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    GR12 Calculus 4

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    kaleb12345

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    GR12 Calculus 4

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    kaleb12345
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    GR12_CALCULUS_4

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    6 views4 pages

    GR12 Calculus 4

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    of 4

    CALCULUS (4)

    Application of differential calculus Lesson


    Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards
    Learning Outcome 2: Functions and Algebra
    21
    Assessment standard 12.2.7(a)
    Investigate and use instantaneous rate of change of a variable when interpreting models of
    situations:
    • demonstrating an intuitive understanding of the limit concept in the context of approximating
    the rate of change or gradient of a function at a point
    • establishing the derivative of the following functions from first principles
    ƒ(x) = b; ƒ(x) = x2; ƒ(x) = _1x ; ƒ(x) = x; ƒ(x) = x3
    and then generalise to the derivative of ƒ(x) = x n.

    Overview
    In this lesson you will:
    ● find equations of tangents
    ● find equations of normals
    ● intuitively draw graphs by the gradient.

    Lesson
    What you need to know from previous grades DVD
    ● A tangent is a straight line
    ● To get the equation of a straight line we need a point (x1; y1) and a gradient m
    ● We then use the formula y − y1 = m(x − x1)

    Example
    Find the equation of the line through A(1; 3) with a gradient of −2.

    Solution Points (−1; 3)


    m = −2
    y − y1 = m(x − x1)
    y − 3 = −2(x + 1)
    y − 3 = −2x − 2
    y = −2x + 1

    Let’s use calculus!


    Example 1
    Find the equation of the tangent to y = x2 − 4x + 2 at the point (1; −1)
    Solution Point (1; −1)
    Gradient of the tangent at x = 1
    _
    dy
    dx = 2x – 4
    m = 2(1) − 4
    m = −2
    y −(−1) = −2(x − 1)
    y + 1 = −2x + 2 15
    y = −2x + 1

    LC G12 Cal LWB.indb 15 2008/09/03 03:33:41 PM


    Example 2
    Find the equation of the tangent to y = x3 − x2 + 3x at x = 2

    Solution Point x = 2
    y = (2)3 − (2)2 + 6
    y=8−4+6
    y = 10
    Point (2; 10)
    Gradient of the tangent at x = 2
    _
    dy
    = 3x2 – 2x + 3
    dx
    m = 3(4) − 2(2) + 3
    m = 11
    Equation: y − 10 = 11(x − 2)
    y − 10 = 11x − 22
    y = 11x − 12

    A normal is the line perpendicular to the tangent

    Example 3
    Find the equation of the normal ƒ(x) = x2 − x − 6 at x = −1

    Solution Point x = −1
    y = (−1)2 − (−1) − 6
    y=4
    Point (−1; 4)
    Gradient of the tangent at x = −1
    ƒ(x) = 2x − 1
    Gradient of tangent is −3 so gradient of normal is _31
    Equation: y + 4 = _1 (x + 1)
    3
    16 3y + 12 = x + 1
    3y = x − 11

    LC G12 Cal LWB.indb 16 2008/09/03 03:33:42 PM


    More difficult application

    Example 4
    Find the equation of the tangent to y = x2 − 4x + 3 parallel to the line
    y = −2x + 10

    Solution We need a gradient and a point.


    Parallel lines have the same gradients so m = −2
    Now, when is the gradient of the tangent −2?
    _
    dy
    = –2
    dx
    2x − 4 = −2
    2x = 2
    x=1
    y = (1)2 − 4 + 3
    y=0
    Tangency point (1; 0)
    Equation of the tangent: y − 0 = −2(x − 1)
    y = −2x + 2
    0 = a2 + 4a − 5
    0 = (a + 5)(a − 1)
    a = −5 or a = 1 but a = 1
    m = 2 Point(−2; 1)
    Equation: y − 1 = 2(x + 2)
    y − 1 = 2x + 4
    y = 2x + 5

    Example 5
    Look at the diagram

    Find the equation of the tangent at A that passes through B(−2; 1)

    17

    LC G12 Cal LWB.indb 17 2008/09/03 03:33:43 PM


    Solution
    ¦ (x) = x2 + 6
    ¦ (x) = 2x
    So: y – 1 = m (x + 2) (eq of tangent)
    ∴ y = mx + 2m + 1
    Let point A be: A (a; a2 + 6)
    So: m = 2a and y_ = a2 + 6
    T A
    2
    Then: a + 6 – 1 = 2a (a + 2)
    a2 + 5 = 2a2 + 4a
    ∴ a2 + 4a – 5 = 0
    (a – 1) (a + 5) = 0

    1
    ∴ a = 1x a = –5
    n.a.
    So: mT = 2: y –1 = 2 (x + 2)
    ∴ y = 2x + 4 + 1
    = 2x +5

    Activity 1
    1. Find the equation of the tangent to y = x2 − 2x at x = 3
    2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = −x2 + 3x which is parallel to
    the line y = x + 2
    3. Show that the curves y = x2 and y = −x2 + _1 cut at right angles.
    2
    4. The normal to a curve at a given point is the line perpendicular to the tangent
    to the curve at that point.
    If mT is the gradient of the tangent and mn is the gradient of the normal when
    mT × mn = −1
    a) Find the equation of the normal to the curve xy = 6 at x = −2
    b) Find the co-ordinates of the point where the normal cuts the curve again.

    Activity 2
    1. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + 5 which
    is parallel to the line y = 11x .
    2. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve f(x) = x2 − 3x + 7 at the
    point where x = 2.
    3. Find the equation of the tangent to xy = −2 at the point where x = −1
    4. Find the equation of the line which touches the parabola y = x2 + 2x + 3 and is
    parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 4
    5. Determine the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve of
    h(x) = −3x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 5 at the point where x = − 1. Also find the co-ordinates
    18 of point where the tangent cuts the curve again.

    LC G12 Cal LWB.indb 18 2008/09/03 03:33:43 PM

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