Air University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Experiment no. 02

Lab Title: Introduction to phasors in power Systems

Student Name: Muhammad Arham Tahir Janjua Reg. No.: 200296

Objective: To understand the concepts of phasors and representation as complex numbers.

Lab Assessment:

Attributes Excellent (5) Good (4) Average (3) Satisfactory (2) Unsatisfactory (1)

Ability to conduct
experiment
Ability to assimilate
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Lab Report Assessment:

Attributes Excellent (5) Good (4) Average (3) Satisfactory (2) Unsatisfactory (1)

Data Presentation

Experimental Results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
 EXPERIMENT NO 2
Introduction to phasors in power system
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the concept of phasors and their representation as complex numbers.
2. To learn how to draw phasor diagrams and perform phasor calculations.
3. To verify phasor concepts through circuit measurements and waveform observations.

DISCUSSION

Phasors are an important concept in power systems. They are used to represent the amplitude and
phase of sinusoidal signals, such as voltages and currents in AC circuits. In a power system, phasors are
used to analyze and solve problems related to power flow, voltage regulation, and fault analysis.

A phasor is a complex number that represents a sinusoidal signal (Fig. 5-1). It has a magnitude and an
angle, which correspond to the amplitude and phase of the signal, respectively. The magnitude of a
phasor is usually denoted by the absolute value or modulus symbol (| |), while the angle is denoted by
the argument symbol (∠). Phasors can be represented graphically as vectors, with the magnitude as
the length of the vector and the angle as the direction (Fig. 5-2). The use of vector diagrams greatly
simplifies the study of ac circuits because the complex form of each sine wave is reduced to a single
straight line. Vector diagrams allow the resultant from many different voltages or currents to be
determined using simple graphical techniques of vector addition.

Phasors are used in power systems to simplify the analysis of AC circuits. For example, in a power flow
analysis, phasors are used to represent the voltage and current in each bus of the power system. This
allows the analysis to be performed using complex numbers, which simplifies the calculations and
reduces the number of equations that need to be solved.
Phasors are also used in fault analysis to determine the location and type of faults in the power system.
In this case, phasors are used to represent the voltage and current at different points in the power
system. By analyzing the phasor diagrams, it is possible to determine the location of the fault and the
type of fault, such as a short circuit or an open circuit.

PROCEDURE

• Convert rectangular/ cartesian plane into polar and vice versa to solve a system.
• To convert rectangular planes into polar use the following commands in MATLAB.

A = 2+3i
[theta_rad, r] = cart2pol(real(A),imag (A))
theta_deg = rad2deg(theta_rad)

• To convert polar into rectangular planes, use the following command in MATLAB.

mag=4
angle=30
angle=deg2rad(angle)
[x1,y1]=pol2cart(angle, mag)
A=x1 + 1i*y1
 • Use subplot command to plot and in one frame.
• To plot phasor diagram or to represent any vector quantity in MATLAB, use following
commands:

line ([0 real(A)], [0 imag(A)],'marker','>')

text (1.05*real(A),1.05*imag(A),'A')

Where 1.05 is a factor to place text in a suitable alignment and can be changed accordingly, line is used to
draw a line including real and imaginary values, 'marker','>' is used for arrowhead to represent line as a
vector.

LAB TASKS
Task 01:
Given the complex numbers A1, A2:
A1= 6 ∠ 20

A2= -2+j5
1. Convert A1 to rectangular form.
2. Convert A2 to polar and exponential form.
3. Calculate A3= A1+A2, giving your answer in polar form.
4. Calculate A4= A1*A2, giving your answer in rectangular form.
5. Calculate A5= A1/A2, giving your answer in exponential form.

Code:
Results:
Task 02:

Figure 1 represents a supply voltage of with load having impedance for:

• Inductive load of 200mH

• Capacitive load of 10uF
• Resistive load of 100ohm
Using MATLAB, plot and cover an interval of 0 to 2π.

Code:
Results:

Task 03:

Circuit presented in Figure 2 operates on 50 Hz frequency with R= 40 Ω, L=50mH.

Using MATLAB, plot the phasor diagram of voltages for R and L with required labeling.
Code:

Results:
Task 04:
Use the Metering Window, Oscilloscope and Phasor Analyzer functions of available LVDAC module
available in lab.

For a single-phase (1-p) system, implement the following configurations:

1. R load
Metering Window:
Oscilloscope & Phasor Analyzer:

2. L load
Metering Window:
Oscilloscope & Phasor Analyzer:

3. C load
Metering Window:
Oscilloscope & Phasor Analyzer:

4. Parallel RLC
Metering Window:
Oscilloscope & Phasor Analyzer:

5. Series RLC
Metering Window:
Oscilloscope & Phasor Analyzer:

Conclusion:
In this lab, we learned about the phasors and its representation. We convert the polar
form in to rectangular form and rectangular to polar form using the Matlab. We perform
the arthematic operations on phasors. We also perform the phasor calculations of series
RLC circuit on MATLAB and by setting the values and using equations, plot the phasor
diagram. We also patch the circuit as mentioned above R, L, C, RLC parallel and RLC
series circuits on LVDAC and observe the phasor diagram and oscilloscope and verify the
concepts.