0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views

Notes 2CEBA 2023 Classes Objects1

Uploaded by

monishagurs06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views

Notes 2CEBA 2023 Classes Objects1

Uploaded by

monishagurs06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CHAPTER 1: TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OF COMPUTER

SYSTEMS
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is a circuit board that connects all system components like CPU, RAM,
expansion cards etc.
Characteristics of Motherboard
1.Form factor: It refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions, arrangement and
electrical requirements.
2.Chipset: It is a collection of microchips to perform specific functions.
3.Processor socket: It is a place where CPU is connected.
Types Of Motherboard
1.XT Motherboard
XT stands for eXtended Technology. In these motherboards, we find RAM slots, DIMM
(Dual Inline Memory Module) and, 12 pin power connector.
Example - Pentium-I
2.AT Motherboard
AT stands for Advanced Technology. They have PGA (Pin Grid Array) socket,20 pin power
connector, PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect ) slots .
Example - Pentium-III processors
3.Baby AT Motherboard
Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT.
Example - Pentium-IV
Components Of Motherboard
1.Processor: The processor or CPU is the main component of the motherboard and is called
the brain of the computer which consist of ALU, Control Unit and Registers.
Note:
a) The clock speed of a CPU is defined as the frequency with which a processor executes
instructions or the data.
b) Microprocessor is a small integrated circuit on a silicon chip that make the computer’s
CPU.
2.North Bridge
North Bridge or north Chipset is responsible for controlling high speed components like
CPU, RAM and Video Card.
3.South Bridge
South Bridge or south Chipset is responsible for controlling low speed components like
Sound Card, Net Card, hard disk etc.
4. BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
A read only memory chip which contains the start-up instructions for the computer system.
5.CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Battery
It is a lithium battery which provides the power supply to a motherboard to keep information
like system time and date when the system is off.
6.Slots
A slot is a socket in the mother board which is used to connect the add-on-cards.
Different Types of Slots are listed below
a) Expansion slot - The expansion cards are inserted in the expansion slots to give
the new features.
b) ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) slot - ISA slot is used to connect modem
and input devices.
c) PCI (Peripheral Component Inter Connect) slot - PCI slots are used to connect
graphics accelerator cards, sound cards etc.
d) AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) slot- AGP slot is meant to provide faster access
to a graphics accelerator card.
e) RAM slot - RAM slot is used to install memory and is of two types.
i)SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) slot
ii)DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) slot.
f) Processor slot - Processor slot is used to insert the processor chip.
g) PC Card Slot - It is a slot to insert card which includes Wi-Fi card, network card
and external modem.
7.Disk Controller
Disk Controller enables the CPU to communicate with hard disk and floppy disk.
a) Hard Disk Controller (HDC)
The hard disk controller is the interface that enables the computer to read and write
information to the hard drive.
NOTE: The first standard hard disk controller is IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
or Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA).
b) Floppy Disk Controller (FDC)
A floppy-disk controller is the interface that enables computer to read and write
information to the computer’s floppy disk drive (FDD).
8. I/O Ports and Interfaces
The ports and interfaces are used to connect external devices like printers, keyboards or
scanners to the computer.
Different Types of Slots are listed below
a)Serial Port
They are used for connecting communication devices like mouse and modem.
b)Parallel Port
They are used to connect external input/output devices like printers or scanners.
c)IDE (Integrated Digital Electronics) Port
IDE devices like CD-ROM drives or hard disk are connected to the motherboard
through the IDE port.
d)USB (Universal Serial Bus) PORT
USB port allows to connect printers, scanners, digital cameras, web cameras, speakers
etc.to computer.
NOTE: USB - It is a plug-and-play interface between a computer and add-on devices
e)PS-2 (Personal System-2 Port)
Used to connect keyboard, mouse, trackballs and touch pads.
f)AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
The AGP port is used to connect to graphic card.
g)SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Port
This port is used for adding external devices such as high-speed hard-disks, high-end
scanners to computer.
h)VGA(Visual Graphics Adaptor) Port
It connects monitor to a computer’s video card.
i)Power Connector
It connects to the computer’s power cable.
j)MODEM (Modulator Demodulator)
It connects a PC’s modem to the telephone network.
k)Ethernet Port
It connects to a network and high-speed internet.
l)Game Port
It connects a PC to a joystick.
m)DVI (Digital Video Interface) Port
It connects LCD monitor to video graphic cards.
n)Sockets
They are used to connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer.
o)MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) Port
It is a system designed to transmit information between electronic musical
instruments.
9. Bus
A bus is a collection of parallel wires that carry address, data and control signals.
There are two types of Buses
a) Internal bus /System Bus
b) External bus/Expansion Bus
a) Internal bus: It connects major computer components like, processor, memory and I/O.
It consists of 3 buses
i) Data bus provides a path to transfer data between CPU and memory.
ii) Address bus connects CPU and RAM for transferring address.
iii) Control bus carry control information between the CPU and other devices within
the computer.
b) External bus: It connects the different external devices, peripherals, expansion slots, I/O
ports and drive connections to the rest of the computer.

REGISTERS
The registers are high speed temporary storage areas located inside the CPU.

CACHE MEMORY
1)The cache memory is a high-speed memory placed between RAM and CPU to speed up
access of data and instructions stored in RAM memory.
2)Cache memory is very expensive and smaller in size.
3)The CPU have Level1 (L1) cache and Level2 (L2) cache of size 256KB and 6MB
respectively.
4)Some CPUs have a separate cache chip on the motherboard called Level3 (L3) cache of
size 12MB.

TYPES OF RAM
1)DRAM or Dynamic RAM
It must be refreshed continually to store information.
2)SRAM and Static Random Access Memory
It does not need constant refreshing and therefore is faster than DRAM.
3)SDRAM or Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
It is a special type of DRAM that is synchronized to the system clock.
4)DDR-SDRAM or Double-Data Rate SDRAM It is same as SDRAM but the data rate is
double
POWER SUPPLY TO A COMPUTER SYSTEM
There are two types of power supply connected to a computer system.
1)Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
2)Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
1) Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)
An SMPS converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC power needed by system
components.
2) Uninterruptable Power Supply UPS
The UPS is a power supply that includes a battery to maintain power in the event of a power
failure.
Types Of UPS
a) Online UPS- An online UPS continuously provides power from its own inverter,
even when the power line is functioning properly.
b) Standby UPS- A Standby UPS (or off-line UPS) monitors the power line and
switches to battery power as soon as it detects a problem.
___________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 6: BASIC CONCEPTS OF OBJECT-ORIENTED


PROGRAMMING
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
It is a concept that combines both the data and the functions

CHARACTERISTICS OF OOP
1.Object
Object is an instance of a class.
2.Class
A class is a user defined data type that contains data members and member functions.
3.Data Abstraction
The process of representing essential features without including the background details.
4.Data Encapsulation
The process of combining data and functions into single unit.
NOTE: The concept of insulating the data from direct access by the program is called
data hiding.
5.Inheritance
A mechanism by which one class acquires the properties of another class is called as
inheritance.
6.Polymorphism
The ability of an operator and functions to take multiple forms is known as polymorphism.
a)Operator Overloading: The ability of operator to perform different operations in
different instances based on data used is Operator Overloading.
b)Function Overloading: Two or more functions having same name but differ in number
of arguments or type of arguments is called Function Overloading.
7.Dynamic binding
Dynamic binding is the process of linking procedure call to a specific sequence of code.
8.Message passing
Message passing is sending and receiving information between the objects.

ADVANTAGES OF OOP
1. The programs are modularized based on the principle of classes and objects.
2. Code reusability.
3. Provides data security using encapsulation.
4. Easier to develop complex software through inheritance.
5. Reduces software development time.

LIMITATIONS OF 00P
1. The adaptability of flow diagrams and object-oriented programming using classes and
objects is a complex process.
2. To convert a real-world problem into an object-oriented model is difficult.
3. Programmer needs to do proper planning and design.
4. OOPs use tricky methods to do programming.
5. Programmer needs proper skills.
APPLICATIONS OF OOP
1. Real time systems
2. Artificial intelligence and expert systems.
3. CAD/CAM systems.
4. Simulation and modeling.
5. Computer graphic applications.

You might also like