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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.22, 2014

Bioclimatic Architecture: Housing and Sustainability

Dr.Ayman Al Suliman (Corresponding author)
Department of Architecture, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan
11733, Amman, Jordan
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper aims to define several natural conditions that influence the architecture and sustainability of several
buildings selected from various climatic zones around the world. The case studies in this paper vary from
traditional to modern buildings, with a focus on the natural conditions that influence the architectural decisions
of sustainable housing. This research paper encourages analyzing and taking advantage of environmental
conditions around buildings to maintain ideal living conditions within the buildings through minimal
consumption of energy, and to achieve sustainability that has become a philosophy of the modern architecture.
The paper also includes climate studies of two cities in Syria, with differing environmental conditions that result
in certain architectural decisions.
Keywords: Sustainability, Bioclimatic, Housing.

1. Bioclimatic Architectural Engineering – definitions of Housing, Sustainability, and Bioclimatic

Architecture
The term Housing in Architectural refers to the architectural design of structures that serve as dwellings or
shelters for individuals. The House should be designed in a way that provides people with pleasant conditions
and affective space for daily life, hence designing houses is very critical as it not only influences individuals’
activities and routines, but also directly determines their moods. As Figure 1 illustrates, traditional housing has
always correlated to the natural conditions of the surrounding area.
Sustainability refers to the concept of coexistent of man and nature in harmony. Sustainable Architecture has
become a philosophy for many generations, as the survival and well-being of mankind depends on nature, its
elements, and resources. Without Sustainable Architecture, man would continue exploiting the natural resources
to produce means of living such as electricity and potable water, which may lead to scarcity of such natural
resources for the coming generations.
The term “Bioclimatic Architecture” summarizes a number of differing general terms as the single planning
definition-that is a group of design decisions that offer appropriate living conditions within buildings by the
minimal use of technical units “the group of machinery” that require energy consumption of non-renewable
resources (Grondin, 1959). In other words, such relations should be formed between a building and its
surroundings that allow the possibility of the desired change in the habitation interior, which depends on the
habitation’s physical and morphological “formative” characteristics, as well as its dimensions and measurements.
Considering conditions change according to the building location, and knowing that these conditions also change
through time and building position, an ideal “bioclimatic habitation” should have the potential to adapt in a way
that allows it to absorb the maximum amount of heat in cold days. Additionally, it should be able to absorb and
retain solar energy throughout daytime during winter in order to use it when in need ,and reflect solar radiation
in hot climate zones. Hence, creating appropriate living conditions and maintaining the architectural spaces
within the scope and limits of comfort “22-24 degree Celsius.” (Fersonov , 1982).We can achieve such building
behavior, which is known as the “ideal or model behavior” by making use of certain schemes and specific
building patterns. And I hereby by would like to mention that this paper will only address the residential scene of
the matter; however, proposed results can be applied on other architectural structures.

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Figure 7. Traditional housing indifferent environmental conditions.

2. Climatic aspects affecting the architectural composition and how to put them to good use
To begin with, we should take into account the shape of the building and its direction; we should direct its
architectural spaces in relation to the function of each space separately, and address the time spans in which the
space is used during a one-day climatic cycle. For instance, in the case of very closely set buildings, we witness a
drop of heat dispersion, a significant impact of solar radiation and heat, and a disparity between temperature
ratings inside and outside, while open buildings allow more of a temperature exchange as a result of continuous
ventilation that flows between multiple architectural spaces. Buildings’ directions and surfaces’ area that is
exposed to direct sunlight differently, as these surfaces collect solar radiation, wind direction in accordance to
building’s position and direction compared to adjacent buildings, and natural topography, waterways and forests
are all factors that have an immediate impact on the thermal exchange from the exterior of the building to its
interior and vise versa as shown in Figure 2. As for alleviating heat loss, we must thermally isolate the building
by placing several layers of non-visible isolation on the walls, roofs and attics “or spaces under the gable.”
(Fersonov, 1982). In general, glassed area should be kept within their acceptable boundaries “in hot, dry climate
zones”, corresponding to the function of each architectural space, as these glass openings allow for solar
radiation leakage to the building’s interior. Therefore, we should use double-glazing window frames and
operating louvers “sun breakers” to reduce heat dissipation to the minimum during evening time. While in
regions that are subjected to extreme, prolonged solar radiation, especially those that face south, windows should
allow for solar radiation absorption in winter by the use of large glass facades. It is worthwhile mentioning that
the dimensions of these facades correspond to the climate conditions; blinds and operating louvers should be
available to shield the openings during nighttime. Accumulated energy through the method mentioned above
piles up within architectural volumes, spaces, and walls, otherwise this phenomenon would lead to a rise in

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temperature within interior spaces, which would have a negative impact on the comfort of the building and
increase heat dissipation; the ideal spatial design results in an exemplary interrelationship with the layout of the
building’s external enclosure (Hatkness, 1984).

Figure 8. Impact of solar radiation and wind speed and direction on the temperature
The urban planning of the old cities illustrates how architects, in hot climate zones, maintained the correlated
effect between architectural and urban spaces, the direction of circulation axes and their distribution, and created
an environmental equilibrium and positive effectiveness on the overall living conditions within old cities as
shown in figure 3.

Figure 9. Site plan of Aleppo city 1880

While in extreme cold climate zones, large glass facades should be placed towards south as shown in Figure 4 –
small openings has been a characteristic of architecture in hot climate zones throughout history- a model space
design would attempt to allocate spaces used in daytime towards south, while staircase and other facilities would
be face other directions. As regards to summer time conditions, the perforation of direct solar radiation through
glass facades should be avoided; however, these facades should have the ability to open and be protected from
direct sunlight by the use of both fixed and operating louvers, which perform as shadow in times of high
temperature and solar radiation. The design of open spaces “their forms, dimensions and position” should allow
for ventilation and cooling all rooms during nighttime, while the building’s elevation that faces north should be
partially inserted in soil, and the foundations should go to a certain depth according to available conditions, as
shown in figure 4. By applying this system, living conditions will improve in both winter and summer according
to the well-balanced temperature of the soil, and will protect the building from the cold, harsh winter wind.

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Figure 10. Example of large opening and façade insertion within soil
Energy problems develop from the difference in temperature between the architectural spaces, and it is the
architect’s responsibility to overcome these problems to create a state of comfort between individuals and their
surroundings; the more the difference between spaces is, the harder the architect’s job is. An architect’s decision
to use technical units, in other words neglect the studies of climate conditions and relationship between the
building and the surrounding will result in more consumption of energy. Hence, the climate aspects of the
building location must be identified accurately for an ideal town planning, which should correlate to the
surrounding environment. Generally, the monthly average rate of the various temperature values in a specific
region can set out the value of the temperature. The variables of temperature rates are taken as highest and
lowest points monthly, and are used periodically to determine thermal absorption and dispersion, hence decide
on architectural solutions for insulation such as Trombe walls.
Furthermore, indicating the value of humidity is very important as it directly affects the temperature of
residential and public buildings, as well as indicating the possibility of thermal exchange, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 11. The effect of wind on the architectural spaces

Recently, many modern architects have been neglecting wind data, whether or not intentionally, despite the fact
that the speed of airflow around the building results in the value of thermal exchange in winter and summer. For
a successful design, we should take into account all data related to the direction and speed of wind throughout
several time intervals and establish a seasonal or monthly map that clearly illustrates the figures of wind speed
and direction, which will lead to helpful guidelines for ideal building position, relationship to the surroundings,
and maximum use of the environmental elements such as natural breakers, water features, and areas of
vegetation, their form and density (Fersonov , 1982).
Finally, we should consider the amount of solar radiation, that is the value of solar energy absorbed by the
multiple exterior surfaces of the building. Solar radiation is considered a critical issue during hot months
“summer”, but a part of a solution during cold winter months (Gosiev, 1985) (Hatkness, 1984), as shown in
Figure 6.

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Figure 12. Control the amount of solar radiation

The information gathered from climate aspects as discussed earlier primarily assist in developing site analysis
and creating schematic designs such as directions, measurements and the glazing versus shade areas caused by
the outside environment or the structure of the building itself. In many countries, all the data related to climate is
collected under the supervision of special national councils, thus we have all the information needed on a great
number of occupied areas (Bonin, 1981). Furthermore, conducting climate studies and gathering necessary
related data help to create a comprehensive climate map of all surrounding areas and set up urban and
architectural guidelines, which can be used by the architect at any time. Such studies were developed throughout
the years and are used vastly nowadays; however, they are still not available in the Middle East.

3. Examples of the ideal utilization of climate aspects and their impact on the architectural decision-
making by experience and climate analysis technology
3.1 Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, United States.
Mesa Verde, Spanish for “green table” was founded in 1200 AD to protect some cliff dwellings, and considered
as the ideal example of utilizing nature for survival and exemplary living conditions. Since it is located in a
horizontal slit, and towards the south, it is fully protected from direct sunlight during summer, and subjected to
the maximum amount of solar radiation in winter. Additionally, the surrounding rock may have its own inertia
considering its major mass, which results in creating excellent, consistent living conditions throughout the year.
The harmony between the structures and the surrounding rocks “the cave” collects solar energy “56% more
energy in winter than summer”. During sunset, the location is covered by sunlight, and solar energy is retained in
both rocks and building bricks, which then spread steadily throughout the inhabited inside are after sunset. As a
result, a model confined climate state is established which provides sustained and comfortable living conditions,
instead of the harsh nature of the weather in such areas, where winter is extremely frosty while summer is
sweltering. Figure 7.

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Figure 13. Bioclimatic architecture of Mesa Verde

During daytime, social life of the Anasazi Indians takes place inside the pit traditional house dwellings, known as
Kivas “world below”, which were built at least partially underground, and heated by a central fireplace. The
natural ventilation system operates as the shown in Figure 8: the air flows in through the vents positioned at the
lower part of the Kiva, and at the same time hot air moves upwards from the fireplace and goes out through the
roof vent. This continuous process ensures natural ventilation throughout the day (Putsavage, 2001) ( Prakhin,
1979).

Figure14. Different elements and ventilation of Kivas

3.2. Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh, India.
A pavilion built in 1960, on the edge of Capitol Hill by Le Corbusier. It consists of a number of platforms
oriented towards Cardinal points in an extremely precise way. The north elevation is completely open, while the
other three elevations are equipped with sun breakers to control the amount of sunlight entering the building.
Although Tower of Shadows is not particularly a residential case study, but the exhaustive environmental studies
that Le Corbusier carried out can be applied on housing units to minimize the consumption of energy. Using a
scale model of the building, Le Corbusier observed and recorded the movement of the sun in details throughout
the year to determine the ideal direction of sunbreakers, as shown in Figure 9.

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Figure 15. A scale model of the pavilion

From observing the changes of the sunlight impact on the building, he concluded the following: the south
elevation that is provided by vertical breakers allows for a minimal amount of sunlight during summer when the
sun is vertical, while in winter, was the sun is at an angle, sunlight is allowed in to light up the interior
architectural spaces. Also, shadows on the model were recorded through still images and calculated
mathematically and geometrically (Girsberger, 1986).
The open architecture space creates a feeling of coolness during the blistering hot days in India. Furthermore,
due to the ideal living conditions of the building, it has become a place for social meetings and spiritual
recreation. The Tower of Shadows is considered as a model reference for architecture for its ideal use of sunlight
and shadow, especially for residential building design (Vytorin, 1984).
3.3 Wind catchers.
The Wind catcher is a traditional Persian element that is used to create comfortable living conditions through
natural ventilation in the building. Wind catchers have multiple designs, structure and function according to the
location and direction of the building. The most common designs are theuni-directional and the multi-directional,
and they consist of one, four or eight openings. There are various ways in which a wind catcher functions:
steering airflow at the top of the building, which is often colder downward, steering airflow upward through
wind-assisted temperature slope, or steering airflow upward through solar-assisted temperature slope, as shown
in Figure 10. The wind catcher is usually directed towards prevailing wind. The airflow outside the building
creates a difference in pressure between the inside and outside which results in directing the airflow downward
to the building. Some wind catchers are provided by a net that purifies the air from dust, pollutant and insects.
Others are supplied with burnt coal that absorbs bad odors entering the building from outside (Edkin, 1976).
The thermal exchange between the building and their surroundings depends on the airflow rate, which means
that great airflow results in more thermal exchange. Hence, if we desire to reduce the temperature of the building
using natural ventilation, wind should be directed towards the building, even if forced, while to minimize
thermal dispersion, we should protect the building from undesired wind. Windbreakers are used on the building
to eliminate undesired wind effect by directing it towards different directions (AlSuliman, 2009). The size and
depth of windbreakers determine the surface area that is protected. Airflow causes the temperature to drop on the
building’s elevations; as well as thermal exchange resulted from continuous ventilation. The air pressure often
rises at the building’s elevations that are exposed to direct wind, while it drops at those that are on the facing
sides, resulting in airflow inside the building through openings and sometime cracks.

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Figure 16. Different examples of windcatchers and how they operate

3.4 Z6 House, California, USA.

A modern case study is this two-story residence, which was completed in 2006 and chosen as an AIA committee
Top Ten Green Projects for 2007. The name is taken from the main design concept “Six Zeros”, which refers to:
zero emissions, zero waste, zero energy, zero carbon, zero water, and zero ignorance. The section of the house is
illustrated in Figure 11.

Figure 17. Sections through Z6 House

The main issue of designing a building at this particular location -where climate is dry and humidity control is
not a concern- was to take advantage of the constant, foreseen breezes from the coast, from the Southwest and
Northwest to create natural ventilation in the house. The house is oriented 45 degrees from the North-South axis.
The Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast facades are all provided with operating windows and exterior sliding
doors that allow for natural ventilation. Also, the open plan design of the two-story house contributes to the
continuous air movement throughout the house. Moreover, a chimney effect is noticeable in the design as the
whole-house fan that is located at the top of the stairs takes hot air out of the house, as shown in figure 12.

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Figure 18. Natural ventilation in the house

Another issue was to provide mild heating in winter. Although air-conditioning was not required, good passive
solar orientation and shading was a major design aspect. The Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast facades are all
equipped with large overhangs to protect from the summer solar heat, as shown in Figure 13. While the
Northwest façade has a clear insulation panel to transmit daylight. During winter, direct sunlight is admitted
through the Southeast glazing, which warms up the concrete floors and heats the entire house, as shown in
Figure 13. The floor heating system runs on a heat exchanger that use an evacuated-tube solar hot water collector
(The American Institute of Architects, 2007).

Figure 19. Large overhangs on facades and concrete floor

4. Proposed table to address the climatic difficulties and recommendations for a sustainable residential
architecture
Using climate charts and tables when to make urban and architecture decisions.
Climate tables and charts are considered an intelligible, solid tool to collect, calculate and analyze climate data of
a location and provide architectural and urban design solution to achieve ideal living conditions that suit people’s
lifestyle (AlSuliman, 2009).The main table structure.
The table, Figure 14, consists of three horizontal sections that have information relating to specified time
intervals throughout the year, while the vertical sections include the following:
1) Information about the conditions of the surrounding outside environment, illustrated through four elements:
the average temperature, relative humidity rate, wind direction and speed, and solar radiation. This information is
clear and can be used for each horizontal section separately.
2) Suggestions to overcome the various environmental difficulties and create ideal living conditions. These
suggestions lead to more valuable architectural designs.
3) Propose urban and architectural solutions.
The following are two proposed tables that demonstrate all the information mentioned above for two Syrian
cities: Lattakia and Aleppo, which have different and distinct environmental conditions.

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Case Study 1 I Lattakia, Syria

Problem Suggestions to Overcome Problems Urban and Architecture Solutions

Heat the living room directly. Provide glass south openings.

Winter Heat bedrooms through Trombe Provide buildings' proximity.
Extreme low temprature.
walls. Provide Tromb walls for solar control.
Strong air currents.
Provide opennings to allow for Provide opening on the middle floors to guarantee
continuous airflow. a continuous airflow.

Use sunbreakers on the south elevations to

Solar radiation protection. protect from solar radiation.
Spring and Autumn Moderate temprature. Provide ventilation through shaded Provide large openings for ventilation through
areas. elevations, and use building's mass design for
natural ventilation.

provide vertical sunbreakers on the south

Provide a continuous ventilation.
High humidity. elevations to allow protection from direct sunlight.
Summer Solar radiation protection.
Harsh solar radiation. Provide large openings to allow for high humidity
Provide shading devices.
disposal from the architectural spaces.

Case Study 2 I Aleppo, Syria

Problem Suggestions to Overcome Problems Urban and Architecture Solutions

Provide solar radiation to the interiors through
internal courtyards.
Heat the living room and bedrooms
Winter Extreme low temprature. Reduce humidity through increasing temprature in
directly through direct solar
Strong air currents. the interiors and provide heat insulation.
radiation from the south elevation.
Provide windbreakers to steer cold north-east
wind.
direct solar radiation protection.
Position the most used rooms towards south-west.
Maintain the internal climate
Provide open and shaded area on the esterior and
conditions witin the building.
Spring and Autumn Moderate temprature. artificial operating water bodies.
Circulate moderate airflow within
Provide seasonal vegetation in the inetrnal
the range of each rooms' bioclimate
courtyards.
separately.
Use windcatchers and internal courtyards for best
use of west air currents.
increase humidity. Use sunbreakers.
High temprature.
Summer Solar radiation protection. Use thermal reservoirs such as Trombe walls.
Moderate humidity.
Provide ventilation. Increase the thickness of external walls for heat
insulation.
Use pale colors for walls.

Figure 20. Table that shows the architectural solutions to environmental conditions in two cities in Syria
Recommendations for a sustainable residential architecture:
1) Encouraging direct contact between Buildings and natural land “soil”, and placing them at least one meter
below ground level for best use of air currents of the appropriate direction of wind. Also, providing buildings
with artificial water bodies at the hot climate zones, so that we can control the rate of relative humidity and wind
flow according to the desired results.
2) Installing sun breakers on east and south elevations to protect from solar radiation in summer. Also,
developing sun breakers to act as an energy source by installing solar cells on the external parameter “east, south
east, and west”.
3) Making use of the wind catchers by installing electric units “turbines” to generate electricity within buildings’
interiors, which provides the building with the power needed to operate electric devices.
4) Providing buildings’ wind catchers with solar-operating heaters for best use of the airflow that is transmitted
into the interiors, hence heating buildings without the need for electric units and achieving ideal living conditions,
which saves power and energy.
Other recommendations that have been discussed within other research papers, and have proven to work in favor
of Sustainability and Green Architecture:
1) Installing Trombe walls on parts of the south elevation to allow direct thermal exchange between the interior
spaces and the exterior surroundings and control it through different seasons, as shown in Figure 15

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Figure 21. The use of Trombe Walls

2) Installing solar-cell units to support the building’s consumption of power and transmit the excess to the public
network which helps reduce environmental damages through fossil energy, as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 22. Ceramic roof tiles with solar energy units

3) Using automated lighting that operates in correspondence to people’s activities within spaces, which save
power.
4) Providing rainwater tanks in buildings’ basement. The collected water can be used in summer to provide
appropriate humidity within the interiors as shown in the diagrams.
Figure 17 illustrates a section through a building where several architectural decisions are made to achieve
sustainability.

Figure 23. The ideal use of natural conditions to reduce energy consumption

5. Conclusion
Good use of natural and environmental materials and architectural heritage for each region separately has a
dramatic influence on the comfort level of living conditions in modern buildings. Modern architects should
advocate sustainable architecture through environmental awareness and the ideal use of available natural
resources to reduce the consumption of power, which leads to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the occupied
architectural spaces. The implementation of sustainability in architectural and urban design through the use of
climate and surrounding environment conditions without compromising the building’s functions leads to increase
in energy conservation. The building then becomes self-sustained, and it can also act as an additional energy

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source in the city public energy network (Kantlis, 1971).

The use of sustainability both in theory and practice has proved that such systems achieve ideal building design
hence ideal living conditions. The cost spent on power and energy consumption in a building through technical
units can be spent on a sustainable design instead, which eventually saves a lot in the long run. Architects of the
modern world should be encouraged and provided by the sufficient education to focus on sustainable design for
better environment, hence better living conditions. Architects design buildings, and buildings design people’s
lifestyle, therefore it is the architect responsibility to put sustainability in a good use.

References
Grondin, D. (1959). “Architecture and climate”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 79-86.
Fersonov, F. M, (1982). “Architectural Engineering in Hot Climate”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 158-173.
Hatkness, E, Wicha, M. (1984). “Solar radiation control in buildings”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 42-53.
Gosiev, N. M, (1985). “Calculation of solar radiation”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 94-103.
Bonin, A. B, (1981). “Urban Planning and Housing”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 133-139
Prakhin, A. M (1979). “Architecture collection”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 51-64
Putsavage, K, (2001). “Mesa Verde Style Mugs: An Analysis of Domestic and Ritual Functions”, Colorado:
University of Maryland, Pages 26-39
Girsberger, W,Girsberger, H, (1986). “The Complete works of Le Corbusier 1910-65”, Zurich: Artemis
Publishers, Pages 86-94
Vytorin, M, (1984). “Modern architecture history”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, Pages 211-223.
Edkin, U, “On becoming an Architect”, Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1976., Pages 47-52.
AlSuliman, A,(2009). “Bioclimate architecture”,Damascus: Al Shahba Publishers, Pages 37-44
The American Institute of Architects (2007, April 23). Z6 House. The American Institute of Architects. Retrived
January 12, 2014, from http://www2.aiatopten.org/hpb/overview.cfm?ProjectID=851
Kantlis, G, (1971). “Building physics fundamentals”, Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers, Pages 63-68.

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