of 20 chord lengths. This workshop will compare CFD with wind-tunnel test data, therefore we need to calculate the static conditions at the far-field boundary. We can calculate this from the total pressure, which was atmospheric at 101325 Pa, with a Mach number of 0.7 in the test. od Be (ee) a ‘Where Po = total pressure = 101325 Pa p = static pressure y=14 for air M= Mach No.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil So, po/p = 1.3871 and, p = 73048 Pa The wind tunnel operating conditions for validation test data give the total temper- ature as Ty = 311 K. Ty 7 wim @ Where To = total temperature = 311K T = static temperature 9) =1.4 for air M = Mach No.= 0.7 So, To/T = 1.098 and T = 283.24 K Close the Pressure Far-Field dialog box after setting the boundary conditions. 6. | Set the reference values. Note These are not used to compute the flow solution, but they are used to report coefficients such as Cp. T= setting Up Physics -> Solver > Reference Values...Setup and Solution ‘Task Page x Reference Values ‘Compute from Referance Values ‘Area (m2) 1 Density (kg/m3) 0.898489 Depth (m) 1 Enthalpy (i/kg) 312926.4 Length (m) 1 Pressure (pascal) 73047.88 ‘Temperature (k) 283.239 Velocity (m/s) 236.0762 Vscosty (kg/ms) 1.7894e-05 Ratio of Specific Heats 1.4 Reference Zone In the Reference Values task page select farfield from the Compute from drop-down list. Note With this selection, you are using a free-stream as a reference condition. Reference values for velocity, density, temperature, etc, will update from the free-stream values as de- scribed previously. 4.4.Solving 1. Set up solution methods. P= solving -> Solution > Methods...Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil Task Page x Solution Methods Formulation > fii) Fi Te ‘Spatial Discretization Gradient > on — Turbulent Kinetic Eneroy. —— 7 | Second Order Upwind . ‘Specific Dissipation Rate > (Second over touns ransient Formulation Non erative Time Advancemar Frozan Flix Formulation [Pseudo Transent (High Order Term Relaxation 17] Convergence Acceleration For Stretched Meshes a, Inthe Solution Methods task page, retain the selection of Impl Note The explicit formulation is only normally used for cases where the characteristic time scale is of the same order as the acoustic time scale, for example the propagation of high Mach number shock waves. The implicit formulation is more stable, making it possible to use more aggressive solution control settings so that less time is required to reach a converged solution.Setup and Solution b. Select Green-Gauss Node Based from the Gradient drop-down list. Note This is slightly more computationally expensive than the other methods, but is more accurate for compressible aerodynamic flows. ¢._ Select Second Order Upwind for Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Speci pation Rate. Note This will accurately predict drag, as the default 1st order schemes are not sufficient. 2. Retain the default settings for solution controls. [= solving > Controls > Controls... Task Page x Solution Controls Ccourant Number 5 Under-Relwation Factors | Turbuient Knetic Eneray 08 Spectic Dissipation Rate 08 Turbulent Viscosity 1 Solid 1 Note The Courant number determines the intemal time step used by the density based solver and therefore it affects the solution speed and stability. The default Courant number for the density-based implicit formulation is 5.0. A lower Courant number mayFluid Flow Around the Airfoil 3 4 Set up residual monitors so that convergence can be monitored. a, Inthe Residual Monitors dialog box, ensure that Plot is enabled in the Options group. b. Select none from the Convergence Criteria drop-down list. Note Click OK to close the Residual Monitors dialog box. Create a drag report definition. 1s» New > Force Report » Drag...Setup and Solution Ei Drag Report Defintion ea) ‘Name WallZones [2/2] Ge drag-rep Options Per Zone Average Qver(iterations) 1 = Force Vector x i cos (AoA), 0.99963 0.02705 [1 sin(AoA) Report Files [0/0] (&] (&) &) Report Plots [0/0] [&] (&) &) Create (S| Report File @] Report Plot Frequency? [= [print to Console = Compute Heb] a. _ Inthe Drag Report Definiti n dialog box, enter drag-rep for the Name. b. Inthe Force Vector group box enter 0. 99963 and 0.02705 for X and ¥ respectively. Note The angle of attack a is 1.55° and drag is parallel relative to the free-stream flow. © Under the Create group, enable Report File, Report Plot, and Print to Console. d. Retain 1 for Frequency. e. Select airfoil_lower and airfoil_upper from the list of Wall Zones.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil f. Click OK to save and close the Drag Report Defi 5. Similarly create a lift report definition. -sin (AoA), [2™ solving > Reports > Defi cos(AoA) jons > New > Force Report > a. In the Lift Report Definitis Nn dialog box, enter lift-rep for the Name b. In the Force Vector group box enter -0..02705 and 0. 99963 for X and ¥ respectively, Note The angle of attack « is 1.55° and lift is perpendicular relative to the free-stream flow. <._ Under the Create group, enable Report File, Report Plot, and Print to Console. d. Retain 1 for Frequency. upper from the list of Wall Zones. f. Click OK to save and close the Lift Report Definition dialog box. 6. Initialize the flow field based on the farfield boundary. = solving > ini defined [Saving | Postorocessn ‘Method yond @ Standad Options... Initiakzation a. Select Standard for Method. b. Click Options...7. Setup and Solution ‘Task Page x Solution Initialization ‘ntialzation Methods Hybrid Inttaization @ Standard Intiaeation ‘Compute from >| (te Reference Frame @ Relative to Cell Zone © Absolute auge Pressure (pescal) 73047.88 X Velocity (rms) 235.9889 Y Velocity (m/s) 6.385867 Turbulent Kinetic Energy (m2/e2) 8.359831 Speciic Désipation Rate (1/s) 4172018 - Temperature (4) 283.239 [Rest [Pate] Reset DPM Sources] | Reset Statistics In the Solution jon task page, select fa |d from the Compute from drop-down list. Click initialize, Click OK in the Question dialog box that pops up. Note {At this stage of the solution set up, standard initialization is being used, which is a rel- atively simple method of filling all the cells with the same initial values. A second, more sophisticated step known as full multi-grid (FMG) initialization will be performed prior to running the calculation. Save the project.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil File > Save Project 8. Check to see if the case conforms to best practices. Solving » Run Calculation > Check Case You will get a message saying that there are no recommendations. Enable Solution Steering and start the calculation, [= solving > Run Calculation > Advanced... Task Page x Run Calculation Check Case... | Update Dynamic Mest Number of Iterations Reporting Interval — > ico0 a = Profile Update Interval 1 5 —> Solution steering Flow Type —> [tansonic +) Use Fue Intialzation <———— Fist to Hgher Order Blending a - 100 0 > Fist Order ‘Second Orde: a. In the Run Calculation task page, enable Solution Steering. b. Select transonic from the Flow Type drop-down list, Click More Settings... to open the Solution Steeri 19 dialog box.Setup and Solution Steering Sattnas | FMG Settings stage 1 ‘Courant tlumber ar ee eee 100 [=] Iterations 5 200 Stage 2 xplict Under-Relaxation Factor Update the Courant Number 0.5 —_ (© immedatay © after [_ Elitterations Courant Number Update Interval 20 [1 Iterations In the Solution Steering dialog box that opens, enter 0. 5 for Explicit Under-Rel Note In most cases, there is no need to change the explicit under-relaxation factor, but lowering its value is sometimes necessary for stable convergence. The value of 0.5 was found to work well in this case. Click OK to close the Solution Steering dialog box. Note Solution Steering is enabled for the following reasons:Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil d. Enter 1000 for Number of Iterations. e. Click Calculate. Figure 1: Residuals for the Solution erations Figure 2: Drag Monitor Plot Drag orem iterationSetup and Solution Figure 3: Lift Monitor Plot Lit ease iteration Note The Courant number has been steadily ramped up during the calculation by the solution steering algorithm. This can be seen on the residuals plot. The residuals have converged to low values and the drag and lift monitors are no longer changing. 10. Save the project. File > Save Project 4.5. Displaying Results in ANSYS Fluent 1. Plot the y+ values along the airfoil surfaces. [E= postprocessing -> Plots —> XY Plot...Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil ‘EA Solution XY Pot eal Options Plot Direction Y Axis Function [i Node values Xi Turbulence... =|+— {Z| Postion on x aus yo ai =e Postion on ¥ Aus Bs Ha ce X Axis Function Order Points Surfaces [2/4] Bae Fle Data aa Plat a. Inthe Solution XY Plot dialog box, select Turbulence... and Wall Yplus from the ¥ Axis Function drop-down lists b. Retain the selection of rection Vector from the X Axis Function drop-down list. ¢._ From the list of Surfaces, select airfoil_lower and airfoil_upper. d. Click Plot. wal plus sae00 Posticn (mm)Setup and Solution You can see that y+ is approximately 2.5 for much of the surface. Note In order to obtain a good drag prediction in an application like this, the mesh should resolve the viscous sublayer, the outer boundary of which is located at y+ ~5.To achieve this resolution, the first grid point should have y+ values on the order of 1. The value of 2.5 that was achieved is often satisfactory, but a mesh sensitivity study should probably also be performed. 2. Compare the theoretical and experimental values of drag and lift coefficients. From Reference [1] (p. 32), CI = 0.241 and Cd = 0.0079 ona 9 3991706 7.29%Re=08 LtN0Ne=07 3.5746e-06 1.I8I2e-16 Setimiey siete yelensy ” “Stegy 2a8ze=03 7 3977601 397760 i : R6100eR06 6.5ET4eM08 4.3914e-07 3.17790-06 1.39220-06 1.67660-07 B.476-06 E.30LbeR08 42974007 5, "assets Ledzeeco? Lisenie-de 1,6036e-07| 8.2882e-03 2.397701 aa 29826 Lhise 28tze : 5.989606 €.1368e-08 seosteno7 207200606 oaeae aeae-at From the console you can see that Cl = 0.240 and Cd = 0.0083, indicating good agreement. 3. Display the contours of static pressure. [= postprocessing > Graph s+ Contours... > Edit... a. Inthe Contours dialog box, enable Filled and Global Range in the list of Options. b, Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists © De-select all from the list of Surfaces. d. Click Display. fe. Zoom in on the airfoilFluid Flow Around the Airfoil Note Check the high static pressure at the nose, and low pressure on the upper (suction) surface. The latter is expected as the airfoil wing is generating lift 4, Examine the contours of Mach number. [= postprocessing > Graphics -> Contours... > Edit... a. In the Contours dialog box, select Velocity... and Mach Number from the Contours of drop-down lists b. Click Display and then close the Contours dialog box.Setup and Solution Note You can see that the flow is locally supersonic (Mach Number > 1) as the flow accelerates ‘over the upper surface of the wing 5. Plot the pressure coefficient (Cp) along the upper and lower airfoil surfaces. [= postprocessing ~ Plots -> XY Plot... a. Inthe Solution XY Plot dialog box, select Pressure... and Pressure Coefficient from the ¥ Axis Function drop-down lists. b. From the list of Surfaces, select airfoil_lower and airfoil_upper. click Plot.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil Pressure ome costtcent Posticn (mm) Display the results using solid lines. a. In the Solution XY Plot dialog box, click Curves... ‘Marker Style ‘symbol u Color foreground +) (foreground Weight sie 1 03 (ano) (Goss) (Her) b, Inthe Curves - Solution Plot dialog box that opens, select 0 from the Curve # drop-down list. ©. Select the straight line pattern from the Pattern drop-down list (as shown above), d, Select the blank selection for Symbol. e. Click Apply. {Select 1 from the Curve # drop-down list, and set a similar Pattern and Symbol. g. Close the Curves - Solution Plot dialog box. h. In the Solution XY Plot dialog box, click Plot. 7. Load the test Cp data for comparison.Setup and Solution a. Inthe Solution XY Plot dialog box, click Load File. b. Browse to your working folder and select the files test-data-bottom. xy and test-data- 1p . xy, then click OK to close the dialog box. c._ Inthe Solution XY Plot dialog box, select both the files under File Data d. Click Plot. Pressure oman costtcent Posticn (mm) This plots the CFD and experimental Cp results together. e, Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. Note You can see that both plots match fairly well. f further data manipulation is required, the XY plot data can be written to a file and then read into a third party tool, such as Microsoft Excel. 8. Save the project. File > Save Project Exit Fluent. File > Close Fluent 4.6. Displaying Results in CFD-Post 1. In the Workbench window, click Refresh Project in the toolbar.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 2. Double-click Results, cell 5 to launch CFD-Post. Note Since CFD-Post works in 3D, a unit thickness will be automatically added to the 2D airfoil, with symmetry side boundaries. 3. Drawa pressure contour plot. a. Click the contour button [@ in the toolbar. b. Retain the default name of Contour 1 in the Insert Contour dialog box, and click OK. © In Details of Contour1, select symmetry 1 from the Locations drop-down list | Detas of Contour 1 ceomery [tapes | Render [view | enans (Aldonans >) [1] teswe bene) vorieble esse >] [s.] Range S $7015 Pal rs 100975 [Pa] FoF Contours 11 Advanced Properties Ae _) [__ Reset Defaults d. Select Pressure from the Variable drop-down list. Click Apply. 4, Compare the contours with the given file. Note A useful feature in CFD-Post is the ability to load multiple sets of CFD and/or test data, and to then compare any two of them together to generate a difference plot. You are supplied a second set of results files with this tutorial, run at a slightly slower speed (Mach 0.5 instead of Mach 0.7), and you will compare the differences, a. Load the file. File > Load Results...Setup and Solution b. Inthe Load Results File dialog box, browse to your working folder and select the file mach_0.5_comparison.dat.gz and click Open. Change the graphics window layout so that three are displayed d. Lock the views and visibility so that they are synchronized on in the tree. Double-click Case Compa f. In Details of Case Comparison, enable Case Comparison Active and click Apply. ieet > cnet on > una et) © Note Case comparison allows the results of the 0.5 Mach Number and 0.7 Mach Number simulations to be viewed simultaneously, and the differences to be quickly identified and quantified. 'FFF" refers to the case calculated in Fluent. If you read in two files separately, the file name would be listed, as the 0.5 Mach Number case, as shown in the image. 5. Close CFD-Post. In Workbench save the project.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 5.Summary This workshop has shown the basic steps that are applied during CFD simulations: + Defining material properties. + Setting boundary conditions and solver settings. + Running a simulation whilst monitoring quant ies of interest, + Post-processing the results, both in Fluent and CFD-Post. + Comparing two sets of results where boundary conditions differ. 6.References + TJ.Coakley, "Numerical Simulation of Viscous Transonic Airfoil Flows,” NASA Ames Research Center, AIAA- 87-0416, 1987 + C.D. Harris,"Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Characteristics of the NACA 0012 Airfoil in the Langley 8-foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel,” NASA Ames Research Center, NASA TM 81927, 1981 7.Further Improvements Check for Flow Separation Double-click on the Solution cell (4) to open Fluent and reload the final results for postprocessing. There are different ways to check whether there is separated flow. + One method is to display velocity vectors. If you zoom in near the trailing edge, you can see that the vectors do not reveal any reversed flow. You can zoom in at different locations to see if the vectors show that the flow is reversed. + One more way to check for flow separation is to plot the x-component of the wall shear stress and check for negative values.Further Improvements Bi solution xv Pict. ea) Options Plot Direction Axis Function W Node Values XL | Wall Fluxes... x {@] Postion on x axs yo = = = oe —_— Order Points a al Surfaces [24] ae Fie Data [0/0] (&) &) ) [Load Fie, New Surface > © ae lower Hae ‘eoes02 aso 1.20002 1.o0es02 2.00601 “Wall Shear s.onet Stress (pascal) 400001 2.00601 > o 01 02 03 04 08 of o7 08 co 1 Position (m) The marked region in the above graph could possibly have negative values. Since the surface is curved, a negative value does not necessarily mean the flow is separated. Visual inspection of the velocity vectors near this location will reveal the presence (or absence) of separationFluid Flow Around the Airfoil we ATI In this case, the negative values of x-wall shear stress result from a small area near the leading edge where attached flow travels in the negative x-direction. Note For this airfoil at such a small angle of attack, flow separation would not be expec- ted. It is hoped that going through this exercise will give you more ideas for how to examine and explore your own CFD results. Mesh Sensitivity Study The goal of this exercise is to use mesh adaption to produce a finer mesh and then compare the results from the original mesh with the adapted mesh. Because this is a 2d case with a relatively small number of cells, the approach taken here will be to adapt all cells within a certain approximately sized area around the airfoil 1. Inthe Workbench window, right-click on the Fluid Flow (Fluent) cell in system A, and select Duplicate from the context menu.a 7 Update Duplicate e 06 & @ als x Clear Gererated Data Delete Recreate Deleted Compenents Rename Properties Add Note Rename the new system as Adapt Mesh. Imported Mesh Setip Solution Results AdaptMesh BSS Left-click in the Solution (cell A4) and drag it to Solution (cell B4). Fluid Flow (Fluent) Double-click on the Solution (B4) cell to start ‘Adapt Mesh Fluent, Further Improvements Note Transferring the data from cell A4 to cell B4 will allow the solution on the adapted mesh to begin from the original solution rather than having to initialize again. In order for this to work, Fluent has to be opened from the Solution (cell B4) cell Perform adaption. [== setting Up Domain > Adapt > Mark/Adapt Cells > Region...Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil i Region Adaption (esa Options: Input Coordinates ® Inside X Min (m) X Max (m) Outside -0.3645569 2.300249 chaps Y Nin (mm) Y Max (m) © Quad 05940644 «0.78 76042 Circle Min (m) a. Inthe Region Adaption dialog box ensure that Quad is selected from the list of Shapes. b. Click Select Points with Mouse. Select the points at the approximate locations as shown in Figure 4: Points Selected with the Mouse Probe (p. 36). Figure 4: Points Selected with the Mouse Probe You can also manually enter the coordinates seen in the dialog box. As long as the locations are approximately the same, the precise coordinates will not matter.6. Further Improvements d. Click Mark to create an adaption register. Click Manage. i. Inthe Manage Adaption Registers dialog box click Display. This will highlight the cells in the adaption register. Note When using grid adaption, you should display the cells in the adaption register before actually adapting thern. ii, Ifthe highlighted cells are satisfactory, click Adapt. Click Yes in the Question dialog box that asks if you want to change the mesh. ili, Close the Manage Adaption Registers dialog box. Close the Region Adaption dialog box. Solve for 250 iterations. [= solving > Run Calculation a. Enter 250 for No. of Iterations. b. Click Calculate. ©. _ Inthe dialog box that pops up, retain the selection of Use settings and mesh changes for current calculation only. and click OK.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil It is expected the solution will converge in far fewer iterations than the original case because you are starting from a better initial guess. Based on the plots, you can see that the monitors are stable after 150 iterations. 7. Plot the y+ values along the airfoil surfaces. [= postprocessing > Plots -> XY Plot... a. In the Solution XY Plot dialog box, select Turbulence... and Wall Yplus from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists. b. From the list of Surfaces, select airfoil_lower and airfoil_upper. Click Plot and close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. wan e1neor plus Posiscn (mm) Compare the lift and drag coefficients from the console values. nile Ser Ginetsaiey acweioeiey poveleesey energy ‘onege Ehiteoe Laaseos apseeat cegasecoe 7.8803e-07 2iaasse-at Hbivecde 3eo2e-08 Biteot Zeiere=06 7.89206-07 2 Pssose-as, Emnse-ae Tease 2iapsee-os nesee-05 ‘Tiszete-07 acaaaseat 3 3s0z0-08, Tesee? 213939e-03 errevaes Suziends Lizogre-oe iiaezte-06 7a2400-07| Cosite-os 2383902 7 204en04 1.2601e-05 Luz1ite-0$ 1.1882e-06 2.417He-06 7.1797e-07| t.ogite-03 2.3859e-01 ‘4 121S5e-04 L2402e-08 Gisnie-ds i1ez7e-08 2 ‘Totage-07 | t.09t%e-03 2.3839e-01 : Uetoteoe Laeteess {iestecos fisee-ot Testes | lesttees fptoeat iFurther Improvements Experimental Value Original Mesh Adapted Mesh cd 0.0079 0.0083 0.0081 cl 0.241 0.240 0239 Create copies of the airfoil surfaces » Surface > Create > Transform, x(m)0 =enlle. y(m)0 y (mn) 0 2(m)0 (mo Transform Surface [1/5] i Mouse Select aioll lower airfoil lower adapted New Surface Name arfoi_upper_adapted ‘wiaae.] (Go) (eb) a. In the Transform Surface dialog box, select airfoil_lower from the list of Transform Surface. b. Enter airfoil _lower_adapted for New Surface Name. Click Create. d. De-select airfoil_lower and select airfoil_upper from Transform Surface list. e. Enterairfoil_upper_adapted for New Surface Name. f. Click Create. Note This procedure creates copies of the airfoil surfaces, but with different names. This is done so that later, when the pressure coefficient on the airfoil surface is compared with the results from the original, unadapted mesh, it will be easier to distinguish between the different sets of results. g. Close the Transform Surface dialog box.Fluid Flow Around the Airfoil 9. Plot the pressure coefficient on the new transform surfaces. [== postprocessing » Plots > XY Plot... a. Inthe Solution XY Plot dialog box, select Pressure... and Pressure Coefficient from the Y Axis Function drop-down lists. b. From the list of Surfaces, select airfoil_lower_adapted and airfoil_upper_adapted. Click Plot. Pressure oman costtcent Posticn (mm) d. Enable Write to File in the list of Opt Click Write.. f Browse to your folder and enter adapted_mesh_pressure_coefficient.xy forthe XY File name and click OK. g. Close the Solution XY Plot dialog box. Exit Fluent File > Close Fluent Click OK in the dialog box that opens asking to use the settings for current calculation only. . In Workbench double-click on Solution (cell A4). . Compare the pressure coefficients of the original and adapted mesh. FA= postprocessing > Plots > XY Plot... a. In the Solution XY Plot dialog box click Load b, Select the file adapted_mesh_pressure_coefficient. xy from your folder and click OK.Further Improvements Select Pressure... and Pressure Coefficient from the Y Axis Function list, Select airfoil_lower and airfoil_upper from the list of Surfaces. Click Plot. He Pressure cacen costicent i, Posiscn (mm) By plotting the results from the adapted mesh on the copied surface with a different name, the two sets of results can be easily distinguished from one another Note The similarity of the results indicates that a mesh independent solution was achieved and, that the y+ resolution on the original mesh was sufficient for the airfoil under this angle of attack at Mach number = 0.7.