GATE

Workbook 2025

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Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions
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Instrumentation Engineering
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Signals and Systems

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 1 Introduction

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T1 : Solution

(a)

Even part of x(t ), xe (t ) =

1
E
[ x(t ) + x(−t )]
2
Signal xe(t ) is obtained as follows:
x(t) x(–t)
E
2 2

1 1
D

t t
–3 0 3 –3 0 3

x(t) + x(–t)
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3 xe(t )

1.5
2
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1
t t
–3 0 3 –3 0 3

T2 : Solution

(c)
We can perform following sequence of transformation.

 t t − 2t t →−t t →t −1
x  1 −   → x(1 − t )  → x(t + 1)  → x(t )
 2  time compression folding time shifting

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 Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions : GATE 2025 3

Graphically it is obtained as
x(1 – t/2) x(1 – t )

1 1

t t
–2 0 2 4 –1 0 1 2
Original signal Time Compression

x(1 + t) x(t)

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1 1

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t t
–2 –1 0 1 –1 0 1 2
Time Reflection Time Shifting

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T3 : Solution

(a)
∞
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The expression of x(t ) is x(t ) = ∑ δ(t − 4k ) −δ(t − 4k − 1).
k = −∞

So x(t ) is a subtraction of two signals each periodic with period 4. So x(t ) is periodic with period 4.
E
T4 : Solution

The signal is, x(t ) = 3e –t u (t )

D

∞
−t 2
Now, energy of signal will be Ex = ∫ [3e ] dt = 4.5
0
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T5 : Solution

(d)
M

 π
y(t ) = 42 cos2  200t + 
 6

  π
 1 + cos 2  200t + 6  
= 42
2
 π
= 8 + 8cos  400t + 
 3
Thus the DC component is 8.

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4 Instrumentation Engineering • Signals and Systems

T6 : Solution

(b)
Cosine function is a periodic signal. As all periodic signals are power signals, therefore the given signal is
power signal.

T7 : Solution

(a)
∞
3×0

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 3t  = f (0) = cos 
∫ δ(t )cos  2  dt  = cos0 = 1
 2 
−∞

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„„„„

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 2 Fourier Series

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T1 : Solution

(a)
Given that Fourier series coefficient of x(t ) is ak
So,
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x(t ) 
→ ak
F.S.

x(t ) + x∗ (t )
Now, real part of x(t ) is
2
x(t ) 
F.S.
and if → ak
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→ a∗−k
F.S.
then x ∗(t ) 
x(t ) + x∗ (t ) F.S. ak + a∗−k
So real part of x(t ), 
→
D

2 2

T2 : Solution
A

(d)

T3 : Solution
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(b)

T4 : Solution

∞ 2
∑ Cn ∑ Cn
2 2
Power of signals is ⇒
−∞ −2
2
∑ Cn
2
So power is = = (2)2 + (8)2 + (8)2 + (2)2 = 136
−2

„„„„

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 3 Fourier Transform

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T1 : Solution

(b)
The Fourier transform is X (ω) = u (ω) – u (ω – 2), we know that
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• If signal is real then X (ω) is conjugate symmetric.
• If signal is imaginary then X (ω) is conjugate anti-symmetric
The given X (ω) is neither conjugate symmetric nor conjugate anti-symmetric.
So x(t ) is complex signal.
E
T2 : Solution

(c)
D

Fourier transform of x(t)

∞ ∞ ∞
X(j ω) = ∫ x(t )e − j ωt dt = ∫ x(t )cos(ωt )dt − j ∫ x(t )sin(ωt )dt
−∞ −∞ −∞
A

If x(t ) is odd, then x(t) sin ωt is an even function and x(t ) cos ωt is an odd function.
∞
So, ∫ x(t )cos(ωt )dt = 0
−∞
M

∞
and, X(j ω) = j ∫ x(t )sin(ωt )dt
−∞
∞
or, X(jω) = −2j ∫ x(t )sin(ωt )dt
0

T3 : Solution

(a)
Given X(jω) is real and odd, so x(t) is imaginary and odd.

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 Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions : GATE 2025 7

T4 : Solution

(a)

ω 2 + 21
Fourier transform is G (ω) =
ω2 + 9

ω2 21 12
So, G(ω) = + 2 = 1+ 2
ω +9 ω +9
2
ω +9

Y
−a t 2a
As we know that Fourier transform of e is
a2 + ω2

So g (t ) = δ(t ) + 2 exp ( −3 t )

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T5 : Solution

A
(d)
F
If, x(t ) ←→ X ( j ω)

then,
d x(t ) F
dt
←→( j ω)X ( j ω)
E (Time differentiation property)

d 2 x(t ) F
and, ←→ −ω2 X ( j ω)
dt 2
d 2 [ x(t − 2)]
E
←→ −ω 2e − j 2ω X ( j ω)
F
2
(Time-shifting property)
dt

T6 : Solution
D

(a)
τ
We have, y(t) = ∫ x(τ)d τ
A

−∞
τ
X ( j ω)
∫
F
x(τ)d τ ←→ + πX (0)δ(ω) (Time integration property)
−∞
jω
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X (j ω)
So, Y(jω) = + πX (0)δ(ω)
jω
1  jω  1
= +0= X(0) = 0
jω  5 + jω   jω 

10
  5 + 
10
∞
Now, area under y(t), ∫ y (t )dt = Y(0)
−∞

1 1
Thus, Y(0) = =
5+0 5

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8 Instrumentation Engineering • Signals and Systems

T7 : Solution

(c)
Properties of distortionless system are:
• Magnitude should be constant w.r.t. frequency.
• Phase should depend linearly on frequency.
Only function given in option (c) follow the given conditions.

T8 : Solution

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(a)
The signal x(t ) = (2 + e –3t ) u (t ) then final value i.e. x(∞) will be 2.

„„„„

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 4 Laplace Transform

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T1 : Solution

(b)
Convolution in time domain is multiplication in s-domain.
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L[h(t)] = L [f (t )] × L [g (t )] =
1
∴
s+3

T2 : Solution
E
(c)
1
L.T.
r (t ) ← →
s2
D

1 e −as
r (t − a) ← → e −as ×
L.T.
= 2
s2 s
A

T3 : Solution

(c)

Lim i (t ) = Lim s I (s )
M

t →∞ s →0

2
= Lim s. =2
s →0 s (1 + s )

T4 : Solution

(b)
We can express the given function in terms of unit step function as follows:

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10 Instrumentation Engineering • Signals and Systems

x1(t) x2(t)

1 1

t t
0 1 0 2 3
x1(t) = u(t) – u(t – 1) x2(t) = u(t – 2) – u(t – 3)
Thus, x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t) + ...
= u(t) – u(t – 1) + u(t – 2) – u(t – 3) + ...

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L 1
We know that u (t ) ←→
s
1
u (t − t 0 ) ←→ e −st 0
L
(time-shifting)
s

S
The Laplace transform of x(t) is
1 1 −s 1 −2s 1 −3s 1 −4s 1 −5s
X(s) = − e + e − e + e − e + ....
s s s s s s

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1 1
= 1 + e −2s + e −4s + .... − e −s + e −3s + e −5s + ....
s  s 

1  1  1  e −s 
− 
E
= 
s  1 − e −2s  s  1 − e −2s 

1  1 − e −s 
=  
s  1 − e −2s 

1 1 
E
=
s 1 + e −s 

T5 : Solution
D

(d)
From the time integration property of Laplace transform
A

L
x(t ) ←→ X (s)
t
1
∫ x(τ)dτ ←→ s X(s)
L
Time integration Property
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0
t
(s + 1)
∫ x(τ)dτ ←→ s(s2 + 4s + 5)
L

T6 : Solution

(d)

k (s 2 + ω20 )
Given, H (s ) =
ω 
s 2 +  0  s + ω 02
Q

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 Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions : GATE 2025 11

So value of H (s ) at s → ∞ is k
and value of H (s ) at s → 0 is k.
So the filter is a band stop filter or notch filter.

T7 : Solution

(c)
s
X(s) = L[x(t)] =
s +12

Y
H(s) = L[h(t)] =
s2 + 1
y(t ) = x(t) * h(t)
s
Y(s) = L[ x(t ) * h(t )] = X (s)H (s) =

S
(s + 1)2
2

−j / 4 j /4
Using partial fractional, Y(s) = +
(s − j ) 2
(s + j )2

A
1
te −at u (t ) ←→
L
We know that
(s + a)2

so,
1 L−1
←
→ te jt
E
(s − j ) 2

1 L−1
→ te − jt
←
(s + j )2
E
j  jt j t
so, y(t) =  −te + te − jt  = t e − jt − e jt  = sint , t≥0
4 4 2

„„„„
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 5 Sampling Theorem and
Discrete Time System

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T1 : Solution

(c)
∞ ∞
E=
E ∑ x [n ]
2
= ∑ 1= ∞
n = −∞ n = −∞

T2 : Solution
E
(c)
∞ ∞

y[n] = ∑ n δ[n + 2]
2
∑ x[n]δ[n − n0 ] = x[n0 ]
n = −∞ n = −∞
D

= n2
n = −2

= (–2)2 = 4
A

T3 : Solution

(d)
M

(A) y[n] = x[n2]

x1[n] → y1[n] = x1[n2]
x2[n] → y2[n] = x2[n2]
ax1[n] + bx2[n] → ax1[n2] + bx2[n2]
= ay1[n] + by2[n] Hence the system is linear.
(B) y[n] = x2[n – 1]
For a delayed input x[n – n0], output is
y[n, n0] = x2[n – n0 – 1]
The delayed output
y[n – n0] = x2[n – n0 – 1]

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 Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions : GATE 2025 13

Since y[n, n0] = y[n – n0] Hence the system is time-invariant.

(C) y[n] = x[n] + n
y[n] depends on present value of x[n], so the system is causal.
(D) y[n] = x[3n]
y[–1] = x[–3]
y[1] = x[3]
System has memory, therefore it is a dynamic system.

T4 : Solution

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(c)
Since x[n] is even symmetric about mid point (n = 1) and h[n] is odd symmetric about mid point (n = 1) so
y[n] will be odd symmetric about its mid point n = 2.

S
h[n]
x[n] 1 0 –1

2 2 0 –2

A
1 1 0 –1 y[n] = x[n] * h[n] = {2,1, 0, − 1, − 2}
↑
2 2 0 –2

y[n] is odd symmetric about n = 2.

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T5 : Solution

(a)
E
Causality:
h[n] = 0, n < 0 The system is causal.
Stability:
D

∞ ∞ ∞
∑ h[n] = 2 ∑ (0.4)n − ∑ (0.2)n
n = −∞ n=0 n=0

 1  1
A

= 2  − <∞ The sytem is stable.

 1 − 0.4  (1 − 0.2)

„„„„
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 6 Z-Transform

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T1 : Solution

(b)
∞
Given that,
E
x(n) = ∑ δ(n − k )
k =0
x(n) = δ(n) + δ(n – 1) + δ(n – 2) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
x(n) = u (n)
X (z) = Z.T. [u (n)]
E
z
X (z) =
z −1
D

T2 : Solution

(c)
∞
A

z-transform of x[n], X(z) = ∑ x[n]z −n

n = −∞
∞ ∞
= ∑ αn z −nu[n] + ∑ α −n z −nu[n]
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n = −∞ n = −∞
∞ ∞
∑ (αz −1) + ∑ (αz )−n
1 1
= = −1
+
n=0 n=0 −
1
 αz  1
 αz ) −1
− (
I II
Series I converges, if αz –1 < 1 or |z| > |α|
1
Series II converges, if (αz)–1 < 1 or αz > 1 or z >
α
So, ROC is interaction of both
 1
ROC : |z| > max  α , 
 α

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 Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions : GATE 2025 15

T3 : Solution

(b)
z +1
X(z) =
z(z − 1)
1 2 1  z 
= − + = − + 2 z −1 
z z −1 z  z − 1 By partial fraction

Taking inverse z-transform

x[n] = –δ[n – 1] + 2u[n – 1]

Y
x[0] = –0 + 0 = 0
x[1] = –1 + 2 = 1
x[2] = –0 + 2 = 2

S
T4 : Solution

(c)

A
By taking z-transform of x[n] and h[n]
H(z) = 1 + 2z–1 – z–3 + z–4
X(z) = 1 + 3z–1 – z–2 – 2z–3
E
From the convolution property of z-transform
Y(z) = H(z) X(z)
Y(z) = 1 + 5z–1 + 5z–2 – 5z–3 – 6z–4 + 4z–5 + z–6 – 2z–7
Sequence is y[n] = {1, 5, 5, –5, –6, 4, 1, –2}
y[4] = –6
E

T5 : Solution

(d)
D

Given that x(n ) is right sided and real, X (z ) has two poles, two zeros at origin and one pole at e jπ/2, X (1) = 1.
Since x(n ) is real so poles of X (z ) should be in conjugate pairs so other pole will be at e –j π/2.
k z2 k z2
=
A

So, X (z ) =
(z − e − j π /2 ) (z − e + j π /2 ) z2 + 1
Since, X(1) = 1 so, k = 2
2
2z
and z > 1
M

So, X (z ) =
z2 + 1

T6 : Solution

(a)
Z z
We know that, αnu[n ] ←→
z −α
z −10z
αn−10u[n − 10]←→
Z
(time shifting property)
z−α

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16 Instrumentation Engineering • Signals and Systems

T7 : Solution

(b)
1 −1
Y (z ) − z Y (z ) = X(z )
3
 1 
Y (z ) 1 − z −1  = X(z)
 3 
Y (z) 1
X(z) = 1 −1
1− z

Y
3
1
where, X(z) =
1 −1
1− z
2

S
1 3 2
∴ Y(z) = = −
 1 −1  1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
 1 − z   1 − z  1− z 1− z
2 3 2 3

A
 1 n 1 
n
y[n] = 3   − 2    u[n ]
   3 
 2 

T8 : Solution
E
(a)
We know that convolution of x[n] with unit step function u[n] is given by
E
∞
x[n] * u[n] = ∑ x[k ]
k = −∞

so, y[n] = x[n] * u[n]

D

Taking z-transform on both sides

z 1
Y(z) = X (z ) = X (z )
(z − 1) (1 − z −1)
A

Y (z ) 1
Transfer function, H(z) = =
X (z ) (1 − z −1)
Now, consider the inverse system of H(z), let impulse response of the inverse system is given by H1(z),
M

then we can write

H(z)H1(z) = 1
X(z)
H1(z) = = 1 − z −1
Y (z)
(1 – z–1)Y(z) = X(z)
Y(z) – z–1Y(z) = X(z)
Taking inverse z-transform
y[n] – y[n – 1] = x[n]

„„„„

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 7 DTFT, DTFS & DFT

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T1 : Solution

(c)

Since x[n]←
E
→ X (e j Ω )
DTFT

Thus e j Ω0n x[n]←

DTFT
→ X (e j (Ω−Ω0 ) ) (Frequency shifting property)
Ω0 = –π/4
π
−j n
→ X (e j (Ω+π / 4) )
DTFT
4 x[n] ←
E
e
πn
π −j
The graph of X(e j Ω) is shifting to left by units. So, DTFT of e 4 x[n ] is
4
D

1
A

π Ω
– 0
2
M

T2 : Solution

(a)
N-point DfT is given as
N −1 2 πnk
−j
XDFT[k] = ∑ x[n]e N ,k = 0,1, ... N − 1
n=0

3 πnk
−j
XDFT[k] = ∑ x[n ]e 2 ∵N=4
n=0

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18 Instrumentation Engineering • Signals and Systems

3
For k = 0, XDFT[0] = ∑ x[n]
n=0

= x[0] + x[1] + x[2] + x[3]

= cos 0 + cos π + cos 2π + cos 3π
=1–1+1–1=0
3 πn
−j
For k = 1, XDFT[1] = ∑ x[n]e 2

n=0
π 3π
−j −j
= x[0]e 0 + x [1]e + x[2]e − j π + x[3]e

Y
2 2

= cos 0 + cos π(–j) + cos 2π(–1) + cos 3π(j )

= 1 + (–1)(–j) + 1 (–1) + (–1)(j)
=1+j–1–j

S
=0
Similarly we can obtain XDFT[2] and XDFT[3] for k = 2 and k = 3 respectively,
XDFT[2] = 1 + 1 +1 + 1 = 4

A
XDFT[3] = 1 –j – 1 + j = 0
XDFT[k] = {0, 0, 4, 0}
E
T3 : Solution

(c)
∞ 2
X(ejΩ) = ∑ x[n ]e − j Ωn = ∑ e − j Ωn
n = −∞ n = −2
E
= e j2Ω
+ e jΩ
+ 1 + e–jΩ + e–j2Ω
= e –j2Ω (1 + e jΩ + ej2Ω + ej3Ω + ej4Ω)
(1 − e j 5Ω )
D

− j 2Ω
= e (Summation of finite GP)
1 − e jΩ
e − j 5 π / 2 − e j 5Ω / 2 sin2.5Ω
= −jπ / 2 jΩ / 2
=
e −e sin0.5Ω
A

T4 : Solution

(b)
M

X(ejΩ) = j4 sin 4Ω – 1
= 2(ej4Ω – e–j4Ω) – 1
Taking inverse Fourier transform, we have
x[n] = 2δ[n + 4] – 2δ[n – 4] – δ[n]

→ e − j Ωn0
DTFT
Since, δ[n − n0 ] ←

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