media is having higher bandwidth.

In this case, the possibility of sending a number of signals is

more. In this the signals are combined into one and are sent over a link which has greater
bandwidth of media than the communicating nodes.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

This happens when data transmission rate of media is greater than that of the source, and each
signal is allotted a definite amount of time. These slots are so small that all transmissions appear
to be parallel. In frequency division multiplexing all the signals operate at the same time with
different frequencies, but in time division multiplexing all the signals operate with same
frequency at different times.

Fig 3.10 Fig Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous TDM
The time slots are pre-assigned and fixed. This slot is even given if the source is not ready with
data at this time. In this case the slot is transmitted empty. It is used for multiplexing digitized
voice stream.

Fig 3.11 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

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Asynchronous (or statistical) TDM
The slots are allocated dynamically depending on the speed of source or their
ready state. It dynamically allocates the time slots according to different input
channel’s needs, thus saving the channel capacity.

Fig 3.12 Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

In this a number of signals are transmitted at the same time, and each source transfers its signals
in the allotted frequency range. There is a suitable frequency gap between the 2 adjacent signals
to avoid over-lapping. Since the signals are transmitted in allotted time so this decreases the
probability of collision. The frequency spectrum is divided into several logical channels, in which
every user feels that they possess a particular bandwidth. A number of signals are sent
simultaneously on the same time allocating separate frequency band or channel to each signal. It
is used in radio and TV transmission. Therefore, to avoid interference between two successive
channels Guard bands are used.

Fig 3.13 Frequency division Multiplexing

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Digital Modulation Techniques

Digital Modulation provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system
availability with great quality communication. Hence, digital modulation techniques have a
greater demand, for their capacity to convey larger amounts of data than analog ones.

There are many types of digital modulation techniques and we can even use a combination of
these techniques as well. In this chapter, we will be discussing the most prominent digital
modulation techniques.

Amplitude Shift Keying

The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the input data whether it should be a zero
level or a variation of positive and negative, depending upon the carrier frequency.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary
data in the form of variations in the amplitude of a signal.

Following is the diagram for ASK modulated waveform along with its input.

Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK is modulated,
gives a zero value for LOW input and gives the carrier output for HIGH input.

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Frequency Shift Keying

The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the input data
applied.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the
carrier signal varies according to the discrete digital changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency
modulation.

Following is the diagram for FSK modulated waveform along with its input.

The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary HIGH input and is low in
frequency for a binary LOW input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.

Phase Shift Keying

The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the input. These are mainly of two
types, namely BPSK and QPSK, according to the number of phase shifts. The other one is DPSK
which changes the phase according to the previous value.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is
widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and
Bluetooth communications.

PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −

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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

This is also called as 2-phase PSK (or) Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave
carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

BPSK is basically a DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier) modulation scheme, for
message being the digital information.

Following is the image of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its input.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase
reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.

If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can be done by eight or sixteen values also,
depending upon the requirement. The following figure represents the QPSK waveform for two
bits input, which shows the modulated result for different instances of binary inputs.

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QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier)
modulation scheme, which send two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.

Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit-
pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

In DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) the phase of the modulated signal is shifted relative to
the previous signal element. No reference signal is considered here. The signal phase follows
the high or low state of the previous element. This DPSK technique doesn’t need a reference
oscillator.

The following figure represents the model waveform of DPSK.

It is seen from the above figure that, if the data bit is LOW i.e., 0, then the phase of the signal is
not reversed, but is continued as it was. If the data is HIGH i.e., 1, then the phase of the signal is
reversed, as with NRZI, invert on 1 (a form of differential encoding).

If we observe the above waveform, we can say that the HIGH state represents an M in the
modulating signal and the LOW state represents a W in the modulating signal.
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