SCHEME OF ORGANIC ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TEST:
1) Note the colour and appearance of the given Brown colour Presence of amine or
organic compound phenol
Colourless Presence of alcohol,
ketone carboxylic acid
etc.

2) Treat the given organic compound with water. Soluble Presence of lower
alcohol, lower ketone
etc.
insoluble Presence of phenol,
higher aldehyde, higher
TEST FOR UNSATURATION amine etc.
1) Alkaline KMnO4 test: A little of organic compound No decolourisation Presence of saturated
is shaken with 3-4 drops of alkaline KMnO4. compound.
Pink colour is decolourised. Presence of unsaturated
compound.
2) Bromine water test: A little of organic compound No decolourisation Presence of saturated
is shaken with water and then a little bromine water compound.
is added. Decolourisation Presence of unsaturated
compound.

TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUP

I.TEST FOR ALCOHOL
1) Sodium metal test: Take one ml of the given Brisk effervescence Presence of alcohol.
substance in a dry test tube. Add 1g of anhydrous
CaSO4 and shake well. Then add a piece of sodium
metal.
2) Ester test: Take 1ml of given liquid in a clean and Pleasant fruity smell Presence of alcohol.
dry test tube. Add 1ml of glacial acetic acid and 2-3
drops of conc.H2SO4. Warm the mixture in water
bath for about 10 minutes. Pour it into about 20 ml
of cold water taken in a beaker and smell it.
3) Ceric ammonium nitrate test: Take one ml of the Appearance of pink or red Presence of alcohol.
given substance and add a few drops of ceric colour.
ammonium nitrate and shake well.
II. TEST FOR PHENOL
1) Neutral ferric chloride test: Take one ml of Bluish violet colouration. Presence of phenol
neutral ferric chloride in a clean test tube and add a
few drops of the given substance. (add some water
and pour in to sink)
2) Litmus test: place a drop of the given liquid on a The blue colour changes to Presence of phenol
moist blue litmus paper. red.
3) Liebermann’s test: place 2-3 crystals of sodium A deep red solution is
nitrite in a clean dry test tube and add about 1g of obtained which turns blue Presence of phenol
phenol. Heat gently for half a minute and allow it to or green with excess of
cool. Then add about 1ml of conc. H2SO4 and shake alkali.
well. Add water carefully.
TEST FOR ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
1) 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test (Borsch’s test) Yellow or orange crystals Presence of aldehyde or
Take one ml of the given substance and add a few are formed. ketone.
drops of Borsch’s reagent and shake well.
2) Sodium bisulphite test: Take 2ml of saturated Crystalline white ppt. Presence of aldehyde or
solution of sodium bisulphite in a clean test tube ketone.
and add 1ml of the given sample. Shake the test
tube and leave it for 15-20 minutes.
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
1) Schiff’s test: Take small amount of given sample Pink or magenta colour is Presence of aldehyde.
in a test tube. Add 1ml of Schiff’s reagent and shake appeared.
well.
2) Tollen’s test: Take small amount of given sample A shining silver mirror or Presence of aldehyde.
in a test tube. Add 2-3 drops of Tollen’s reagent and black ppt.
warm the test tube on a water bath for about 5
minutes.
3) Fehling’s test: Take 1ml each of Fehling’s solution Appearance of a red ppt. Presence of aldehyde.
A and B in a test tube. Add 4-5 drops of the given
organic compound and warm the test tube in a
water bath for 4-5 minutes.
TEST FOR KETONES
1) Sodium nitroprusside test: Take some amount of A wine red colour is Presence of ketone.
the given organic compound in a test tube and add appeared.
some amount of freshly prepared sodium
nitroprusside solution. Shake and add sodium
hydroxide solution drop wise.
2) m-Dinitrobenzene test: Place 0.5 ml of the given Violet colour is appeared Presence of ketone.
liquid in a clean test tube and add about 0.1 g of which slowly fade.
finely powdered m-Dinitrobenzene. Now add about
1 ml of sodium hydroxide solution and shake.
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID
1) Sodium bicarbonate test: To a small amount of Brisk effervescence. Presence of carboxylic
organic compound, add small amount of saturated acid.
sodium bicarbonate solution.
2) Litmus test: Place a small amount of the given Blue changes to red. Presence of carboxylic
compound on a moist blue litmus paper and note acid.
the colour change.
3) Ester test: Take 1ml of given liquid in a clean and Pleasant fruity smell. Presence of carboxylic
dry test tube. Add 4-5 drops of ethanol and 2-3 acid.
drops of conc.H2SO4. Warm the mixture in water
bath for about 10 minutes. Pour it into about 20 ml
of cold water taken in a beaker and smell it.
TEST FOR AMINES
1) Solubility test: Take small amount of the given Soluble. May be amine.
compound in a test tube and add 2-3 ml of dil.HCl.
shake and note the solubility.
2) Litmus test: Place a small amount of the given Red changes to blue. Presence of amine.
compound on a moist red litmus paper and note
the colour change.
3) Azo dye test
Dissolve 0.5 ml of organic compound in 2ml
conc.HCl and cool by placing in ice bath. Add 0.5 g Orange or red dye is formed Presence of aromatic
of NaNO2 dissolved in 5 ml of ice cold water slowly primary amine.
with shaking. then add a cold solution of ẞ-naphthol
in NaOH solution into it.

RESULT
The functional group present in the given organic compound is ----------------------