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While Loop

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5 views

While Loop

Uploaded by

eyob2one
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONDITIONALS

REVIEW: BRANCHING
PROGRAMS

The simplest branching statement is a


conditional
REVIEW: CONDITIONAL
EXECUTION
Writing programs, we almost always
need the ability to check conditions
and change the behavior of the
program accordingly.
Code

Test

True False
Block Block

Code
GRADE
Score >=85 ==> A
Score >=70 but <85 ==> B
Score >=50 but <70 ==> C
Score >=40 but <50 ==> D
Score < 40 ==> F
DEFENSIVE PROGRAMMING
Defensive programming is a form
of defensive design intended to ensure
the continuing function of a piece of
software under unforeseen
circumstances.
INPUT

>>> name = input(‘Enter your name: ’)


FUNCTION
Check the validity of passed arguments

def add(a,b):
print(a+b)
assert
def add(a,b):
# check if a is int/float
# check if b is int/float
print(a+b)
UPDATING VARIABLES
>>> x = 5
# increment by one
>>> x = x + 1 >>> x += 1
# decrement by one
>>> x = x - 1 >>> x += 1
CASE STUDY: AVERAGE OF
THREE NUMBERS
▪ Average of 5

▪ Average of 20

▪ Average of 1000

▪ Average of unknown number


CASE STUDY: FIND FACTORS
OF A GIVEN NUMBER
▪ Given the number is 2

▪ Given the number is 10

▪ Given the number is 124,989 …


ITERATION
Computers/ Robots/ Computing
machines are often used to automate
repetitive tasks.
REPETITION STRUCTURES

The repetition structure causes a


statement or set of statements to
execute repeatedly.
ITERATION
A generic iteration
mechanism begins with a test. CHEC
K

If the test evaluates to True,


program executes the body
Statements

once and then goes back to


reevaluate the test.
LOOPS
▪ A loop repeats a sequence of statements

▪ Two types

▪ while loop

▪ for loop
THE while LOOP
The while Loop is a Pretest Loop, which
means it tests its condition before
performing an iteration.
THE while LOOP

while(condition):
<statements>
THE while LOOP
More formally, here is the flow of execution for a
while statement:
I. Evaluate the condition, yielding True or
False.
II. If the condition is false, exit the while
statement and continue execution at the next
statement.
III. If the condition is true, execute the body
EXAMPLE 1

Print numbers from 1 to 10


EXAMPLE 2: ACCUMULATOR
LOOP
Add numbers from 1 to 100
break STATEMENT

Sometimes you don’t know it’s time to


end a loop until you get half way
through the body.
break STATEMENT

When break statement is executed,


the current loop iteration is stopped
and the loop is exited.
continue STATEMENT
When continue statement is executed,
the current loop iteration is skipped
and the loop execution resumes with
the next iteration of the current,
innermost loop statement.
pass STATEMENT

In Python, every def statement, if


statement, or loop statement must
have a body (i.e., a nonempty
indented code block).
pass STATEMENT
if n % 2 == 0:
pass
else:
print(n)
INFINITE LOOPS

while(True):
print(‘hi’)
INFINITE LOOPS

x=1
while(x > 0):
x += 1
COMMON
PITFALLS
UNINTENTIONAL INFINITE
LOOP
x = 10
while(x > 0):
x += 1
OFF-BY-ONE ERROR(OB1)
A logic error that occurs in
programming when an iterative
loop iterates one time too many or
too few.
OB1
Arises when programmer makes
mistakes such as
▪ Fails to take account that a sequence
starts at zero rather than one
▪ Using “less than or equal to” in place of
“less than” …

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