T‭ o Study the response of‬

‭Passive RC & RL High Pass‬

‭Filters‬
‭Electric Network Analysis‬

‭Maaz Hamid || Wajeeha Wasim || Muhammad Soban || Fatima Nasir‬

‭DE - 45 - EE - Syn. B‬

‭Submitted to: Prof. Harris‬ ‭Submission Date : 29/04/2024‬

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‭Objectives‬
‭●‬ ‭To study the Gain vs. Frequency response of Passive RC, RL High Pass Filters.‬

‭Abstract‬
‭ his‬ ‭lab‬ ‭report‬ ‭investigates‬ ‭the‬ ‭frequency‬ ‭response‬ ‭of‬ ‭an‬ ‭RC‬ ‭high-pass‬ ‭filter.‬ ‭Through‬
T
‭careful‬ ‭experimenting‬ ‭and‬ ‭data‬ ‭analysis,‬ ‭the‬ ‭filter's‬ ‭behavior‬ ‭is‬ ‭analyzed‬ ‭by‬ ‭varying‬ ‭the‬
‭frequency‬ ‭and‬ ‭measuring‬ ‭the‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭across‬ ‭the‬ ‭resistor.‬ ‭Results‬ ‭reveal‬ ‭the‬ ‭relationship‬
‭between‬ ‭frequency‬ ‭and‬ ‭voltage,‬ ‭providing‬ ‭details‬ ‭about‬ ‭the‬ ‭filter's‬ ‭performance‬
‭characteristics.‬

‭Theoretical Background‬
‭FOR RC LOW-PASS FILTER‬

‭●‬ T‭ he‬ ‭capacitance‬ ‭reactance‬ ‭(‭X ‬ с‬‭)‬ ‭decreases‬ ‭as‬ ‭frequency‬ ‭increases,‬ ‭contrasting‬ ‭with‬
‭the‬ ‭steady‬ ‭resistance‬ ‭(‬‭R‬‭)‬ ‭throughout‬ ‭frequency‬ ‭changes.‬ ‭At‬ ‭lower‬ ‭frequencies,‬ ‭Xс‬
‭predominates,‬ ‭yielding‬ ‭a‬ ‭significant‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭(‬‭Vс‬‭)‬ ‭across‬ ‭the‬ ‭capacitor‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬
‭the‬ ‭relatively‬ ‭minor‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭(‬‭V🇷‬‭)‬ ‭across‬ ‭the‬ ‭resistor‬ ‭(‬‭R‭)‬ .‬ ‭Conversely,‬ ‭at‬ ‭higher‬
‭frequencies,‬‭Vс‬‭diminishes while‬‭V🇷‬‭increases noticeably.‬

‭●‬ ‭The‬‭Transfer Function‬‭is given as such:‬

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‭●‬ F‭ or‬‭very‬‭low‬‭frequencies,‬‭we‬‭keep‬‭𝑋𝑐‬ ‭as‬‭infinity,‬‭and‬‭for‬‭high‬‭frequencies,‬‭we‬‭keep‬‭it‬

‭as 0.‬

‭●‬ ‭For low frequencies, gain is minimum, while for higher ones, it is maximum:‬

‭❖‬ ‭CUT-OFF FREQUENCY:‬

‭●‬ ‭The‬‭Cut-Off Frequency‬‭/‬‭Half Power Frequency‬‭can be obtained by setting:‬

‭(Equation 2)‬

‭●‬ ‭Compare Equation 1 and 2 to get:‬

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‭Solving to its final form and putting ω as subject, we get:‬

‭And as ω = 2πf,‬

‭●‬ A
‭ low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from DC up to the cutoff‬
‭frequency (ƒ).‬

‭FOR RL HIGH-PASS FILTER‬

‭●‬ ‭In‬ ‭an‬ ‭RL‬ ‭high-pass‬ ‭filter,‬ ‭we‬ ‭observe‬ ‭the‬ ‭reaction‬ ‭across‬ ‭the‬ ‭inductor.‬ ‭At‬ ‭low‬
f‭ requencies,‬ ‭the‬ ‭inductor‬ ‭acts‬ ‭like‬ ‭a‬ ‭short‬ ‭circuit,‬ ‭and‬ ‭at‬ ‭higher‬ ‭frequencies,‬ ‭it‬
‭behaves‬‭like‬‭an‬‭open‬‭circuit.‬‭We‬‭can‬‭conduct‬‭an‬‭analysis‬‭for‬‭an‬‭RL‬‭high-pass‬‭filter‬‭to‬
‭confirm the set points for the high pass filter by taking the output across the resistor.‬

‭●‬ ‭The‬‭Transfer Function‬‭is:‬

‭For lower frequencies,‬‭X‬‭L‬‭is‬‭0‬‭while for higher frequencies it is set as‬‭infinity‬‭.‬

L‭ ike before, for lower frequencies,‬‭gain is minimum‬‭and for higher frequencies it is‬
‭maximum‬‭. Set points are:‬
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‭❖‬ ‭FOR CUT-OFF FREQUENCY:‬

‭●‬ ‭Comparing Equation 2 and 3, we get:‬

‭●‬ ‭And solving it to its final form‬‭and putting ω as subject, we get‬‭:‬

‭●‬ A
‭ low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from DC up to the cutoff‬
‭frequency.‬

‭Apparatus‬

‭I.‬ ‭Inductor (10uH)‬

‭II.‬ ‭Jumper Wires‬

‭III.‬ ‭Function Generator‬

‭IV.‬ ‭Fixed Resistor (1 kΩ)‬

‭V.‬ ‭Capacitor (10 uF)‬

‭VI.‬ ‭Bread Board‬

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‭VII.‬ ‭Digital Multimeter (DMM)‬

‭VIII.‬ ‭CRO‬

‭IX.‬ ‭Probes‬

‭Procedure‬

‭1.‬ W ‭ e calculated the value of cut-off frequency (fc) using the provided values for our circuit‬
‭components.‬
‭2.‬ ‭We then fixed them on the breadboard to make these circuits for RC and RL high pass‬
‭filters respectively:‬

‭3.‬ W ‭ e gave a very small frequency of 1 Hz and noted down the corresponding value of‬
‭voltage across the resistor on our Oscilloscope under the “Vpp” reading. We then kept‬
‭increasing the frequency slowly and the responses were noted down in a table.‬
‭4.‬ ‭When the magnitude of the voltage across the resistor became 70.7% of the peak value,‬
‭We noted the cut-off frequency for the RC high pass filter.‬
‭5.‬ ‭The frequency was increased to observe the functionality of the circuit for frequencies‬
‭above the cutoff frequency.‬
‭6.‬ T‭ he voltage values seemed to increase exponentially, showing that the circuit was‬
‭allowing frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency to pass.‬
‭7.‬ ‭This showed that the circuit was acting as an RC high pass filter.‬
‭8.‬ T‭ he same thing was carried out with the RL circuit, but across the inductor instead of the‬
‭resistor, and a similar response was met.‬
‭9.‬ T‭ his experiment was later simulated on the software “Proteus”, with the following circuit‬
‭created for RC circuit:‬
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‭The readings are as follows:‬

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‭10.‬‭For RL, it was as follows:‬

‭The readings were as follows:‬

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‭The graph for both were similar in nature:‬

‭Hardware readings (RC):‬

‭Frequency (Hz)‬ ‭Voltage (V)‬

‭1‬ ‭3.20‬

‭2‬ ‭5.00‬

‭3‬ ‭7.20‬

‭4‬ ‭8.80‬
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‭5‬ ‭10.20‬

‭6‬ ‭11.60‬

‭7‬ ‭12.40‬

‭8‬ ‭13.20‬

‭9‬ ‭14.08‬

‭10‬ ‭14.64‬

‭11‬ ‭15.20‬

‭Conclusion:‬
‭ e examined the Gain vs. Frequency response of Passive RC, RL High Pass Filters using suitable‬
W
‭experiments on hardware and software, yielding suitable results that goes well with out‬
‭theoretical studies.‬
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