DESIGN OF A RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING

Prepared by: Engr. Randy G. Policarpio

Problem : Design a rectangular combined footing to support two columns, the edge of column C1, has a section 400 x 400 mm and carries a deadload of
800 kN and a liveload of 535 kN. The interior column C2, has a section 500 x 500 mm and carries a deadload of 1110 kN and a liveload of 620 kN. The
center to center distance between two columns is 5 m. The allowable soil pressure is 240 kPa and the bottom of the footing is 1.5 m below the final grade.
Design the footing using f 'c = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa and use the strength method of ACI 318-14. Assume unit weight of soil equal to 16 kN/m3.

Figure 1.
Given : Note 1 : h1 & b1 - dimensions of column 1
h2 & b2 - dimensions of column 2
Loads : Material strength :
Col size : h1  400 mm b1  400 mm Note 2 : DL1 & LL1 : loads acting on exterior
footing
DL1  800 kN f'c  28 MPa
h2  500 mm b2  500 mm DL2 & LL2 : loads acting on interior
footing
LL1  535 kN fy  420 MPa
Reinforcement:
Soil:
kN
DL2  1110 kN γconc  23.5
3 d b1  28 mm bar size for footing in the long direction Df  1.5 m
m
LL2  620 kN d b2  25 mm bar size for footing 1 and 2 in the short direction kN
γsoil  16
dbsr  16 mm bar size for shrinkage bar 3
m
conccover  75 mm
qa  240 kPa
Center to Center
Lcc  5.0 m Distance of center of column C1 from the property line: x1  0.60 m
distance of Column : page 1
Solution :

A. Length and width of footing :

Figure 2. Figure 3.

1. Distance of center of column C1 from the property line: x1  0.6 m

(see Figure 2)

2. Distance of center of column C2 from the property line: Lcc  x1  5.6 m

(see Figure 2)

3. Service Load: Pn1  DL1  LL1 Pn1  1335 kN

(see Figure 1 and Figure 3)
Pn2  DL2  LL2 Pn2  1730 kN

Pn  Pn1  Pn2 Pn  3065 kN

4. Location of resultant from center of column C1:

(see Figure 2 and Figure 3)
Using Varignon's Theorem and consider the location of Pn1(center of column C1) as the moment center.

Pn ( x ) = Pn1 ( x1)  Pn2 ( x2) hence: x1 = 0 and x2 = Lcc

Pn2 ( Lcc )
x 
Pn

x  2.822 say x  2.82 m

page 2
Consider a uniform soil pressure for simple analysis. The resultant load must
pass through the center of footing.

5. Length of footing: L  2  ( x  x1) L  6.84 m

(see Figure 4)

6. Distance of center of column C2 from the footing right edge: x2  L  x1  Lcc

(see Figure 2)
x2  1.24 m

7. Net allowable soil pressure :

Figure 4
Assume thickness of footing:
T
T  2  ( b1)  800 mm q footing   γconc q footing  18.8 kPa
1000

q soil   Df 
T 
  γsoil q soil  11.2kPa
 1000 

q net  qa  q footing  q soil q net  210 kPa

Pn 2
8. Required Area : Arequired  Arequired  14.60 mm
q net

Arequired
9. Width: Arequired = ( L)  ( W) W   2.134 say W  2.15 m
L

2
10. Actual Footing Area ; Aactual  L W Aactual  14.71 m

Pn
11. Check: q net_gross   208.42 kPa
Aactual

q net  q net_gross Therefore: ok page 3

B. Longitudinal factored shear and factored moments :

1. Factored column load : Pu1  1.2 DL1  1.6 LL1 Pu1  1816 kN

Pu2  1.2 DL2  1.6 LL2 Pu2  2324 kN

Pu  Pu1  Pu2 Pu  4140 kN

Pu
2. Factored net upward soil pressure: q nu   281.52 q nu  281.52 kPa
Aactual

kN
3. Factored net soil uniform pressure: q u  q nu W  605.27 q u  605.27
m

C. Shear and Moment diagram:

1. Shear Values:

x 0  0 V0  0 V0  0

b1
x 1  x1   0.4 V1  V0  q u  x 1 V1  242.11 kN
2  1000

b1
x 2  x 1 
1000
 0.8 
V2  V1  q u  x 2  x 1  Pu1  V2  1331.78 kN

b2
x 3  Lcc  x1 
2  1000
 5.35 
V3  V2  q u  x 3  x 2  V3  1422.19 kN

b2
x 4  x 3 
1000
 5.85 
V4  V3  q u  x 4  x 3  Pu2  V4  599.17 kN

x 5  L  6.84 
V5  V4  q u  x 5  x 4  V5  0

VV0  0
Location of zero Shear xV0:

x V0   Lcc 
b1 b2    V2 
   x V0  2.2 m
page 4
 2  1000 2  1000  V2  V3
 
2. Moment Values :
x 0  0 M 0  0 M0  0

x 1  0.4 m  x1 
 
M 1  q u  x 1   
2
M 1  48.42 kN  m
x1 measured from left edge
of footing to exterior face of column 1

x cC1  x1  0.6  xcC1 

xcC1 measured from left edge 
M cC1  q u  x cC1  
 2 
 M cC1  108.95 kN  m

of footing to center of column 1

 x2 
M 2  q u  x 2     Pu1 
b1 b1 
x 2  x 1 
1000
 0.8 m   2

 2 1000 
M 2  169.51 kN  m

x2 measured from left edge

of footing to interior face of column 1

 x2  xV0 
  Pu1   x V0
b1
x V0  2.2 m 
M V0  q u  x 2  x V0    2   2  1000 
M V0  1634.69 kN  m

 x32
 Pu2  
b2 b2
x 3  x2   1.49 m M 3  q u   M 3  90.88 kN  m
2  1000 2  2 1000 
x3 measured from right edge
of footing to interior edge of column 2

 xcC2 
x cC2  x2  1.24 
M cC2  q u  x cC2   
 2 
 M cC2  465.33 kN  m

xcC2 measured from right edge

of footing to center of column 2

x 4  x2 
b2
 0.99 m  x42
2  1000 M 4  q u  M 4  296.61 kN  m
2
x4 measured from right edge
of footing to exterior edge of column 2

x 5  6.84 m right end of the footing M 5  0 M5  0

page 5
3. Maximum Values:

Vmax  V3  1422.19 kN

M max  M V0  1634.69 kN  m

page 6
D. Thickness of footing by one-way shear :

1
1. Shear Strength Vc for one-way action: No shear reinforcement Vc =  f'c b w d where: bw = W
6

2. Critical section at d distance from the interior face of C2 : Vu1 = Vmax  q u  ( d )

3. Equate: ϕVc = Vu1 ϕ  0.75

1
ϕ   f'c  ( W 1000)  d = Vmax ( 1000)  q u  d
6

V3  ( 1000)
d   701.5 say d  711 mm
1
ϕ   f'c  ( W 1000)  q u
6
4. Total depth T :
d b1
Use 28 mm bar : d b1  28 mm T  d  conccover  T  800 mm
2

E. Check depth for Two-Way Shear Action (Punching shear) using critical section for footing 2
1
1. Solve ϕVc : ϕVc = ϕ f'c b d
3 o
need to satisfy the following:
b
o
 20 for a four-sided critical section (see ACI 11.12.2)
d

b bo
o 4  ( b2  d )
= = 6.81
d d d

bo
 20 Remark  "ok"
d page 7
 βc  2 βc is the ratio long side to short side of column

h2
βc  βc  1
b2

βc  2 Remark  "ok"

ϕ  0.75

1 1
ϕVc  ϕ  f'c 4  ( b2  d )  d  ϕVc  4556.09 kN
3 1000

2. Solve, Vu

 b2  d  2
Vu  Pu2  q u    hence: b2 = h2
 1000  
Vu  1436.36 kN

Remark  "ϕVc > Vu" Therefore  "adequate"

F. Check Footing Weight :

T
ActualWeightofFooting  L W  γconc ActualWeightofFooting  276.47 kN
1000

TotalWeight  ActualWeightofFooting  Pn TotalWeight  3341.47 kN

TotalWeight
q actual   227.22 kPa qa  240
Aactual

Remark  "qactual < qa" Therefore  "ok"

page 8
G. Reinforcement in the long direction:

1. For the maximum moment: M max  1634.69 kN  m

2. Solve for the reinforcement ratio, ρ:

Mu
Rn =
2 where : b = W ϕ  0.9
ϕ bd

2
M max 1000
Rn  Rn  1.67
2
ϕ ( W 1000)  d

fy
m  m  17.65
0.85 f'c

 1  1  2m Rn 
1
ρ   
m fy 

ρ  0.0041

3. Minimum reinforcement ratio, ρmin: for structural slabs of uniform thickness

0.0018 ( 420 )
fy  420 ρmin1   0.0018
fy
ρmin2  0.0014

Select the greatest of the two: ρmin  0.0018

Remark  "ρ > ρmin"

Therefore: ρ  0.0041

4. Required Steel Area:

2
As  ρ ( W 1000)  d As  6312.36 mm page 9
 5. Required number of Bars :
2
d b1  28 mm π d b1 2
Ab1  Ab1  615.75 mm
4
As
n   10.25 say n  11
Ab1
W ( 1000)  2  conccover  d b1
6. Center to center spacing of bar: s   197.2 mm
n1

7. Check for maximum spacing:

smax1  3  ( T)  2400 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm

8. Select final center to center spacing of bar:

Remark  "s < smax"

Therefore: s  197.2 mm

9. Final Number of bars: Use 11 - 28 mmϕ top bars

Longitudinal Direction Transverse Direction

page 10
10.Shrinkage Reinforcement: Not required by code, but it is recommended to provide in the short direction to prevent shrinkage cracks and to hold the
main reinforcement in place.

1. Solve required As: Use 1-m length T  800 mm

1 0.0018 ( 420 ) 2
As =  Asmin For fy  420 MPa Asmin   ( 1000)  ( T)  1440 mm
2 fy

1 2
As   Asmin  720 mm
2

2. Required number of bars for 1-m length: Using


π dbsr 2 2
As
dbsr  16 mm Absr   201.06 mm n sr   3.58
4 Absr

( 1000)
3. Center to center spacing of bar: ssr   279.25 say ssr  250 mm
n sr

4. Check for maximum spacing: smax1  5  ( T)  4000 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm
5. Select final center to center spacing of bar:


ssr  min ssr smax 

Remark  if ssr  smax "ssr < smax" "ssr > smax" 
Remark  "ssr < smax"

Therefore: ssr  250 mm on center

6. Final ctc spacing of bars Use 16 mmϕ shrinkage bars @ 250 mm spacing on center
page 11
11. Development Length :
Use SIMPLE EQUATION:
For Case 1:
Footing has no stirrups therefore does not satisfy Case 1

For Case 2:
n  11 conccover  75 d b1  28

 
W 1000  n  d b1  2conccover
mm
BarClearSpacing  BarClearSpacing  169.2
n1

 
2  d b1  56 mm

BarClearSpacing  2.d b2

conccover  d b2

Remarks  " satisfy Case 2"

ψt  1.0 ψe  1.0 λ  1.0

12 fy ψt ψe

Ld   d b1 Ld  1333.46 mm
20 λ f'c

(Ldrequired) Ldrequired  1.3 Ld Ldrequired  1733.5 mm

Ldavailable  x V0 ( 1000)  b1  x1 ( 1000)  conccover Ldavailable  3125.31 mm

Remark  "Ldavailable > Ldrequired"

Therefore  "adequate"
page 12
I. Reinforcement in the short direction:

A. Reinforcement under exterior column C1:

1. Solve for the Bandwidth: b1  400 mm x1  0.6 m d  711 mm h1  400 mm

 x1    d  1.511
b1 b1
Bandwidth1   say Bandwidth1  1.52 m
1000  2  ( 1000)  1000

2. Factored net soil pressure: Pu1 kN

qu1   844.65
W m
 W  h1 
 1000 
Mu1  qu1   W   
h1
3. Determine the moment at critical section (at the face of C1);   Mu1  1293.37 kN  m
 1000   2 

4. Required ρ: let : b  Bandwidth1  ( 1000)  1520 mm ϕ  0.9

2
Mu1  1000
Rn  Rn  1.87 MPa
ϕ b   d 
2

fy
m  m  17.65
0.85 f'c


1 2m Rn 
ρ  1  1   ρ  0.0046
m fy 
page 13
 1.4
5. Required ρmin: ρmin  ρmin  0.0033
fy

Remark  "ρ > ρmin"

Therefore: ρ  0.0046

2
6. Steel Area : AsF1  ρ [ Bandwidth1  ( 1000) ]  d AsF1  5017.99 mm

2
π d b2 2
Area of bar: Ab  Ab  490.87 mm
4

No of Bars : AsF1
n1  n1  10.22 say n1  11 bars
Ab

W ( 1000)  2  conccover  d b2
7. Center to center spacing of bar: s1   197.5 mm
n1  1

8. Check for maximum spacing: smax1  3  ( T)  2400 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm
9. Select final center to center spacing of bar:

Remark  "s1 < smax"

Therefore: s1  197.5 mm

10. Final number of bars Use 11 - 25mm dia bar placed within the bandwidth of 1.52 m.

page 14
11. Shrinkage Reinforcement: provide in the long direction to prevent shrinkage cracks and to hold the
main reinforcement in place.

1. Solve required As: W  2.15 m T  800 mm

0.0018 ( 420 ) 2
For fy  420 MPa As1   ( W 1000)  ( T)  3096 mm
fy

2. Required Number of bars: Using


π dbsr1 2 2
dbsr1  25 mm Absr1   490.87 mm
4
As1
n sr1   6.31 say n sr1  7 bars
Absr1

W ( 1000)  2  conccover  dbsr1

3. Center to center spacing of bar: ssr1   329.17 mm
n sr1  1

4. Check for maximum spacing: smax1  5  ( T)  4000 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm

5. Select final center to center spacing of bar:

Remark  "ssr1 < smax"

Therefore: ssr1  329.17 mm on center

6. Final Number of bars: Use 7- 25 mmϕ shrinkage bars

page 15
12. Development Length :

Use SIMPLE EQUATION:

For Case 1:
Footing has no stirrups therefore does not satisfy Case 1

For Case 2:
n1  11 conccover  75 d b2  25

 
W 1000  n1 d b2  2conccover
mm
BarClearSpacing  BarClearSpacing  172.5
n1  1

 
2  d b2  50 mm

BarClearSpacing  2.d b2

conccover  d b2

Remarks  " satisfy Case 2"

ψt  1.0 ψe  1.0 λ  1.0

12 fy ψt ψe

Ld   d b2 Ld  1190.59 mm (Ldrequired)
20 λ f'c

W 1000  h1
Ldavailable   conccover Ldavailable  800 mm
2

Remark  "Ldavailable < Ldrequired"

Therefore  "inadequate"

Solution: Use standard 90o hook if Ld available is less than the Ld required. page 16
B. Reinforcement under interior column C2:

1. Solve for the Bandwidth: b2  500 mm d  711 mm h2  500 mm

b2 2 d
Bandwidth2    1.922 say Bandwidth2  1.95 m
1000 1000

2. Factored net soil pressure: Pu2 kN

qu2   1080.93
W m
 W  h2 
h2   1000 
3. Determine the moment at critical section (at the face of C2); Mu2  qu2   W     Mu2  1471.42 kN  m
 1000   2 

4. Required ρ: let : b  Bandwidth2  ( 1000)  1950 mm ϕ  0.9

2
Mu2  1000
Rn  Rn  1.66 MPa
 
ϕ b  d
2

fy
m  m  17.65
0.85 f'c

 1  1  2m Rn 
1
ρ    ρ  0.0041
m fy  page 17
 1.4
5. Required ρmin: ρmin  ρmin  0.0033
fy

Remark  "ρ > ρmin"

Therefore: ρ  0.0041

2
6. Steel Area : AsF2  ρ [ Bandwidth2  ( 1000) ]  d AsF2  5680.21 mm

2
π d b2 2
Area of bar: Ab  Ab  490.87 mm
4

No of Bars : AsF2
n2  n2  11.57 say n1  12 bars
Ab

W ( 1000)  2  conccover  d b2
7. Center to center spacing of bar: s2   186.82 mm
n2  1

8. Check for maximum spacing: smax1  3  ( T)  2400 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm
9. Select final center to center spacing of bar:
Remark  "s2 < smax"

Therefore: s2  186.82 mm

10. Final number of bars Use 12 - 25mm dia bar placed within the bandwidth of 1.95 m.
page 18
11. Shrinkage Reinforcement: provide in the long direction to prevent shrinkage cracks and to hold the
main reinforcement in place.

1. Solve required As: W  2.15 m T  800 mm

0.0018 ( 420 ) 2
For fy  420 MPa As2   ( W 1000)  ( T)  3096 mm
fy

2. Required Number of bars: Using


π dbsr2 2 2
dbsr2  25 mm Absr2   490.87 mm
4
As2
n sr2   6.31 say n sr2  7 bars
Absr2

W ( 1000)  2  conccover  dbsr2

3. Center to center spacing of bar: ssr2   329.17 mm
n sr2  1

4. Check for maximum spacing: smax1  5  ( T)  4000 mm

smax2  450 mm

Select smax: Remark  "smax2 < smax1"

smax  450 mm

5. Select final center to center spacing of bar:

Remark  "ssr2 < smax"

Therefore: ssr2  329.17 mm on center

6. Final Number of bars: Use 7- 25 mmϕ shrinkage bars

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12. Development Length :

12 fy ψt ψe

Ld   d b2 Ld  1190.59 mm (Ldrequired)
20 λ f'c

W 1000  h2
Ldavailable   conccover Ldavailable  750 mm
2

Remark  "Ldavailable < Ldrequired"

Therefore  "inadequate"

Solution: Use standard 90o hook if Ld available is less than the Ld required.

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