Drug Reriew

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DRUG FREE CLUB LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Background of the Study

A drug can be define as any chemical solid, liquid or amorphous substances derived from plants, animals
or mineral resources which is applied externally or internally to cause some descramble effects. Also, a
drug can be define as a substance which by its chemical nature has an effect to open the body of higher
nervous system (the mind).
The effect of drug can be positive or negative.

Positive Effect of Drug


Drug when properly used or taken into a living organism, produces the desired result and many modify
one or more of its functional parts it is usually prescribed by a medical practitioner. Such substances are
either of nagetables mineral or animal origin they could be prepared for the human body that produces
the desired result into the treatment of diseases and ailment.
Negative Effect of Drug (Drug Abuse)
The negative effect is referred to as drug abuse drug abuse is therefore defined as the excessive
consumption of drug by an individual. Drug abuse results when there is self-infection or from the
approved medical usage.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to drastically eliminate and reduce the causes of drug abuse among students
by sensitizing and educating some selected secondary schools in Obafemi Owode Local Government
Area, Mowe, Ogun State.

TYPES OF DRUGS

There are two main types of drugs namely;

1. Licit or Legal Drugs:

2. Illicit or Illegal Drugs.

Abuse of drugs is defined as the “harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including
alcohol and illicit drugs or a repetitive and willful habit of taking drugs for the purpose of pleasure,
ecstasy, etc.
It is the use of both legal and illegal drugs in amount or by methods which are harmful to the individuals
or other in order to feel good, ease stress or avoid reality

Misuse Of Drugs is defined as “the use of illegal drugs and the inappropriate use of legal substances or
the use of a prescription for a purpose other than the one for which it was intended.

ADMISTRATION OF DRUGS

Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. They may be

1. Taken by mouth (orally)


2. Given by injection into a vein (intravenously, IV), into a muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the space
around the spinal cord (intrathecally), or beneath the skin (subcutaneously, sc)
3. Placed under the tongue (sublingually) or between the gums and cheek (buccally)
4. Inserted in the rectum (rectally) or vagina (vaginally)
5. Placed in the eye (by the ocular route) or the ear (by the otic route)
6. Sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal membranes (nasally)
7. Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth (by inhalation) or mouth and nose (by
nebulization)
8. Applied to the skin (cutaneously) for a local (topical) or bodywide (systemic) effect
9. Delivered through the skin by a patch (transdermally) for a systemic effect
Each route has specific purposes, advantages, and disadvantages.
THE STAGES OF DRUGS
1: Experimentation is defined as the voluntary use of drugs without experiencing any negative social or
legal consequences. For many, experimenting may occur once or several times as a way to “have fun” or
even to help the individual cope with a problem. For many, experimentation can occur without any
desire to continue using the drug. For others, it can start to become a problem when it moves into the
next stage.

2: Regular Use: Some people will be able to enter the stage of regular use without developing a
dependence or addiction. These people will be able to stop the drug use on their own. The problem with
regular use is that the risk for substance abuse greatly increases during this stage. It also increases risky
behaviors such as driving under the influence, unexplained violence, and symptoms of depression and
anxiety.

3: Risky Use/Abuse: The line between regular use and risky use/abuse is a very thin one, but is usually
defined as continued use of drugs in spite of severe social and legal consequences. What might have
begun as a temporary form of escape can quickly lead to more serious problems. This is the stage where
the warning signs of addiction will begin to appear: craving, preoccupation with the drug, and symptoms
of depression, irritability and fatigue if the drug is not used.

4: Drug Addiction and Dependency: Physical dependence on a drug is often intertwined with addiction.
Characteristics of dependence and drug addiction include withdrawal symptoms and compulsive use of
the drug despite severe negative consequences to his or her relationships, physical and mental health,
personal finances, job security and criminal record.

5: Addiction: The continual abuse of substances will always lead to a drug or alcohol addiction,
especially as all stages progress. When a drug or alcohol addiction finally develops, the only option for
help is to change the behaviors surrounding the abuse, which will only come from professional addiction
treatment.

CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

Certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction:

1. Family history of addiction. Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves an
increased risk based on genes. If you have a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with alcohol
or drug addiction, you're at greater risk of developing a drug addiction.
2. Mental health disorder. If you have a mental health disorder such as depression,
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic stress disorder, you're more likely
to become addicted to drugs. Using drugs can become a way of coping with painful feelings, such as
anxiety, depression and loneliness, and can make these problems even worse.

3. Peer pressure. Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for
young people.

4. Lack of family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings
may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision.

5. Early use. Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the
likelihood of progressing to drug addiction.

6. Taking a highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may
result in faster development of addiction than other drugs. Smoking or injecting drugs can increase
the potential for addiction. Taking drugs considered less addicting — so-called "light drugs" — can
start you on a pathway of drug use and addiction.

7. Availability of drugs from friends.

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ( COMPLICATIONS)

Dependence on drugs can create a number of dangerous and damaging complications, including:

1. Getting an infectious disease. People who are addicted to a drug are more likely to get an infectious
disease, such as HIV, either through unsafe sex or by sharing needles with others.

2. Other health problems. Drug addiction can lead to a range of both short-term and long-term mental
and physical health problems. These depend on what drug is taken e.g failure of the liver, damage of
the respiratory system e.t.c

3. Accidents. People who are addicted to drugs are more likely to drive or do other dangerous
activities while under the influence.

4. Suicide. People who are addicted to drugs die by suicide more often than people who aren't
addicted.

5. Family problems. Behavioral changes may cause relationship or family conflict and custody issues.

6. Work issues. Drug use can cause declining performance at work, absenteeism and eventual loss of
employment.

7. Problems at school. Drug use can negatively affect academic performance and motivation to excel
in school or drop out from school.

8. Legal issues. Legal problems are common for drug users and can stem from buying or possessing
illegal drugs, stealing to support the drug addiction, driving while under the influence of drugs or
alcohol, or disputes over child custody.

9. Financial problems. Spending money to support drug use takes away money from other needs,
could lead to debt, and it can lead to illegal o cxr unethical behaviors.
10. Neglecting responsibility.

11. Lost of self control or blackouts

CLASSES OF DRUGS

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) DEPRESSANTS


CNS depressants slow down the operations of the brain and the body. Examples of CNS depressants
include alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxiety tranquilizers (e.g., Valium, Librium, Xanax, Prozac, and
Thorazine), GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), Rohypnol, and many other anti-depressants (e.g., Zoloft,
Paxil).

CNS STIMULANTS
CNS stimulants accelerate the heart rate and elevate the blood pressure and "speed-up," or over-
stimulate, the body. Examples of CNS stimulants include cocaine, "crack" cocaine, amphetamines, and
methamphetamine ("crank").

HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens cause the user to perceive things differently than they actually are. Examples include LSD,
peyote, psilocybin and MDMA (Ecstasy).

DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS
Dissociative anesthetics include drugs that inhibit pain by cutting off or dissociating the brain's
perception of the pain. PCP, its analogs, and dextromethoraphan are examples of dissociative
anesthetics.

NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
Narcotic analgesics relieve pain, induce euphoria, and create mood changes in the user. Examples of
narcotic analgesics include opium, codeine, heroin, demerol, darvon, morphine, methadone, Vicodin,
and oxycontin.

INHALANTS
Inhalants include a wide variety of breathable substances that produce mind-altering results and effects.
Examples of inhalants include Toluene, plastic cement, paint, gasoline, paint thinners, hair sprays, and
various anesthetic gases.

CANNABIS
Cannabis is the scientific name for marijuana. The active ingredient in cannabis is delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. This category includes cannabinoids and synthetics like Dronabinol

HALLUCINOGENS: Examples include LSD and mescaline, as well as so-called naturally occurring
hallucinogens like certain mushrooms. These drugs can be dangerous in their ability to alter the
perceptions of the user. For example, a person who is intoxicated ("high" on) with a hallucinogen may
perceive danger where there is none and think that situations that are truly dangerous are not.

OPIATES: People also call this group narcotics or opioids and include drugs like heroin, codeine,
hydrocodone, morphine, methadone, Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, and Percodan. This group of
substances sharply decreases the functioning of the nervous system.
PHENCYCLIDINE: Commonly called PCP, this drug can cause the user to feel highly suspicious, become
very aggressive, and have an exceptional amount of physical strength. This can make the person quite
dangerous to others.

Preventive ways of spreas

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