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Tutorial 2. Questions

Fluid Mechanics - Tutorial 2

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9 views

Tutorial 2. Questions

Fluid Mechanics - Tutorial 2

Uploaded by

tnal272
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECHENG 325 TUTORIAL 2

A number of the problems below are taken from Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences by
Cengel, Cimbala and Turner (5th edition). The question number from that book is given in bold
at the start of each question.
1. 15-6C What is the difference between streamlined and bluff bodies? Is a tennis ball a
streamlined or bluff body?

2. 15-7C Name some applications in which a large drag force is desired.

3. 15-14C What is the effect of streamlining on (a) friction drag and (b) pressure drag? Does
the total drag acting on a body necessarily decrease as a result of streamlining? Explain.

4. 15-15C What is flow separation? What causes it? What is the effect of flow separation on
the drag coefficient?

5. 15-20 During a high Reynolds number experiment, the total drag force acting on a spherical
body of diameter 𝐷𝐷 = 120 mm subjected to airflow at 1 atm and 5°C (𝜌𝜌 = 1.269 kg/m3
and 𝜈𝜈 = 1.382 × 10−5 m2/s) is measured to be 5.2 N. The pressure drag acting on the body
is calculated by integrating the pressure distribution (measured by the use of pressure
sensors over the surface) to be 4.9 N. Determine the friction drag coefficient of the sphere.
Note that for a spherical object, the drag coefficient can be assumed to be 0.2 at Reynolds
numbers greater than 200,000.
6. 15-51 Air at 25°C and 1 atm (𝜌𝜌 = 1.184 kg/m3 and
−5 2
𝜈𝜈 = 1.562 × 10 m /s) is flowing over a long flat plate with a velocity of 8 m/s.
Determine the distance from the leading edge of the plate where the flow becomes turbulent
and estimate the thickness of the boundary layer at that location.

7. Consider laminar boundary-layer flow over the square plate arrangement shown. Compared
to the friction drag of a single plate (plate 1), how much larger is the drag of four plates
together as shown? Explain your results.

8. Phil’s Pizza company has a vehicle that carries an unusually long sign on top, as shown. If
the sign is very thin and the vehicle is driven at 50 km/hr, estimate the total drag force on
the sign. Assume 𝜌𝜌 = 1.2 kg/m3 and 𝜈𝜈 = 1.51 × 10−5 m2/s. The sign may be treated as a
flat plate with air flow parallel to its surfaces.
9. 15-64 A 6-mm-diameter electrical transmission line is exposed to windy air. Determine the
drag force exerted on a 160-m-long section of the wire during a windy day when the air is
at 1 atm and 15°C and the wind is blowing across the transmission line at 65 km/h. Assume
𝜌𝜌 = 1.2 kg/m3 and 𝜈𝜈 = 1.47 × 10−5 m2/s.

10. 15-67C What is stall? What causes an aerofoil to stall? Why are commercial aircraft not
allowed to fly at conditions near stall?

11. 15-68C, 15-69C Air is flowing past a symmetrical and a non-symmetrical aerofoil at zero
angle of attack. For each of these explain if the (a) lift and (b) drag acting on the aerofoil is
zero or nonzero.

12. 15-72C What are wing tip vortices? Explain the mechanism for their formation. What are
their effect on the drag and the lift of a wing?

13. 15-76 A small aircraft has a wing area of 35 m2, a lift coefficient of 0.45 at takeoff
settings, and a total mass of 4000 kg. Subsequently it maintains a constant cruising speed
of 300 km/h for a cruising drag coefficient of 0.035, at 3km altitude (𝜌𝜌 = 0.905 kg/m3):

a) Determine the takeoff speed of this aircraft at sea level at standard atmospheric
conditions (𝜌𝜌 = 1.225 kg/m3).
b) Calculate its lift coefficient under cruising conditions.
c) What is the lift-to-drag ratio at cruise? Compare it to that for typical aerofoils and
wings.

14. An airplane weighs 200 kN and has a wing area of 180 m2 and a mean chord of 5 m. The
aerofoil lift coefficients are plotted against angle of attack below. If the airplane cruises at
350 km/h at 3100 m altitude (where ρ = 0.90 kg/m3 and µ = 1.69 × 10 − 5 kg/m.s),
calculate:
a) the aerofoil Reynolds number,
b) the required lift coefficient,
c) the angle of attack the wings should operate at,
d) the corresponding drag coefficient,
e) the drag force,
f) the engine thrust,
Re = 3 × 106
6
Re ≥ 9 × 10

Re = 6 × 106 Re = 6 × 106
Re = 3 × 106
Re ≥ 9 × 106

0.005

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