BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO

7500-1:2004
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Metallic materials —
Verification of static
uniaxial testing
machines —
Part 1: Tension/compression testing
machines — Verification and
calibration of the force-measuring
system

The European Standard EN ISO 7500-1:2004 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 77.040.10

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 BS EN ISO 7500-1:2004

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN ISO 7500-1:2004. It is identical with ISO 7500-1:2004. It supersedes
BS EN ISO 7500-1:1999 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
ISE/NFE/4, Mechanical testing of metals, to Subcommittee ISE/NFE/4/1,
Uniaxial testing of metals, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any

enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”,
or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

This British Standard was Summary of pages

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title
Strategy Committee page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 17
on 18 August 2004 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

© BSI 18 August 2004

ISBN 0 580 44316 7

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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 7500-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM August 2004

ICS 77.040.10 Supersedes EN ISO 7500-1:1999

English version

Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing

machines - Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines -
Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system (ISO
7500-1:2004)

Matériaux métalliques - Vérification des machines pour Metallische Werkstoffe - Prüfung von statischen
essais statiques uniaxiaux - Partie 1: Machines d'essai de einachsigen Prüfmaschinen - Teil 1: Zug- und
traction/compression - Vérification et étalonnage du Druckprüfmaschinen - Prüfung und Kalibrierung der
système de mesure de force (ISO 7500-1:2004) Kraftmesseinrichtung (ISO 7500-1:2004)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 July 2004.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
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Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 7500-1:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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 EN ISO 7500-1:2004 (E)

Foreword

This document (EN ISO 7500-1:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164
"Mechanical testing of metals" in collaboration with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 1 "Steel -
Mechanical testing", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2005, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2005.

This document supersedes EN ISO 7500-1:1999.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of

the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 7500-1:2004 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 7500-1:2004 without any
modifications.

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2
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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7500-1

Third edition
2004-08-15

Metallic materials — Verification of static

uniaxial testing machines —
Part 1:
Tension/compression testing
machines — Verification and calibration
of the force-measuring system
Matériaux métalliques — Vérification des machines pour essais
statiques uniaxiaux
Partie 1: Machines d'essai de traction/compression — Vérification et
étalonnage du système de mesure de force
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Reference number
ISO 7500-1:2004(E)

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004

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ii
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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and their meanings ............................................................................................................... 2
5 General inspection of the testing machine ........................................................................................ 2
6 Calibration of the force-measuring system of the testing machine ................................................ 3
6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.2 Determination of the resolution........................................................................................................... 3
6.3 Prior determination of the relative resolution of the force indicator ............................................... 4
6.4 Calibration procedure........................................................................................................................... 4
6.5 Assessment of the force indicator ...................................................................................................... 7
7 Class of testing machine range ........................................................................................................... 8
8 Verification report ................................................................................................................................. 8
8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 8
8.2 General information .............................................................................................................................. 8
8.3 Results of verification........................................................................................................................... 9
9 Intervals between verifications............................................................................................................ 9
Annex A (normative) General inspection of the testing machine ............................................................... 10
Annex B (informative) Inspection of the loading platens of the compression testing machines ............ 11
Annex C (informative) Alternative method of testing machine classification............................................ 12
Annex D (informative) Uncertainty of the calibration results of the force-measuring system................. 13
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 7500-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee
SC 1, Uniaxial testing.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7500-1:1999) which has been technically
revised.

ISO 7500 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials — Verification of static
uniaxial testing machines:

 Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring

system

 Part 2: Tension creep testing machines — Verification of the applied load

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iv Standards Institution
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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7500-1:2004(E)

Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing

machines —
Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and
calibration of the force-measuring system

1 Scope
This part of ISO 7500 specifies the verification of tension/compression testing machines.

The verification consists of

 a general inspection of the testing machine, including its accessories for the force application;

 a calibration of the force-measuring system.

NOTE This part of ISO 7500 addresses the static verification of the force-measuring systems. The calibration values
are not necessarily valid for high-speed or dynamic testing applications. Further information regarding dynamic effects is
given in the Bibliography.

2 Normative references
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The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 376, Metallic materials — Calibration of force-proving instruments used for the verification of uniaxial
testing machines

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following term and definition apply.

3.1
calibration
set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities
indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a
reference material, and the corresponding values realized by standards

See VIM[1].

NOTE 1 The result of a calibration permits either the assignment of values of measurands to the indications or the
determination of corrections with respect to indications.

NOTE 2 A calibration may also determine other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities.

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

NOTE 3 The result of a calibration may be recorded in a document, sometimes called a calibration certificate or a
calibration report.

4 Symbols and their meanings

Symbols and their meanings are given in Table 1.

Table 1 — Symbols and their meanings

Symbol Unit Meaning

a % Relative resolution of the force indicator of the testing machine

b % Relative repeatability error of the force-measuring system of the testing machine
f0 % Relative zero error of the force-measuring system of the testing machine

F N True force indicated by the force-proving instrument with increasing test force
F' N True force indicated by the force-proving instrument with decreasing test force
Fc N True force indicated by the force-proving instrument with increasing test force, for the
complementary series of measurements for the smallest range used
Fi N Force indicated by the force indicator of the testing machine to be verified, with
increasing test force
F ′i N Force indicated by the force indicator of the testing machine to be verified, with
decreasing test force

Fi, F N Arithmetic mean of several measurements of Fi and F for the same discrete force

Fi max, Fi min
N Highest or lowest value of Fi or F for the same discrete force
Fmax, Fmin

Fic N Force reading on the force indicator of the testing machine to be verified, with
increasing test force, for the complementary series of measurements for the smallest
range used
Fi0 N Residual indication of the force indicator of the testing machine to be verified after
removal of force
FN N Maximum capacity of the measuring range of the force indicator of the testing
machine
gn m/s2 Local acceleration due to gravity

q % Relative accuracy error of the force-measuring system of the testing machine

r N Resolution of the force indicator of the testing machine
v % Relative reversibility error of the force-measuring system of the testing machine
ρair kg/m3 Density of air

ρm kg/m3 Density of the dead weights

5 General inspection of the testing machine

The verification of the testing machine shall only be carried out if the machine is in good working order. For
this purpose, a general inspection of the machine shall be carried out before calibration of the force-measuring
system of the machine (see Annex A).

NOTE Good metrological practice requires a calibration run prior to any maintenance or adjustments to the testing
machine.

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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

6 Calibration of the force-measuring system of the testing machine

6.1 General

This calibration shall be carried out for each of the force ranges used and with all force indicators in use. Any
accessory devices (e.g. pointer, recorder) that may affect the force-measuring system shall, where used, be
verified in accordance with 6.4.6.

If the testing machine has several force-measuring systems, each system shall be regarded as a separate
testing machine. The same procedure shall be followed for double-piston hydraulic machines.

The calibration shall be carried out using force-proving instruments with the following exception. If the force to
be verified is below the lower limit of the smallest capacity force-proving device used in the calibration
procedure, use known masses.

When more than one force-proving instrument is required to calibrate a force range, the maximum force
applied to the smaller device shall be the same as the minimum force applied to the next force-proving
instrument of higher capacity. When a set of known masses is used to verify forces, the set shall be
considered as a single force-proving instrument.

The calibration should be carried out with constant indicated forces, Fi. When this method is not feasible, the
calibration can be carried out with constant true forces.

NOTE 1 Calibration can be carried out using a slowly increasing force. The word “constant” signifies that the same
value of Fi (or F) is used for the three series of measurements (see 6.4.5).

The instruments used for the calibration shall have a certified traceability to the international system of units.

The force-proving instrument shall comply with the requirements specified in ISO 376. The class of the
instrument shall be equal to or better than the class for which the testing machine is to be calibrated. In the
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case of dead weights, the relative error of the force generated by these weights shall be less than or equal to
± 0,1 %.

NOTE 2 The exact equation giving the force, F, in newtons, created by the dead weight of mass m, in kilograms, is:

 ρ air 
F = mg n 1 −  (1)
 ρm 

This force can be calculated using the following approximate formula:

F = mgn (2)

The relative error of the force can be calculated, using the formula:

∆F ∆m ∆g n
= + (3)
F m gn

6.2 Determination of the resolution

6.2.1 Analogue scale

The thickness of the graduation marks on the scale shall be uniform and the width of the pointer shall be
approximately equal to the width of a graduation mark.

The resolution, r, of the indicator shall be obtained from the ratio between the width of the pointer and the
centre-to-centre distance between two adjacent scale graduation marks (scale interval). The recommended
ratios are 1:2, 1:5 or 1:10, a spacing of 2,5 mm or greater being required for the determination of one-tenth of
a scale division.

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

6.2.2 Digital scale

The resolution is taken to be one increment of the count of the numerical indicator, provided that, when the
instrument is unloaded and the motors and controls system are operating, the indication does not fluctuate by
more than one increment.

6.2.3 Variation of readings

If the readings vary by more than the value previously calculated for the resolution (with the calibration of the
force-indicating instrument unloaded and with the motor and/or drive mechanism and control on for
determining the sum of all electrical noise), the resolution, r, shall be deemed to be equal to half the range of
fluctuation plus one increment.

NOTE 1 This only determines the resolution due to system noise and does not account for control errors, i.e., in the
case of hydraulic machines.

NOTE 2 For auto-ranging machines, the resolution of the indicator changes as the resolution or gain of the system
changes.

6.2.4 Unit

The resolution, r, shall be expressed in units of force.

6.3 Prior determination of the relative resolution of the force indicator

The relative resolution, a, of the force indicator is defined by the relationship:

r
a= × 100 (4)
F
where

r is the resolution defined in 6.2;

F is the force at the point under consideration.

The relative resolution shall be determined at each calibration point and shall not exceed the values given in
Table 2 for the class of machine being verified.

6.4 Calibration procedure

6.4.1 Alignment of the force-proving instrument

Mount tension force-proving instruments in the machine in such a way as to minimize any effects of bending
(see ISO 376). For the alignment of a force-proving instrument in the compression mode, mount a platen with
a ball nut on the instrument if the machine does not have an incorporated ball cup.

NOTE If the machine has two work areas with a common force application and indicating device, one calibration
could be performed, so that e.g., compression in the upper work area equals tension in the lower work area, and vice
versa. The certificate should carry an appropriate comment.

6.4.2 Temperature compensation

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The calibration shall be carried out at an ambient temperature of between 10 °C and 35 °C. The temperature
at which the calibration is carried out shall be noted in the verification report.

A sufficient period of time shall be provided to allow the force-proving instrument to reach a stable period of
temperature. The temperature of the force-proving instrument shall remain stable to within ± 2 °C during each
calibration run. If necessary, temperature corrections shall be applied to the readings (see ISO 376).

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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

6.4.3 Conditioning of the testing machine

The machine, with the force-proving instrument in position, shall be loaded at least three times between zero
and the maximum force to be measured.

6.4.4 Procedure

The following method should be used: a given force, Fi, indicated by the force indicator of the machine, is
applied to the machine and the true force, F, indicated by the force-proving instrument, is noted.

If it is not possible to use this method, the true force, F, indicated by the force-proving instrument, is applied to
the machine and the force, Fi, indicated by the force indicator of the verified machine, is noted.

6.4.5 Application of discrete forces

Three series of measurements shall be taken with increasing force. For machines applying not more than five
discrete levels of force, each value of relative error shall not exceed the values given in Table 2 for a specific
class. For machines applying more than five discrete levels of force, each series of measurements shall
comprise at least five discrete force levels at approximately equal intervals between 20 % and 100 % of the
maximum range of the scale.

If a calibration is conducted at a force below 20 % of the range, supplementary force measurements shall be
made at approximately 10 %, 5 %, 2 %, 1 %, 0,5 %, 0,2 % and 0,1 % of the scale down to and including the
lower limit of calibration.

NOTE 1 The lower limit of the range can be determined by multiplying the resolution, r, by:

 400 for class 0,5;

 200 for class 1;
 100 for class 2;
 67 for class 3.

For testing machines with auto-ranging indicators, at least two force steps shall be applied on each part of the
range where the resolution does not change.

NOTE 2 The force-proving instrument may be rotated through an angle of 120° before each series of measurements
and a preload run undertaken.

For each discrete force, the arithmetic mean of the values obtained for each series of measurements shall be
calculated. From these mean values, the relative accuracy error and the relative repeatability error of the
force-measuring system of the testing machine shall be calculated (see 6.5).

The indicator reading shall be set to zero before each series of measurements. The zero reading shall be
taken approximately 30 s after the force is completely removed. In the case of an analogue indicator, it shall
also be checked that the pointer balances freely around zero and, if a digital indicator is used, that any drop
below zero is immediately registered, for example by a sign indicator (+ or −).

The relative zero error of each series calculated shall be noted using the following equation:

Fi0
f0 = × 100 (5)
FN

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

6.4.6 Verification of accessories

The good working order and resistance due to friction of the mechanical accessory devices (pointer, recorder)
shall be verified by one of the following methods according to whether the machine is normally used with or
without accessories:

a) machine normally used with the accessories: three series of measurements shall be made with increasing
force (see 6.4.5) with the accessories connected for each force-measuring range used and one
complementary series of measurements, without accessories, for the smallest range used.

b) machine normally used without accessories: three series of measurements shall be made with increasing
force (see 6.4.5) with the accessories disconnected for each force-measuring range used and one
complementary series of measurements with the accessories connected for the smallest range used.

In both cases the relative accuracy error, q, shall be calculated for the three normal series of measurements,
and the relative repeatability error, b, shall be calculated from the four series. The values obtained for b and q
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shall conform to those listed in Table 2 for the class under consideration, and the following further conditions
shall be satisfied:

 for calibration with constant indicated force:

Fi − F c
100 < 1,5 q (6)
Fc

 for calibration with constant true force:

Fic − F
100 < 1,5 q (7)
F

NOTE In the equations, the value of q is the maximum permissible value given in Table 2 for the class under
consideration.

6.4.7 Verification of the effect of differences in piston positions

For hydraulic machines, where the hydraulic pressure at the actuator is used to measure the test force, the
influence of a difference in position of the piston shall be verified for the smallest measuring range of the
machine used, during the three series of measurements (see 6.4.5). The position of the piston shall be
different for each series of measurements.

NOTE In the case of a double-piston hydraulic machine, it is necessary to consider both pistons.

6.4.8 Determination of relative reversibility error

When required, the relative reversibility error, v, shall be determined by carrying out a calibration at the same
discrete levels of force, first with increasing force levels and then with decreasing force levels. In this case, the
machine shall also be calibrated with decreasing force.

The difference between the values obtained with increasing force and with decreasing force enables the
relative reversibility error to be calculated (see Figure 1), using the following equation:

F − F′
v= × 100 (8)
F

or, for the particular case of the calibration carried out with a constant true force:

Fi′ − Fi
v= × 100 (9)
F

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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

This determination shall be carried out for the lowest and highest force ranges of the testing machine.

X True force
Y Force reading on the force indicator

Figure 1 — Schematic diagram for the determination of reversibility

6.5 Assessment of the force indicator

6.5.1 Relative accuracy error

The relative accuracy error expressed as a percentage of the mean true force, F , is given by the equation:

Fi − F
q= × 100 (10)
F

For the particular case of the calibration being carried out with a constant true force, the relative accuracy
error is given by the equation:

Fi −F
q= × 100 (11)
F

6.5.2 Relative repeatability error

The relative repeatability error, b, for each discrete force, is the difference between the highest and lowest
measured values with respect to the average. It is given by the equation:

Fmax − Fmin
b= × 100 (12)
F

7
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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

For the particular case of calibration carried out with a constant true force, the relative repeatability error is
given by the equation:

Fimax − Fimin
b= × 100 (13)
F

6.5.3 Agreement between two force-proving instruments

When two force-proving instruments are required to calibrate a measuring range and the same nominal force
is separately applied to both (see 6.1), the magnitude of the difference between the relative accuracy errors
obtained with each instrument shall not exceed 1,5 times the magnitude of the repeatability corresponding to
the class of machine given in Table 2, i.e. q1 − q2 < 1,5b.

7 Class of testing machine range

Table 2 gives the maximum permissible values for the different relative errors of the force-measuring system
and for the relative resolution of the force indicator, which characterize a testing machine range in accordance
with the appropriate class.

A measuring range on the force indicator shall only be considered to conform if the inspection is satisfactory
for the range of measurement at least between 20 % and 100 % of the nominal range.

Table 2 — Characteristic values of the force-measuring system

Maximum permissible value

%
Class of Relative error of Relative
machine range resolution
accuracy repeatability reversibilitya zero
q b v f0 a

0,5 ± 0,5 0,5 ± 0,75 ± 0,05 0,25

1 ± 1,0 1,0 ± 1,5 ± 0,1 0,5
2 ± 2,0 2,0 ± 3,0 ± 0,2 1,0
3 ± 3,0 3,0 ± 4,5 ± 0,3 1,5
a According to 6.4.8, the relative reversibility error is only determined when required.

8 Verification report

8.1 General

The verification report shall contain at least the following information.

8.2 General information

a) reference to this part of ISO 7500, i.e. ISO 7500-1;

b) identification of the testing machine (manufacturer, type, year of manufacture if known, serial number)
and, if applicable, specific identification of the force indicator (mark, type, serial number);

c) location of the machine;

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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

d) type, class and reference number of the force-proving instrument used, calibration certificate number and
expiration date of the certificate;

e) calibration temperature;

f) date of verification;
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g) name or mark of the verifying authority.

8.3 Results of verification

The results of verification shall mention:

a) any anomaly found during the general inspection;

b) for each force-measuring system used, the mode of calibration (tension, compression,
tension/compression), the class of each range calibrated and, if requested, the discrete values of relative
errors of accuracy, repeatability, reversibility zero and resolution;

c) the lower limit of each range to which the assessment applies.

9 Intervals between verifications

The time between two verifications depends on the type of testing machine, the standard of maintenance and
the amount of use. Unless otherwise specified, it is recommended that verification be carried out at intervals
not exceeding 12 months.

The machine shall in any case be verified if it is moved to a new location necessitating dismantling or if it is
subject to major repairs or adjustments.

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)
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Annex A
(normative)

General inspection of the testing machine

General
The general inspection of the testing machine (see Clause 5) shall be carried out before the calibration of the
force-measuring system and shall comprise the following.

A.2 Visual examination

The visual examination shall verify

a) that the machine is in good working order and not adversely affected by certain aspects of its general
condition, such as

 pronounced wear or defects in the guiding elements of the moving crosshead or grips;

 looseness in the columns' mountings and in the fixed crosshead;

b) that the machine is not affected by environmental conditions (vibrations, electrical supply interferences,
effects of corrosion, local temperature variations, etc);

c) that the masses are correctly identifiable, if detachable mass pendulum devices are used.

A.3 Inspection of the structure of the machine

A check shall be made to ensure that the structure and gripping systems permit the force to be applied axially.

A.4 Inspection of the crosshead drive mechanism

It shall be verified that the crosshead drive mechanism permits a uniform and smooth variation of force and
can enable various discrete forces to be obtained with sufficient accuracy.

NOTE The drive mechanism should enable the deformation rates of the test piece required to determine the specified
mechanical properties.

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ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

Annex B
(informative)

Inspection of the loading platens of the compression testing machines

Loading platens are either permanently installed in the machine or they are specific components of the testing
machine.

It should be verified that the loading platens perform their function in accordance with the requirements of the
testing machine.

Unless other requirements are specified in certain test standards, the maximum flatness deviation should be
0,01 mm measured over 100 mm.

When the platen is made of steel, the hardness should be greater than or equal to 55 HRC.

For machines used for testing specimens sensitive to bending stresses, it should be checked whether the
upper platen is carried in a cup and ball seat which, in the unloaded state, is practically without play and easy
to adjust to an angle of up to approximately 3°.
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IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

Annex C
(informative)

Alternative method of testing machine classification

This alternative method of classifying testing machines is based on the global error concept which requires all
values (not only the average) to be within certain limits.

The accuracy error of the testing machine is determined as a percentage of the force applied or indicated by

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the testing machine. Using the symbols given in Table 1, the relative error is calculated as follows:

Fi − F
q= × 100 (C.1)
F

The repeatability error is determined based on the definition for repeatability in OIML vocabulary[2], where only
one variable has to be changed and this variable is another application of approximately the same force. In
this case, the repeatability calculation, which determines the accuracy of the testing machine, is from one
application of force to another of approximately equal level. It is recommended that two applications of
approximately the same force level be needed to calculate the repeatability and that the repeatability is
calculated from the algebraic difference between accuracy errors:

b = q1 − q 2 (C.2)

where q1 and q2 are the relative errors for each force application.

Since the second application of the force does not have to be identical to the first, the variables associated
with operator skills or parameters of the machine control do not influence the repeatability of the accuracy of
the force measurement.

The classification of the testing machine given in Table 2 does not change, only the method of calculating the
accuracy and repeatability changes. The use of this method makes it easier to automate the calibration
process.

NOTE If this alternative method is used, reference to its use should be noted on the report.

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 ENIS-0057
ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

Annex D
(informative)

Uncertainty of the calibration results of the force-measuring system

D.1 Introduction
It is possible to calculate the uncertainty of the force-measuring system, at the time of calibration, either from
the specification limits or from the readings obtained. These calculations are detailed in the following sections.

Since the accuracy error, as a known bias, is usually not corrected during calibration, if it falls within
specifications of Table 2, the range within which the estimated relative error, E, could reasonably be expected
to lie, should be E = q ± U, where q is the relative accuracy error defined in 6.5.1 and U is the expanded
uncertainty [3].

D.2 Incremental forces

D.2.1 Estimate of the relative mean error

The best estimate of the relative mean error in the force indicated by the testing machine is q, the relative
accuracy error. Associated with this estimate of the relative mean error is an expanded uncertainty, U, given
by:

n
U = k × uc = k × ∑ u i2 (D.1)
i =1

where

k is the coverage factor;

uc is the combined uncertainty;

u1 to un are the relevant standard uncertainties.

u1 to un include terms related to repeatability, resolution and the transfer standard. Other uncertainty
contributions which need to be considered may include end-loading (force introduction) effects and the
influence of the operator.
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IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

D.2.2 Repeatability

The standard uncertainty related to repeatability, urep, is the standard deviation of the estimated relative mean
error value:

 n 
∑( )
1  100 1 2

u rep = Fj −F (D.2)
n  F

( n − 1) j =1



where

n is the number of readings at each nominal force level;

Fj is the measured force level (units of force);

F is the mean measured force level (units of force).

When the alternative method of testing machines classification is used (see Annex C) then

n 2
1
u rep = ∑
n( n − 1) i −1
(qi − q ) (D.3)

where

n is the number of readings at each nominal force level;

qi is the measured error at the nominal force level (%);

q is the mean measured error at the nominal force level (%).

D.2.3 Resolution

The standard uncertainty related to relative resolution, ures, is derived from a rectangular distribution:

a
u res = (D.4)
2 3

D.2.4 Transfer standard

The standard uncertainty related to the transfer standard, ustd, is given by:
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2
u std = u cal + A2 + B 2 + C 2 (D.5)

where

ucal is the relative standard’s calibration uncertainty;

A, B, and C are, where relevant, contributions due to temperature, drift and linear approximation to the
polynomial curve.

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O1:(4002E)

D.2.5 Expanded uncertainty

Once all the relevant standard uncertainties have been allowed for (including the other contributions
mentioned above), the combined uncertainty, uc, is multiplied by a coverage factor, k, to give the expanded
uncertainty, U. It is recommended that a value of k = 2 be used, although k may also be calculated from the
number of effective degrees of freedom. The principles laid down in [3] should be adhered to.

The estimated mean relative error, E, could reasonably be expected to lie within the range:

E = q ±U (D.6)

and the mean generated force, F, can be expressed as:

Fi
F ≈ Fi − (q ± U ) (D.7)
100

D.3 Decremental forces

For decremental forces, the combined uncertainty, u′c, is calculated from the uncertainty contributions of q
and v. The uncertainty contribution of v is assumed to be the same as that of the incremental accuracy error q.
The combined uncertainty, u′c, is thus estimated as:

u ′c = 2 × u c (D.8)

The combined uncertainty, u′c, is multiplied by a coverage factor, k, to give the expanded uncertainty, U ′. The
estimated mean relative error, E′, could reasonably be expected to lie within the range:

E′ = ( q + v) ± U ′ (D.9)

where

q is the incremental relative accuracy error;

v is the relative reversibility error;

The mean generated decremental force, F′, can be expressed as:

Fi′
F ′ ≈ Fi′ − ( q + v ) ± U ′ (D.10)
100 

EXAMPLE:

 indicated force: 100,0 kN, resolution 0,5 kN

 measured incremental forces (runs 1 to 3): 100,1 kN, 100,8 kN, and 100,9 kN

 measured decremental force (run 4): 99,5 kN

 class 1 transfer standard (ustd = 0,12 %)

 no significant drift, temperature, or fit effects

 no significant end-loading or operator influence effects

 relative accuracy error q = − 0,60 %: meets class 1 criteria

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 EN ISO 7500−1:2004
IS-0057 O1:(4002E)

 relative repeatability error b = 0,80 %: meets class 1 criteria

 relative reversibility error v = + 1,39 %: meets class 1 criteria

 relative resolution a = 0,50 %: meets class 1 criteria

 urep = 0,25 % (standard deviation of mean estimated error)

 ures = 0,14 % (standard uncertainty of resolution)

 ustd = 0,12 % (standard uncertainty of standard’s calibration)

 uc = 0,31 % (root sum squares combination of above three components)

 u′c = 0,44 % (root sum squares combination of the incremental and decremental components)

 U = 0,62 % (product of combined uncertainty and k = 2)

 U ′ = 0,88 % (product of incremental and decremental combined uncertainty and k = 2)

E = ( −0,60 ± 0,62 ) % (expected range of mean incremental error)

( F
)
F ≈ Fi − i ( −0,60 ± 0,62 ) kN (expected range of mean incremental force)
100

E′ = −0, 60 + 1,39 ± 0,88 = ( 0,79 ± 0,88 ) % (expected range of mean decremental error)

( F′
)
F ′ ≈ Fi′ − i ( 0,79 ± 0,88) kN (expected range of mean decremental force)
100

NOTE The above procedure results only in uncertainties of the mean accuracy error obtained during the calibration
of the testing machine. It does not give the uncertainty associated with a single application of force during the calibration,
nor does it represent the uncertainty of the machine during its subsequent use when many other factors are to be
considered (e.g., specimen alignment, temperature drift, fixtures).

16
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ISO 7500−1:2004
O1:(4002E)

Bibliography

[1] International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC,
IUPAP, OIML, 2nd edition, 1993

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[2] International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) document, Vocabulary of Legal Metrology —
Fundamental Terms, 2000

[3] Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), 1st edition, 1993

[4] DIXON, M.J., Dynamic Force measurement, chapter 4, 55-80, Materials Metrology and Standards for
Structural Performance, Ed; DYSON, B.F., LOVEDAY, M.S. and GEE, M.G., Chapman and Hall, London
(1995)

[5] SAWLA, A., Measurement of dynamic forces and compensations of errors in fatigue testing,
Proceedings of the 12th IMEKO World Congress “Measurement and Progress”, Beijing, China. Vol.2
(1991), 403-408

[6] ISO 6892, Metallic materials — Tensile testing at ambient temperature

[7] ISO 9513, Metallic materials — Calibration of extensometers used in uniaxial testing

[8] ASTM E467-98a, Standard Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial
Fatigue Testing System

[9] ASTM E4-03, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

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 BS EN ISO
7500-1:2004
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