Control & Cordination Notes-1
Control & Cordination Notes-1
Control & Cordination Notes-1
INTRODUCTION
As the complexity of the individuals, plants or animals increases the different cells and organs
become separated from each other by greater distance. Thus it becomes necessary to have a
system by which the different parts of the organisms can function as a single unit. This is
possible only if the different parts can coordinate with each other and carry out a particular
function.
To carry out a simple function such as picking up an object from the ground there has to be
coordination of the eyes, hands, legs and the vertebral column. The eyes have to focus on the
object, the hands have to pick it up and grasp it, the legs have to bend and so does the back
bone (vertebral column). All these actions have to be coordinated in such a manner that they
follow a particular sequence and the action is completed. A similar mechanism is also needed
for internal functions of the body.
The individuals also have to adjust to the changing conditions around them and vary their
responses. At the same time, the internal conditions of the body should be maintained constant.
This is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is derived from 'homeo' meaning same and 'stasis'
meaning standing still. The internal conditions of the body are maintained at a constant by
controlling the physiology of the organism. Just as in animals, plants also have to control and
coordinate their various functions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system of an animal is composed of
i) Specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells which can detect, receive and transmit
different kinds of stimuli.
ii) The nerve fibres which are certain bundles of extended processes of nerve cells.
NERVE CELLS
Nerve cells or neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. Billions of
nerve cells make up our brain.
A nerve cell is a microscopic structure consisting of three major parts namely cell body,
dendrites and axon.
CELL BODY
It is the cell structure irregular in shape or polyhedral structure, it is also called as cyton. Cell
body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies are called
Nissl granules .
DENDRITES
Dendrites or Dendrons are shorter fibres which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell
body. Dendrites transmit electrical impulses towards the cyton.
AXON
One of the fibres arising from the cell body is very long with a branched distal end and it is
called as Axon.
The distal branches terminate as bulb like structures called synaptic knob filled with chemicals
called neuro transmitters. Axon contains axoplasm inside and is covered by a membrane called
neurilemma. Neurilemma encloses the axon except at the branched distal ends. In some
neurons called myelinated neurons an additional white fatty fibre called myelin sheath covers
the neurilemma. Myelin sheath is not continous over the neurilemma. The gaps left by the
myelin sheath on the axon are called Nodes of Ranvier. Over the myelin sheath are found
certain cells called Schwann cells.
d) Bipolar neurons:
The sensory hair cells of the sense organs like rods and cones of retina are made up of bipolar
neurons. Each bipolar neuron has a cell body and two process at the ends, one acting as axon
and the other acting as Dendron.
e) Multipolar neuron:
The cerebral cortex contains the multipolar neurons; each multipolar neuron has a cell body
with many dendrites and an axon.
Synapse: The dendrites and the synaptic knobs of the axons of neighbouring neurons are in
physical contact with one another without fusing. This point of contact between the
neighbouring nerve cells is called synapse.
NERVE IMPULSE
The conduction of stimuli by the nerve cells is called nerve impulse. The dendrites will receive
the stimuli from the receptor (sense organ) and conduct the same as electrical impulse to the
axon through the cyton. At the synapse, the synaptic knobs release out chemical substances
called neuro transmitters which convert the electrical impulse into chemical impulse and pass it
to the neighbouring neuron.
TYPES OF NEURON
AFFERENT NEURONS:
Afferent (or ferrying towards) which carry messages towards the central nervous system
(spinal cord or brain) from nerve endings on the muscles of different sense organs that sense
the change in surroundings are called stimulus detectors. These are also called ‘sensory’
nerves.
EFFERENT NEURON:
Efferent (or ferrying away) which carry messages from the central nervous system to parts that
shall carry out the response or the effectors (nerve endings). They are also called ‘motor’
nerves.
ASSOCIATION NERVES:
Association nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN HUMANS
The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous
systems. The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) is everything else. The brain is contained within the cranial cavity of the
skull, and the spinal cord is contained within the vertebral cavity of the vertebral column. It is a
bit of an oversimplification to say that the CNS is what is inside these two cavities and the
peripheral nervous system is outside of them, but that is one way to start to think about it. In
actuality, there are some elements of the peripheral nervous system that are within the cranial
or vertebral cavities. The peripheral nervous system is so named because it is on the
periphery—meaning beyond the brain and spinal cord. Depending on different aspects of the
nervous system, the dividing line between central and peripheral is not necessarily universal.
The nervous system can be divided into two parts mostly on the basis of a functional difference
in responses. The somatic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for conscious perception and
voluntary motor responses. Voluntary motor response means the contraction of skeletal
muscle, but those contractions are not always voluntary in the sense that you have to want to
perform them. Some somatic motor responses are reflexes, and often happen without a
conscious decision to perform them. If your friend jumps out from behind a corner and yells
“Boo!” you will be startled and you might scream or leap back. You didn’t decide to do that,
and you may not have wanted to give your friend a reason to laugh at your expense, but it is a
reflex involving skeletal muscle contractions. Other motor responses become automatic (in
other words, unconscious) as a person learns motor skills (referred to as “habit learning” or
“procedural memory”).
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for involuntary control of the body,
usually for the sake of homeostasis (regulation of the internal environment). Sensory input for
autonomic functions can be from sensory structures tuned to external or internal environmental
stimuli. The motor output extends to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glandular tissue.
The role of the autonomic system is to regulate the organ systems of the body, which usually
means to control homeostasis. Sweat glands, for example, are controlled by the autonomic
system. When you are hot, sweating helps cool your body down. That is a homeostatic
mechanism. But when you are nervous, you might start sweating also. That is not homeostatic,
it is the physiological response to an emotional state.
There is another division of the nervous system that describes functional responses. The enteric
nervous system (ENS) is responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in
your digestive system. It is a large part of the PNS, and is not dependent on the CNS. It is
sometimes valid, however, to consider the enteric system to be a part of the autonomic system
because the neural structures that make up the enteric system are a component of the
autonomic output that regulates digestion. There are some differences between the two, but for
our purposes here there will be a good bit of overlap. See Figure for examples of where these
divisions of the nervous system can be found.
REFLEX ACTION
Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement in voluntary organs. When a voluntary
organ is in the vicinity of a sudden danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to
save itself. For example; when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away your
hand in a jerk. All of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from the imminent injury.
This is an example of reflex action.
Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals; involved in a reflex action; travel is called
the reflex arc. The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc.
The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals
from the receptor and send them to the relay neuron. The relay neuron is present in the spinal
cord. The spinal cord sends signals to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in
action moves the receptor away from the danger.
The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal cord and the signals involved in reflex action do
not travel up to the brain. This is important because sending signals to the brain would involve
more time. Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the reflex action is
mainly controlled at the level of spinal cord.
Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments; called
actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal; a series of events is triggered in the
muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It results in actin and myosin filaments sliding
towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings
movement in the related organ.
HUMAN BRAIN
Human brain is a highly complex organ; which is mainly composed of the nervous tissue. The
tissues are highly folded to accommodate a larger surface area in less space. The brain is
covered by a three layered system of membranes; called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled
between the meninges. The CSF provides cushion to the brain against mechanical shocks.
Furthermore, the brain is housed inside the skull for optimum protection. The human brain can
be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brain. It is divided into two
hemispheres; called cerebral hemispheres.
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM:
The cerebrum controls the voluntary motor actions.
It is the site of sensory perceptions; like tactile and auditory perceptions.
It is the seat of learning and memory.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake
cycle (circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It
coordinates the motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle; the perfect coordination
between your pedaling and steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.
Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem; along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and
continues into the spinal cord. Medulla controls various involuntary functions; like hear beat,
respiration, etc.
Question 1: What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Answer :
A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus. It does not involve any thinking.
For example, we close our eyes immediately when the bright light is focused. Walking, on the
other hand, is a voluntary action. It is under our conscious control.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS:
Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for control
and coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in
plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types, viz. tropic movement and
nastic movement.
TROPIC MOVEMENT:
The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are called tropic
movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular
direction. There are four types of tropic movements, viz. geotropic, phototropic, hydrotropic
and thigmotropic.
Geotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called
geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow
in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement.
Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is called
phototropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots
usually show negative phototropic movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which
no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows some sunlight; the stem finally
grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell
division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends
towards the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion
of the plant hormone auxin in the part which is away from sunlight.
Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the
nearest source of water. This shows a positive hydrotrophic movement.
Thigmotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called
thigmotropic movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril
grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in
different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.
NASTIC MOVEMENT
The movements which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic
movement. For example; when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The
drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements
usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are
touched, the cells in the leaves lose water and become flaccid; resulting in drooping of leaves.
Some Plant Hormones: Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin promote growth in plant parts.
Abscissic acid inhibits growth in a particular plant part.
Question 1: What are plant hormones?
Answer : Plant hormones or phytohormones arenaturally-occurring organic substances. These
are synthesized in one part of the plant body (in minute quantities) and are translocated to other
parts when required. The five major types of phytohormones are auxins, gibberellins,
cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
Question 2: How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the
movement of a shoot towards light?
Answer : The movement of leaves of the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica or “touch me not”,
occurs in response to touch or contact stimuli. This movement is independent of growth. The
movement of shoot towards light is known as phototropism. This type of movement is
directional and is growth dependent.
Observation:
The roots of the germinating seeds will grow towards beaker A.
This experiment demonstrates the phenomenon of hydrotropism.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS
The hormones in animals are produced by the endocrine glands, and they too play an important
role in control and coordination.
Hormones are chemical substances that control and coordinate activities of living organisms
and also their growth. The term hormone was introduced by Bayliss and Starling. Animal
hormones do not bring about directional growth depending on environmental cues, but promote
controlled growth in various areas to maintain the body design. Thevarious endocrine glands in
humans are hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovary (in female) and testis (in males).
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called
endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones
are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones
assist the nervous system in control and coordination. Nerves do not reach to every nook and
corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those
parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control; hormonal control is somewhat slower.
Different types of endocrine glands present in our body are the pituitary gland, the pineal
gland, the hypothalamus, the thyroid, the parathyroid, the thymus, the adrenal gland, the
pancreas, the testes and the ovary.
The hypothalamus:
• It is a neuro-endocrine part of the brain.
• It links the nervous system and the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
• Different hormones secreted by this gland include TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH,
Stomatostatin, Dopamine.
Parathyroid glands:
• These are two pairs of small, oval-shaped glands embedded on the dorsal surface of the
thyroid gland present in the neck.
• They secrete parathormone. Parathormone helps in regulation of calcium and phosphate
ions in the bones and blood.
• Hyposecretion leads to parathyroid tetany and hypersecretion causes osteoporosis.
The pancreas:
• It is located just below the stomach within the curve of the duodenum. It is both exocrine
and endocrine in function.
• It secretes hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
• Insulin regulates the sugar level in our blood. Insulin secreted in small amounts
increases the sugar level in our blood which in turn causes a disease called diabetes
mellitus.
Gonads:
Two types of gonads present in human beings are female gonads and male gonads.
Female gonads
• A pair of ovaries forms the gonads in female.
• Ovaries are the female sex organs that lie one on either side of the abdominal cavity.
Ovaries produce two hormones, namely, oestrogen and progesterone.
• Oestrogen controls the changes that occur during puberty, like feminine voice, soft skin
and development in mammary glands.
• Progesterone controls the uterine changes in the menstrual cycle, and helps in the
maintenance of pregnancy.
Male gonads
• A pair of testes forms the gonads in males.
• A pair of testes is the male sex organ located in the scrotum, which is outside the
abdomen.
• Testes produce the hormone testosterone.
• Testosterone controls the changes, which occur during puberty, like deeper voice,
development of penis, facial and body hair.
Question 3: How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Answer : Adrenalin is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in case of any danger or
emergency or any kinds of stress. It is secreted directly into the blood and is transported to
different parts of the body.
When secreted in large amounts, it speeds up the heartbeat and hence supplies more oxygen to
the muscles. The breathing rate also increases due to contractions of diaphragm and rib
muscles. It also increases the blood pressure. All these responses enable the body to deal with
any stress or emergency.
Question 4: Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
Answer : Diabetes is a disease in which the level of sugar in the blood is too high. Insulin, a
hormone secreted by the pancreas, helps in regulating the blood sugar levels. This is the reason
why diabetic patients are treated by giving injections of insulin.
Functions of receptors:
(i) They sense the external stimuli such as heat or pain.
(ii) They also trigger an impulse in the sensory neuron which sends message to the spinal cord.
When the receptors are damaged, the external stimuli transferring signals to the brain are not
felt. For example, in the case of damaged receptors, if we accidentally touch any hot object,
then our hands might get burnt as damaged receptors cannot perceive the external stimuli of
heat and pain.
Dendrite: It receives information from axon of another cell and conducts the messages
towards the cell body.
Cell body: It contains nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. It is mainly concerned with
the maintenance and growth.
Plants respond to stimuli by showing movements. The growth, development, and responses to
the environment in plants is controlled and coordinated by a special class of chemical
substances known as hormones. These hormones are produced in one part of the plant body
and are translocated to other needy parts. For example, a hormone produced in roots is
translocated to other parts when required. The five major types of phytohormone are auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. These phytohormones are either growth
promoters (such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene) or growth inhibitors such as
abscisic acid.
Question 9: What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Answer : The maintenance of the body functions in response to changes in the body by
working together of various integrated body systems is known as coordination. All the
movements that occur in response to stimuli are carefully coordinated and controlled. In
animals, the control and coordination movements are provided by nervous and muscular
systems. The nervous system sends messages to and away from the brain. The spinal cord
plays an important role in the relay of messages. In the absence of this system of control and
coordination, our body will not be able to function properly. For example, when we
accidentally touch a hot utensil, we immediately withdraw our hand. In the absence of nerve
transmission, we will not withdraw our hand and may get burnt.
Question 10: How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Answer : Involuntary actions cannot be consciously controlled. For example, we cannot
consciously control the movement of food in the alimentary canal. These actions are however
directly under the control of the brain. On the other hand, the reflex actions such as closing of
eyes immediately when bright light is focused show sudden response and do not involve any
thinking. This means that unlike involuntary actions, the reflex actions are not under the
control of brain.
Question 11: Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and
coordination in animals.
Answer :
7. Discuss phototropism.
12. Write the functions of any one part of the hind – brain.
15. Name the hormones secreted by thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas.Reaction of stimuli is a
characteristic property of living organisms. Explain
16. It usually takes lot of time to observe the effect of a stimulus on plants. Explain
33. Name the different regions of the brain and their parts.
41. What are the two main types of reflexes? Give one example for each.
53. Write Four major types of plant hormones and their functions
56. Explain the bending of plant root away from light by the action of auxin hormones
58. Roots can grow against the law of gravity. When does this happen?
60. Why do followers open their petals in morning and close them in evening
61. Name the Scientific terms for Bending of shoot towards sunlight
62. Name the Scientific terms for Growing of root towards the earth
63. Name the Scientific terms for Growth of a pollen tube towards ovule
64. Name the Scientific terms for Bending of root towards water
65. Name the Scientific terms for Winding of tendril around a support
72. Explain the types of peripheral nervous systemIn a reflex action, we are unaware that
anything is going to happen to us. Explain
75. What is Self governing nervous system and write its function
82. Name all glands in our body having both exocrine and endocrine functions?
92. What is synapse? What happens at the synapse between two neurons? How are the
messages carried?
93. Who detects smell and taste in our body?
94. Why does the food taste different when you nose is blocked?
95. Explain Insulin and diabetes.
96. Draw and mark Location of all glands in the human body
97. Write the Function of thyroxin hormone
98. Name one hormone found in male
99. Write the Function of hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebrum
100. Explain the Main thinking part of brain
101. Explain the Parts covered under hind brain
102. Name the part which control blood pressure, salivation and vomiting control
103. What do you understand by the term reflex arc
104. Write the Function of gustatory receptor
105. Write an assay on reflex action
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS SET – 2
CHAPTER – 7
CONTROL AND COORDNATION
1. Drastic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion of
a. Estrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
b. Estrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
c. Testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary
d. Testosterone from thyroid gland and estrogen from pituitary gland
2. Learning is related to
a. Hypothalamus
b. Thalamus
c. Cerebrum
d. Cerebellum
5. The substance that triggers the fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants is due to
a. Auxin
b. Gibberellins
c. Abscissic acid
d. Cytokinin
11. Which two organs are connected by pons with the help of transverse band of nerves?
a. Nerves of brain and spinal cord
b. Both the cerebral hemispheres
c. Cerebellum and central nervous system
d. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
20. Part of brain that controls respiration, heartbeat and peristalsis is ____.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Pons
(d) Medulla
28. Which part of brain controls the posture and balance of the body?
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Pons
(d) Medulla
32. Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in
human beings. Justify the statement.
38. What are meanings? What are their functions? Name the fluid, which is filled in between
meanings.
46. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
49. Which is the largest and most prominent part of the brain.
53. What do you mean by reflex action? Give examples of reflex actions?
58. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive plant different from the movement of a
shoot towards light?
64. What are the limitations of nervous system in human body? How it is overcome?
69. Name the hormone secreted by an endocrine gland during emergency? Name the gland
which secretes this hormone.
71. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
73. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
81. In Plants:
a). Name the two substances which are responsible for the control and coordination in
plants.
b). What is the function of Gibberellins, Ethene and Auxins?
c). What are Phytohormones? Name any two.
d). What is the difference between photoperiodism and phototropism?
e). What are nastic movements? Give one example.
f). What are the different Hormones found in Plants and their functions?
82. In Animals:
a). Draw a diagram of nervous system of an insect. Label the following parts: Brain,
Ganglion, and Nerve Chord.
b). Which is the structural and functional unit of nervous system? Describe with the help of
a diagram.
c). “Nervous and the hormonal system together perform the function of the control and
coordination in the humans”. Justify.
i). Nervous system:
1). What are the different types of nervous systems found in human body? Mention the
functions of each.
2). Write the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the
following: a. Heart b. Blood Vessels c. Bronchi d. Eyes e. Gastric Bladder
3). Draw the schematic diagram of reflex arc. Define reflex action with suitable
example.
4). If the parasympathetic nervous system causes constriction of pupil what will be the
effect of sympathetic nervous system.
ii). Brain:
1). Draw the labeled structure of human brain.
2). What are the four main parts of the fore brain? Give the function of each part.
3). What are the three parts of the mid brain and their functions?
4). Which part of the human brain is responsible for: Intelligence and Memory,
Adjustment movement and Posture, Smell?
5). Give the role of Frontal lobe, temporal, lobe and medulla oblongata.
6). Name the different lobes found in the fore brain and give their functions.
7). What is EEG? What is the use of an EEG? Which radiation do they measure?
iii). Endocrine Glands:
iv). Draw the diagram showing endocrine glands in a male body/female body and
label: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Testis/ovaries, Thalamus, and
Hypothalamus.
v). Name the hormone associated with a) Reduction of blood glucose in the body
b) Overall metabolism of the body.
vi). Write the function of testes, ovaries and epidydmis
83. Mayank’s father never bothered to check the brand/contents of the salt he had purchased
from the market. Mayank noticed that her sister had developed swollen neck. The doctor
advised her to eat Iodised Salt.
i). Name the disease from which Mayank s sister suffered.
ii). Why the doctor has advised her to eat Iodised Salt?
84. Injections are given to the cattle for the production of milk.
(i). Do you think it is a right practice.
(ii). What harm is this practice causing us?
85. Often the road accidents victims faced really a tough time due to the shortage of blood in
the hospital.
i). Give suggestion to avoid shortage of blood in the blood bank.
87. Most of students suffer from exam stress and anxiety during exam days.
i). Suggest three good habits which students should adopt to tackle this problem.
88. Generally some of teenagers readily come under bad influences under peer group pressure.
(i). Why does teenagers readily come under this influence.
(ii). Suggest methods to overcome such problems.
89. Differentiate between (i)tropic and nastic movements. (ii)axon and dendrites (iii)cerebrum
and cerebellum.
92. Which organ secretes hormone when the blood sugar rises? Name a digestive enzyme
released by this organ.
94. A particular hormone requires iodine for its synthesis. Name the endocrine gland which
secretes this hormone and state its location in human body.
97. Mention some secondary sexual characters seen in both girls and boys during puberty.
2. The cells in our body that can be over a foot long are _____.
1. muscle cells
2. nerve cells
3. bone cells
4. blood cells
5. Endocrine glands are those which pour their secretions into _________________.
1. Blood
2. Ducts
3. sinuses
4. any of the above
10. Which of the following acts as both endocrine and exocrine glands?
1. pituitary
2. adrenal
3. pancreas
4. ovaries
16. The hormone secreted by the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans is _____________.
1. glucagon
2. insulin
3. adrenaline
4. thymosin
30. The preganglionic fibres and the postganglionic fibres are a part of ____________.
1. central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
3. autonomous nervous system
4. endocrine system
34. The hormone that causes blood sugar level to fall is _______________.
1. glucagon
2. insulin
3. somatostatin
4. adrenalin
35. Hormone produced by the ovarian follicle is __________ and in addition ________ is
produced by the corpus luteum.
1. oestrogen, progesterone
2. progesterone, oestorgen
3. oestrogen, thyroxin
4. progesterone, thyroxin
36. The gland that plays a role in 'fight or flight response' is _________________.
1. pancreas
2. pituitary
3. adrenal cortex
4. adrenal medulla
38. The processes that conduct signals towards the nerve cell body are the ___________.
1. fibres
2. axons
3. dendrites
4. all the above
40. At the synapses, the impulses are always passed from the __________________.
1. axon to the dendrites
2. dendrites to the axon
3. either way is possible
4. cyton to the dendrites
41. The lobes - parietal, temporal, frontal and occipetal belong to _________________.
1. medulla oblongata
2. cerebrum
3. cerebellum
4. hypothalamus
46. The kind of nerve carrying impulses from the brain to a gland or a muscle is called ______.
1. affector
2. effector
3. mixed
4. none of the above
53. Which of the following statements are true about the brain?
(i) The main thinking part of brain is hind brain
(ii) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, sight etc are located in fore brain.
(iii) Involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, blood pressure are controlled by the
medulla in the hind brain
(iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and balance of the body
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
73. Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of secretion
of
(a) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary
(b) estrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pituitary gland
(c) testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary
(d) testosterone from thyroid gland and estrogen from pituitary gland
81. Label the parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) and show the direction of flow of electrical signals in
below Figure
37. In Figure 7.4 (a), (b) and (c), which appears more accurate and why?
83. Label the parts of a neuron in Figure 7.5
88. Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty?
97. What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems? How are the components of
central nervous system protected?
99. Name various plant hormones. Also give their physiological effects on plant growth and
development.
100. What are reflex actions? Give two examples. Explain a reflex arc.
101. “Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and
coordination in human beings.” Justify the statement.
103. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end
of another neuron but not the reverse?