SKTG 2423 – Chap 8.4d-8.

4e S1 1819

AIR
Ø Atmospheric air
v contains N2, O2, CO2, H2O vapor, small amount of other gases

Ø Dry air
v No H2O vapor
v 78 vol.% N2, 21 vol.% O2, and 1 vol.% other gases.

Ø Moist air
v a mixture of dry air and H2O vapor.

Ø Water vapor in air

v Behaves as if it existed alone
v Obeys ideal-gas Pv = RT
v Treated as ideal-gas mixture

Ø practical purposes, moist air = atmospheric air

PSYCHROMETRIC/HUMIDITY
CHART
Ø for Air-Water vapor mixture at 1 atm

(a) Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb

(b) Dew Point Temperature, Tdp
(c) Relative Humidity, hr
(d) Saturation Enthalpy, Hs
(e) Absolute humidity, ha
(f) Dry Bulb Temperature, Tdb
(g) Humid Volume, VˆH

Ø humidification, drying, and air-conditioning process.

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
•Reference states for Enthalpy :- liquid water at 1 atm & 0oC,
dry air at 1 atm & 0oC

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Relative humidity
Absolute Humidity (kg water/kg DA)

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Absolute Humidity
Page 8 - 5

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
% Relative
Humidity
Wet Bulb line

Saturation curve
(100% RH)
Absolute Humidity
(kg/kg DA)

Saturated Enthalpy
(kJ/kg dry air)
Humidity

Dry Bulb Temperature Entalpy deviation

Specific Volume (m3/kg dry air) (kJ/kg dry air)
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DRY BULB, WET BULB & DEW

POINT TEMPERATURES
• Dry bulb - air temperature as measured by an ordinary thermometer

• Wet bulb - lowest temperature achievable by evaporating water into the

air to bring the air to saturation
• Dew point - temperature at which H2O vapor starts to condense (saturated)
if it is cooled at constant pressure.

DRY BULB, WET BULB & DEW

POINT TEMPERATURES
Ø For a saturated air, the dry – bulb, wet – bulb
and dew – point temperature are identical.

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EXAMPLE
Consider a room that contains air at 1 atm, 35oC and 40% relative humidity. Using the
psychrometric chart, determine
(a) Specific humidity (b) enthalpy (c) wet bulb temperature (d) the dew point
temperature and (e) the specific volume of the air.
Ans: 0.0142 kg water/kg DA, 71.5 kJ/kg DA,
24oC, 19.5oC, 0.893 m3/kg DA

Humidity
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RELATIVE HUMIDITY

p H 2O
hT = x 100%
p*H 2O (T )

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EXAMPLE
The outside air temperature is 32°C with a relative
humidity of 60%. Determine the
1. Dew Point temperature. Ans: 23oC
2. Wet Bulb temperature. Ans: 25.5oC

3. Absolute Humidity. Ans: 0.018 kg water/kg dry air

(DA)
4. Specific Volume. Ans: 0.89m3 humid air (HA) / kg
dry air
5. Enthalpy. Ans: 78kJ/kg dry air

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EXAMPLE
The dry bulb reading is 31°C and the wet bulb is
18.5°C. Determine the
1. Relative Humidity. Ans: 30%
2. Dew Point. Ans: ~ 11.5 oC

3. Absolute Humidity. Ans: 0.0084 kg water /

kg dry air (DA)
4. Specific Volume. Ans: ~ 0.87 m3 humid air
(HA) / kg dry air
5. Enthalphy. Ans: 53-0.4 ~ 52.6 kJ / kg dry
air
6. The amount of water in 1 m3 of humid air.
Page 8 - 12
Ans: 9.655 x 10-3 kg water
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EXAMPLE 8.4-5
Humid air is at 41°C and 10% relative humidity..
Estimate
v absolute humidity. Ans: 0.0048 kg water / kg
dry air
v wet bulb temperature. Ans: 19 oC

v humid volume. Ans: ~ 0.895 m3 humid air (HA)

/ kg dry air
v dew point. Ans: 3oC
v specific enthalphy. Ans: 53.5 kJ/kg dry air

v the amount of water in 150 m3 of humid air.

Ans: 0.803 kg water Page 8 - 13

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COOLING

- specific humidity remains constant

- relative humidity increases and dry bulb temperature decreases
- Enthalpy, specific volume and wet bulb temperature decreases

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EXAMPLE
Air at 24°C and 50% relative humidity is cooled at constant
pressure of 1 atm.
a) At what temperature would condensation begins? Ans: 13 °C
b) Calculate the rate at which heat (kJ/s) must be removed
for every 1 m3/s of the humid air before condensation
occurs. Ans: 13.22kJ/s
c) If the air is cooled to 10oC, calculate the fraction of water
that condenses and the rate at which heat (kJ/s) need to
be removed for every 1 m3/s of the humid air. Ans: 0.176,
21.32 kJ/s Q= ? KJ

1 m3/s HA mDA kg/s dry air

mDA kg/s dry air m2= kg/s water
m1 kg/s water 10 °C
24°C hr=100%
hr= 50%
10°C
m3= kg/s water condensed Page 8 - 15

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EXAMPLE
Air at 30°C and 80% relative humidity is cooled to 20oC at
constant pressure of 1 atm.
a) What are the absolute humidity, dew point, wet bulb
temperature, humid volume and enthalpy of the inlet
stream? Ans: 0.0217 kg water / kg dry air, Tdp = 26.2
°C, Tw = 27.1°C, 0.87 m3/kg dry air, 85.5 kJ/kg dry air
b) What are the absolute humidity, humid volume, and
enthalpy of the exit air stream? Ans: 0.0148 kg water /
kg dry air, 0.84 m3/kg dry air, 57.55 kJ/kg dry air
c) What fraction of water vapor in the inlet stream
condenses in this process?
d) At what rate must heat be removed to produce
2000m3/h of humid air at 20 °C?
Page 8 - 16

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HEATING

1 2

- specific humidity remains constant

- relative humidity decreases and dry bulb temperature increases
- Enthalpy, specific volume and wet bulb temperature increases

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COOLING & DEHUMIDIFYING

tion
if icia Cooling
hum
De

Ø removal of heat and moisture from moist air

Condensation
occurs

Ø involves sensible and latent heat

Ø dry bulb temp. reduces till saturation point (dew point)

Ø further cooling (follows the saturation curve)

- reduction of absolute humidity
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EXAMPLE
Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30°C and 80%
relative humidity at a rate of 10 m3/min, and it leaves as
saturated air at 14oC. Part of the moisture in the air that
condenses during the process is also removed at 14oC.
Determine the rates of heat and moisture removal from
the air. Ans: 0.131 kg water/min, 511 kJ/min

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HEATING & HUMIDIFYING

Ø Air is passed first through a heating section and then through a
humidifying section

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EXAMPLE
An air-conditioning system is to take in outdoor at 10°C and 30%
relative humidity At a steady rate of 45 m3/min and to condition
it to 25oC and 60% relative humidity. The outdoor air is first
heated to 22oC in the heating section and then humidified by the
injection of hot steam in the humidifying section. Assuming the
entire process takes place at a pressure of 100kPa, determine
a) The rate of heat supply in the heating section. Ans: 673
kJ/min
b) The mass flowrate of the steam required in the humidifying
section. Ans: 0.539 kg/min

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ADIABATIC COOLING
h2
=
h1

Addition of
moisture

Lowering of dry bulb temp

Ø Air contacts with liquid water (evaporative cooling)

Ø Part of water evaporates (latent heat) by absorbing heat from air (sensible
heat)
Ø Air temperature decreases and humidity increases
Ø moves along a constant wet-bulb temperature line on the psychrometric
chart from its initial condition towards the 100% relative humidity curve

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ADIABATIC COOLING

h2
=
h1
Addition of
moisture

Ø Constant enthalpy and wet bulb temperature

Ø Decreasing dry bulb temperature
Ø Increasing humidity ratio Lowering of dry bulb temp
Ø Increasing dew point temperature
Ø Increasing vapor pressure
Ø Essentially constant enthalpy
Ø Decreasing specific volume
Ø No loss or gain of heat within the system
because the amount of sensible heat removed
equals latent heat added to the water. Page 8 - 23

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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

(TAS)

Ø uses a relatively long insulated channel (no

heat transfer)
Ø air (unknown relative humidity) enters,
moisture is added to the air by the pool of
water
Ø air exits as saturated air
Ø Tas = Twb

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EXAMPLE 8.4-7
A stream of air at 30°C and 10% relative humidity is
humidified in an adiabatic spray tower operating at P ≈ 1 atm.
The emerging air is to have a relative humidity of 40%..
a) Determine the absolute humidity and the adiabatic
saturation temperature of the entering air.
Ans: 0.0026 kg water/kg dry air, Tas = Tw = 13.2°C
b) Calculate the rate at which water must be added to
humidify 1000 kg/h of the entering air and the temperature
of the exiting air.
Ans: 3.7 kg water /h, Tout = 21.2°C

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EXAMPLE
Cooling water leaves the condenser of a power plant and
enters a wet cooling tower at 35oC at a rate of 100 kg/s.
Water is cooled to 22oC in the tower by air that enters the
tower at 1 atm, 20oC and 60% relative humidity and leaves
saturated at 30oC. Neglecting the power input of the fan,
determine
a) the volume flowrate of air into the cooling tower.
Ans: 0.0026 kg water/kg dry air, Tas = Tw = 13.2°C
b) The mass flow rate of the required makeup water
Ans: 3.7 kg water /h, Tout = 21.2°C

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MIXING AND SOLUTION

Ø two different liquids are mixed

Ø a gas or solid is dissolved into a liquid

Ø bonds broken between neighboring molecules

Ø new bonds formed between neighboring molecules or

ions in product solution

Ø net release (exothermic)/gain in energy (endothermic)

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HEAT OF MIXING (DĤm)

AND SOLUTIONS (DĤs)
Ø Ideal mixture/solution (gas or liquid mixtures of structurally
similar compounds, obeys Raoult’s law)

v Heat of solution/mixing = negligible

mix » å n i H i
ˆ
ΔH ˆ

Ø aqueous solution of strong acids or bases of certain gases

(HCl) or solids (NaOH)
v Heat of solution/mixing included in energy balance

Ø heat of solution at 25oC of HCl(g) and NaOH (s) and the heat
of mixing at 25oC of H2SO4(l) are given in Table B.11

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HEAT OF MIXING & SOLUTIONS

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HEAT OF SOLUTION (DĤs)

/MIXING (DĤm)
1 mol pure H2SO4 (l)
ToC. P
Mixing
tank H2SO4(aq)
r moles H2O(l) ToC, P
ToC, P

HS= H H 2 SO4 ( aq ) - æç H H 2 SO4 (l ) + H H 2O ö÷

Q = DĤ
è (l ) ø

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HEAT OF SOLUTION (DĤs)

/MIXING (DĤm)
r mole liquid solvent
ToC, P liquid solution
1 mol liquid solute ToC, P
ToC, P

Enthalpy of a solution (or mixing) containing r moles H2O/mole

solute

Ø reference states of pure solute and solvent at 25oC and 1 atm

ˆ (r )
ˆ = ΔH
H s

Ø reference states of pure solvent and an infinitely dilute

solution at 25oC and 1 atm

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Example

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in enough water to make up a

20% mole % solution. If the NaOH and water were initially at 77oF
(25oC), how much heat (Btu/Ibm solution) must be removed for the
solution to be at 77oF. Assume the process is carried out at
constant pressure. Use table B-11 to evaluate DĤs

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Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook on pp 2-184 / 2-185

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Specific Gravity of Sulfuric Acid

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Example 8.5-1
Hydrochloric acid is produced by absorbing gaseous hydrogen chloride
(HCl) in water. Calculate the heat that must be transferred to or from
an absorption unit if HCl(g) at 100oC and H2O(l) at 25oC are fed to
produce 1000 kg/h of 20.0 wt. % HCl(aq) at 40 oC.
Ans: -3.35 x 105 kJ/h

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ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION CHART FOR

H2SO4 - H2O

H = 0 for
pure liquid water at 32F

H =0 for
pure H2SO4 at 77F

Pure H2SO4
Pure water

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Example 8.5-2
A 5.0 wt % H2SO4 solution at 60 oF is to be concentrated to 40 wt. % by
evaporation of water. The concentrated solution and water vapor emerge
from the evaporator at 180oF and 1 atm. Calculate the rate at which heat
must be transferred to the evaporator to process 1000 Ibm/h of the feed
solution.
Ans: 984,000 Btu/h

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ADIABATIC MIXING

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Example 8.5-3
Pure water at 60 oF is mixed with 100 g of an aqueous 80 wt. % H2SO4.
solution, also at 60 oF. The mixing vessel is insulated well enough to be
considered adiabatic.
1. If 250 g H2O is mixed with the acid, what will the final solution
temperature be? Ans: 100 oF
2. What is the maximum attainable solution temperature and how much
water must be added to achieve it? Ans: 150 oF,38 g

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ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM

- Equilibrium composition and specific enthalpy of liquid
and vapor phase

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ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM

FOR NH3-H2O

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Example 8.5-4
An aqueous ammonia solution is in equilbrium with a vapor phase in a closed
system at 160 oF and 1 atm. The liquid phase account for 95 % of the total
mass of the system contents. Use Figure 8.5-2 to determine the weight
percent of NH3 in each phase and the enthalpy of the system per unit
mass of the system contents.
Ans: 8% NH3 (liquid phase), 64% NH3 (vapor phase), 147 Btu/Ibm

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Example 8.5-5
30 wt % NH3 solution at 100 psia is fed at a rate of 100 Ibm/h to a tank
in which the pressure is 1 atm. The enthalpy of the feed solution relative
to the reference conditions used to construct Figure 8.5-2 is 100 Btu/Ibm.
The vapor composition is to be 89 wt % NH3. Determine the temperature
of the stream leaving the tank, the mass fraction of NH3 in the liquid
product, the flow rates of the liquid and vapor product streams and the
rate at which heat must be transferred to the vaporizer.
Ans: 120oF,0.185 Ibm/Ibm, 84 Ibm/h, 16 Ibm/h, 5400 Btu/h

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