CE-226 SURVEYING – I

Prof. DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
Topics:

• Adjustment of Closed Traverse

• Omitted Measurements
• Triangulation
• Classification of triangulation systems
 Adjustment of Closed Traverse
Balancing the Traverse
It is the operation of applying corrections to the latitudes and departures. The total closing
error in latitude and departure having been determined, the latitudes and departures are so
adjusted that the algebraic sum of the latitudes, and that of the departures should each equal
zero.
∑L + ∑D = 0

∑ N = ∑S and ∑E = ∑W

Correction in Latitude or departure of any side =

Total error in latitude or departure X Length of that side/perimeter of traverse
 Adjustment of Closed Traverse
Balancing the Traverse
The following rules may be used for determining the corrections to balance the
traverse/survey;
A) Bowditch’s Rule
B) Transit Rule
Bowditch’s Rule:
This rule also termed as compass rule, it is used to balance the traverse when the angular and
linear measurement are equally precise.
By this rule the total error in latitude and in departure is distributed in proportion to the
lengths of the sides.
Correction in Latitude or departure of any side =
Total error in latitude or departure X (Length of that side/perimeter of traverse)
 Adjustment of Closed Traverse

Balancing the Traverse

B) Transit Rule
The transit rule may be used to balance the traverse when the angular measurement are more
precise than the linear measurement.

Correction to latitude of any side = Total error in latitudes X (Latitude of that side /Arithmetic sum of all latitudes)

Correction to departure of any side = Total error in departures X (Departure of that side/ Arithmetic Sum of all departures)
 Adjustment of Closed Traverse
Balancing the Traverse
Closing Error:

7
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse

1) Area From Co-ordinates

2) Area from Latitudes and Double Meridian Distance (Group Study)
3) Area from departures and total Latitudes (Group Study)
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
1) Area From Co-ordinates:

• Find sum of the product of coordinates joins by full

lines and sum of the product of coordinates join by broken lines.
• Find their difference, which will give twice the area of traverse.
• Half this difference give required area.
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
Example: The following table gives latitude and departure of sides of
closed traverse ABCD. Compute Area.
Side Latitude(m) Departure(m) Station Independent
Co-ordinates
North East
AB +214.8 +124.0 A 200.0 100.0
BC -245.4 +205.7 B 414.8 224.0
CD -155.9 -90.0 C 169.7 429.7
DA +186.2 -239.7 D 13.8 339.7
200.0 100.0

Where 200.0 and 100.0 are assumed values.

 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
Solution:

EP = (200.0x224.0) + (414.8x429.7) + (169.7x339.7) + (13.8x100.0)

EQ = (100.0x414.8) + (224.0x169.7) + (429.7x13.8) + (339.7x200.0)
Twice area = EP - EQ
2A = 282066.45 – 153362.64
2A = 128703.84
A = 64,351.91sq.m
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
2) Area from Latitudes and double meridian distance:
• The meridian distance of a line, is also called
longitude, is the perpendicular distance of
the line from the reference meridian.

• The double meridian distance D.M.D or

double longitude of a line is equal to the sum
of the meridian distances of the two ends of
the line.
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
Rule:
for finding the D.M.D or double longitude:
a) The D.M.D of the first line is equal to the departure of the line
b) The D.M.D of each succeeding line is equal to the D.M.D of preceding line plus
the departure of the line itself.
c) The D.M.D of the last line is numerically equal to the departure of the last line
but with opposite sign.
d) Multiply each D.M.D by the latitude of that line.
e) Find the algebraic sum of these products. The algebraic sum gives twice the area.
f) This sum divided by two is equal to the area of the traverse.
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
3) Area from departures and Total Latitudes:

Any station may be taken as reference station

from which the total latitudes of the others
may be calculated.
 Computation of Area of Closed Traverse
Rule:
i. Find the total latitude of each station of the traverse.
ii. Find the algebraic sum of the departures of the two lines meeting at
that station.
iii. Multiply the total latitude of each station by the corresponding
algebraic sum of the departures.
iv. Find the algebraic sum of these products. This sum equals twice the
area of traverse.
v. Take half the sum, which gives the required area.
 Omitted Measurements
• Sometimes it becomes very difficult to measure all bearing and measurements
due to field condition like a river or some other obstacles and for this some
reading may be omitted.
• Since there the calculations become hard, it is very important to know the theory
of omitted measurements in the surveying.
 Omitted Measurements
Law of closed traverse for finding unknown measurement
In the closed Traverse, there is latitude and departure of each part. This is very
important in surveying and traversing. From the rule of closed traverse we can
easily find omitted measurements.
The one basic law of surveying state that:
• Algebraic sum of all the latitudes is always zero. And Algebraic sum of all the
departures is zero.
If the length of traverse line is “L” and angle is “x” then we can find latitude as
follow:
Latitude L= L cosx
and the departure of line is:
Departure D = L sinx
 Omitted Measurements
Law of closed traverse for finding unknown measurement(Contd.)
And for finding length from latitude and departure is

L = √(L²+D²)

Angle of the line or bearing is calculated by:

x = tan-1(L/D)
This calculation give us information about latitude and departure and length of
traverse line for theodolite traversing.
 Omitted Measurements
Law of closed traverse for finding unknown measurement(contd.)
• Also some measurement which is omitted, they are also parts of closed traverse.
Therefore we can apply this calculation.

For the latitude,

ΣL= 0
And for departure
ΣD= 0
From this equations we know two unknown.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements
• There is some common types of omitted measurement in closed
traverse that is as follow.

1) Length of one line is omitted.

2) Length of two lines are not measured.
3) Length of one line and bearing of other line are not measured.
4) Bearing of one line is missing.
5) Bearing and length of same line are missing.
6) Bearing of two lines are missing.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
• These cases is usually seen when there is some obstacles like river is between
taking reading in field in theodolite surveying. However by using the above
formula and some calculations, we can find all information related omitted
readings.
• There may be a question that How can we find this readings?
• There is some methods for each case and by this methods we get all the omitted
measurements. These methods are in details given below with each case and the
technique for each part to know omitted readings in the traversing.
• Lets see the case of one line omitted.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of one line is omitted/ Bearing of one line or both is missing.
When we calculated traverse and there is bearing or length of one line is missing
then it can be calculated by using the following method.

• First a traverse is ABCDEF that is closed traverse.

• There is length of the line FA is missing or bearing of line FA is missing or both
bearing and length is not measured.
• We can calculate the ΣL' and ΣD' for the five sides that we know.
• Therefore we can calculate ΣL' and ΣD' for AB, BC, CD, DE and EF.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of one line is omitted/ Bearing of one line or both is missing.
If the length of unknown side is l and angle is x and the latitude is L
and departure is D then we can find L and D as follow.
ΣL = 0
ΣL = L+ ΣL'
So, L+ ΣL' = 0
ΣL' = -L
OR
L = -ΣL'
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of one line is omitted/ Bearing of one line or both is missing.
By same calculation we get departure of unknown
D = -ΣD'
From the above equations, we can know departure and latitude of unknown side.
If we want to find length or bearing of that side then we can calculate it as follow.
Bearing of unknown x is
x = arctan(ΣD'/ΣL')
and length of that side is
l = √(ΣL'²+ΣD'²)
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of one line is omitted/ Bearing of one line or both is missing.
So, we can find latitude, departure, bearing and total length of the one line that is
omitted.

This is the case when one line's information is omitted but as we see previously that
there may be other case such as length of two sides omitted. For that we have to use
different method for finding that length.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of two lines are omitted
This become difficult because we cannot directly use latitude or departure to calculate.
There are different methods that give us a way to know in this condition.
• First consider the traverse ABCDEF.
• This traverse is closed traverse, for this the length of two sides are unknown that is EF and
FA.
• Length of other sides is measured that is AB, BC, CD, DE.
• For this we can assume that ABCDE is closed traverse with all the information is known.
• For that traverse, length of EA is calculated by method of case “when one length omitted”.
• Now we can assume that the triangle for which it is easy to calculate the length of sides.
• Therefore, consider triangle AEF.
• In this triangle, one length is known and all the angles of triangle
Are know.
 Cases for Omitted Measurements (Contd. ..)
Length of two lines are omitted
Assume that these angles are x, y and z then we can calculate unknown length from
the basic equations of triangle.
EF/sinx = FA/siny= EA/sinz
From this we have all the angles and one length EA, so we can find length EF,
EF = EA sinx/sinz
and the other unknown length
FA = EA siny/sinz
Therefore we can find both unknown length and after finding
this we can calculate departure and latitude of it.
 Triangulation
Definition

In Surveying, the tracing and measurement of a series or network of triangles in

order to determine the distances and relative positions of points spread over an area,
especially by measuring the length of one side of each triangle and deducing its
angles and the length of the other two sides by observation from the baseline.
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

• The basis of the classification of triangulation figures is the accuracy with which the
length and azimuth (The azimuth is the angle between a celestial body (sun, moon)
and the North, measured clockwise around the observer's horizon. It determines the
direction of the celestial body) of a line of the triangulation are determined.
Triangulation systems of different accuracies depend on the extent and the purpose of
the survey. The accepted grades of triangulation are:
1. First order or Primary Triangulation
2. Second order or Secondary Triangulation
3. Third order or Tertiary Triangulation
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

• First Order or Primary Triangulation

The first order triangulation is of the highest order and is employed either to
determine the earth’s figure or to furnish the most precise control points to which
secondary triangulation may be connected. The primary triangulation system
embraces the vast area (usually the whole country). Every precaution is taken in
making linear and angular measurements. The following are the general
specifications of the primary triangulation.

1. Average triangle closure : Less than 1 second

2. Maximum triangle closure : Not more than 3 seconds
3. Length of base line : 5 to 15 kilometers
4. Length of the sides of triangles : 30 to 150 kilometers
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

5. Actual error of base : 1 in 300,000

6. Probable error of base : 1 in 1,000,000
7. Probable error or computed distance : 1 in 60,000 to 1 in 250,000
8. Probable error in astronomic azimuth : 0.5 seconds
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

Second Order or Secondary Triangulation

The secondary triangulation consists of a number of points fixed within the
framework of primary triangulation. The stations are fixed at close intervals so that
the sizes of the triangles formed are smaller than the primary triangulation. The
instruments and methods used are not of the same utmost refinement. The general
specifications of the secondary triangulation are:
1. Average triangle closure : 3 sec
2. Maximum triangle closure : 8 sec
3. Length of base line : 1.5 to 5 km
4. Length of sides of triangles : 8 to 65 km
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

5. Actual error of base line : 1 in 150,000

6. Probable error of base line : 1 in 500,000
7. Probable error or computed distance : 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 50,000
8. Probable error in astronomic azimuth : 2.0 sec
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

Third Order or Tertiary Triangulation

The third-order triangulation consists of a number of points fixed within the
framework of secondary triangulation, and forms the immediate control for detailed
engineering and other surveys. The sizes of the triangles are small and instrument
with moderate precision may be used. The specifications for a third-order
triangulation are as follows;
1. Average triangle closure : 6 sec
2. Maximum triangle closure : 12 sec
3. Length of base line : 0.5 to 3 km
4. Length of sides of triangles : 1.5 to 10 km
 Classification of Triangulation Systems

5. Actual error of base : 1 in 75, 0000

6. Probable error of base : 1 in 250,000
7. Probable error or computed distance : 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 20,000
8. Probable error in astronomic Azimuth : 5 sec.