Learning Outcome Content Suggested

Assessment
Methods
1. Conduct ​ Self-awareness ​ ​ Observation
self-manageme ​ Formulating personal ​ Written
nt vision, mission and goals ​ Oral interview
​ Strategies for overcoming ​ Third party
life challenges report
​ Managing emotions
​ Emotional intelligence
​ Assertiveness versus
aggressiveness
​ Expressing personal
thoughts, feelings and
beliefs
​ Developing and
maintaining high
self-esteem
​ Developing and
maintaining positive
self-image
​ Setting performance targets
​ Monitoring and evaluating
performance
​ Articulating ideas and
aspirations
​ Accountability and
responsibility
​ Good work habits
​ Self-awareness
​ Values and beliefs
​ Self-development
​ Financial literacy
​ Healthy lifestyle practices
​ Adopting safety practices

1
2. Demonstrate ​ Meaning of interpersonal ​ ​
interpersonal communication
communication ​ Listening skills
​ Types of audience
​ Public speaking
​ Writing skills
​ Negotiation skills
​ Reading skills
​ Meaning of empathy
​ Understanding customers’
needs
​ Establishing
communication networks
​ Assertiveness
​ Sharing information
3. Demonstrate ​ Stress and stress ​ ​ Observation
critical safe management ​ Written
work habits ​ Time concept ​ Oral interview
​ Punctuality and time ​ Third party
consciousness report
​ Leisure
​ Integrating personal
objectives into
organizational objectives
​ Resources mobilization
​ Resources utilization
​ Setting work priorities
​ Developing healthy
relationships
​ HIV and AIDS
​ Drug and substance abuse
​ Managing emerging issues
4. Lead a ​ Leadership qualities ​ ​ Observation
workplace team ​ Power and authority ​ Oral interview
​ Team building ​ Written
​ Determination of team roles ​ Third party
and objectives report
​ Team parameters and
relationships

2
 ​ Individual responsibilities
in a team
​ Forms of communication
​ Complementing team
activities
​ Gender and gender
mainstreaming
​ Human rights
​ Developing healthy
relationships
​ Maintaining relationships
​ Conflicts and conflict
resolution
​ Coaching and mentoring
skills
5. Plan and ​ Functions of management ​ ​ Observation
organize work ​ Planning ​ Oral interview
​ Organizing ​ Written
​ Time management ​ Third party
​ Decision making concept report
​ Task allocation
​ Developing work plans
​ Developing work
goals/objectives and
deliverables
​ Monitoring work activities
​ Evaluating work activities
​ Resource mobilization
​ Resource allocation
​ Resource utilization
​ Proactive planning
​ Risk evaluation
​ Problem solving
​ Collecting, analysing and
organising information
​ Negotiation
6. Maintain ​ Avenues for professional ​ ​ Observation
professional growth ​ Oral interview
growth and ​ Training and career ​ Written
development opportunities

3
 ​ Assessing training needs ​ Third party
​ Mobilizing training report
resources
​ Licenses and certifications
for professional growth and
development
​ Pursuing personal and
organizational goals
​ Managing work priorities
and commitments
​ Recognizing career
advancement
7. Demonstrate ​ Managing own learning ​ ​ Observation
workplace ​ Mentoring ​ Oral interview
learning ​ Coaching ​ Written
​ Contributing to the learning ​ Third party
community at the report
workplace
​ Cultural aspects of work
​ Networking
​ Variety of learning context
​ Application of learning
​ Safe use of technology
​ Taking initiative/proactivity
​ Flexibility
​ Identifying opportunities
​ Generating new ideas
​ Workplace innovation
​ Performance improvement
​ Managing emerging issues
​ Future trends and concerns
in learning
8. Demonstrate ​ Critical thinking process ​ ​ Observation
problem ​ Data analysis tools ​ Oral interview
solving skills ​ Decision making ​ Written
​ Creative thinking ​ Third party
​ Development of creative, report
innovative and practical
solutions

4
 ​ Independence in identifying
and solving problems
​ Solving problems in teams
​ Application of problem
solving strategies
​ Testing assumptions
​ Resolving customer
concerns
9. Manage ethical ​ Meaning of ethics ​ ​ Observation
performance ​ Ethical perspectives ​ Oral interview
​ Principles of ethics ​ Written
​ Ethical standards ​ Third party
​ Organization code of ethics report
​ Common ethical dilemmas
​ Organization culture
​ Corruption, bribery and
conflict of interest
​ Privacy and data protection
​ Diversity, harassment and
mutual respect
​ Financial
responsibility/accountability
​ Etiquette
​ Personal and professional
integrity
​ Commitment to
jurisdictional laws
​ Emerging issues in ethics

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLLS
5
 1. CONDUCT SELF MANAGEMENT
a) Self-Management
Self-management is our ability to manage our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions in a
conscious and productive way. Someone with strong self-management skills knows what
to do and how to act in different situations. Such skills as problem solving, resisting
stress, communicating clearly, managing time, strengthening memory, and
exercising often are all key examples of self-management skills.

Life skills are “abilities for adaptive (adjust) and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal
effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life”

The 10 Most Common Life Problems

⮚ Health Crisis.
⮚ Workplace Issues.
⮚ Emptiness.
⮚ Friendship Issues.
⮚ Failure.
⮚ Financial Crisis.
⮚ Career Pressure.
⮚ Unfair Treatment

b) Self-awareness- Knowing and living with one- self

a) Self-awareness- Self-awareness is the ability to see your-self clearly and objectively
through careful thought and self-examination.
At its core, self-awareness is about seeing yourself clearly and fully understanding
what role you play in a situation, good or bad. Research also suggests that
self-aware people are more confident, creative, make smarter decisions, and build
stronger relationships.

b) Self-esteem- Self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate and like
yourself regardless of the circumstances.
Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions
and beliefs about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of
this as self-confidence. Your self-esteem can affect whether you like and value
yourself as a person.
Your self-esteem is defined by many factors including:
⮚ Self-confidence- is an attitude about your skills and abilities
⮚ Feeling of security

6
⮚ Identity
⮚ Sense of belonging
⮚ Feeling of competence

c) Coping with emotions (Manage emotions)

Coping with emotions means recognizing emotions within us and others and
being aware of how emotions influence behavior. We should be able to respond
to emotions appropriately. Intense emotions like anger or sadness can have negative
effects on our health if we do not respond appropriately. Coping with
emotions involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to
better deal with a stressful situation.

d) Coping with stress (Manage stress)

Coping with stress is the process by which a person consciously attempts to master,
minimize, or tolerate stressors and problems in life. Coping usually
involves adjusting to or tolerating (bear) negative events or realities while you
try to keep your positive self-image and emotional equilibrium. Coping occurs in
the context of life changes that are perceived to be stressful. If you feel stressed
out:

⮚ Eat healthy,
⮚ Exercise,
⮚ Get plenty of sleep, and
⮚ give yourself a break
⮚ Take care of your body.
⮚ Take deep breaths,
⮚ Stretch, or meditate.
⮚ Try to eat well-balanced meals.
⮚ Pray

a) Self-Description, who am I?

7
 In a nutshell: we’re a lot more than one thing. We’re a whole system of ideas and
experiences.
The “answer” to “who am I” is our identity. Our identity is our all-encompassing system
of memories, experience, feelings, thoughts, relationships, and values that define who
each of us are.
Identity is a critical component of understanding who we are. Why? Because we can
break up identity into components (values, experiences, relationships).

I suggest picking three words that describe you most of the time, regardless of the
situation. It might be helpful to think about who you are when you are on your own,
doing your own thing. There will be very few other people who will identify the exact
same combination of adjectives, because we're all different.

What Interviewers want to hear in your answer!

● Three words that tell them exactly who you are, and what you’ll be like in your
role.
● That you are self-aware and that you understand what you are like as a person
● Something different from all other candidates and the standard clinched answers

12 great words

✔ Dependable- A dependable person is someone who gives reliable service and is

loyal and stable.
✔ Self-motivated- motivated to do or achieve something because of one's own
enthusiasm or interest, without needing pressure from others
✔ Resilient/Resourceful- able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.
✔ Loyal, honest/trustworthy- giving or showing firm and constant support or
allegiance to a person or institution.
✔ Energetic- active with enthusiasm and excitement to spare
✔ Able/Multitasking- the performance of more than one task at the same time
✔ Flexible- able to change or be changed easily according to the situation
✔ Commercially aware- the understanding of how your business – and your
industry – operate and make money
✔ Experienced- having gained knowledge or skill in a particular field over time.
✔ Kind - the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate.
✔ Compassionate- feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others.
✔ Result driven- Focuses on desired results, and sets and achieves challenging
goals.
✔ Work in progress- something that is being developed or suggested but that is not
yet complete.

8
 Examples

a).Fresher’s + no experience job interview

I would describe myself as TRUSTWORTHY, SELF-MOTIVATED and

DEPENDABLE

1. My trustworthiness means that, I plan to stay working with you for a lengthy period of time.
I will be a positive role model for the company, and you can rely on me to do a good job for you.

2. My levels of self-motivation mean; I will come into the role and I will dedicate the time
needed to learn the job quickly and to make sure I do it to a high standard with little supervision.

3. Finally my DEPENDABILITY means I will never let you down, and I will be available to
work at short notice if needed to help out.

b) Standard job interview

I would describe myself as ENERGETIC, LOYAL AND SELF MOTIVATED
a. My energy means you will be getting someone who will always work hard and
who will always seek to grow and improve.
b. My loyalty means, I will respect your company brand, I will respect your
customers and I will always act with professionalism.
c. Finally, my self-motivation means, I will get up and running quickly in the role
and I will need little supervision.

c) Formulating personal vision, mission and goals

A personal vision statement is a brief summary of your ultimate career goal and key
attributes.

9
Personal mission and vision communicate the direction in which you are headed, as well as
providing some explanation for why you are choosing one direction or set of objectives over
others. Thinking about and writing down mission and vision statements for your life can help
provide you with a compass as you work toward your own goals and objectives.

A mission statement focuses on today and what one does to achieve it. A vision
statement focuses on tomorrow and what one wants to ultimately become. Both are vital in
directing our goals.

Note that the development of a personal mission and vision, and then a strategy for
achieving them, are exactly the opposite of what most people follow. Most people do not
plan further ahead than their next job or activity (if they plan their career at all). They take a
job because it looks attractive, and then they see what they can do with it. I advocate
looking as far into the future as you can and deciding where you want to end up, and what
steps will lead you there. In that way, your life and your career fit into some intelligent plan,
and you are in control of your own life.

The first step in planning a career is obviously a long-term goal. Where do you want to end
up, ultimately? Do you really want to be a CEO or president of Kenya, now that you know
what it costs to be either one? There are a couple basic parts to this process.

How to design a personal vision

a) BHAG

First, set out a bold vision—BHAG, a big, hairy, audacious goal.

Five guiding criteria for good BHAGs are that they:

• Are set with understanding, not bravado.

• Fit squarely in the three circles of

(a) What you are deeply passionate about (including your core values and purpose),

(b) What drives your economic logic (How a firm can earn profit), and

(c) What differentiates you (what you can be the best in the world at).

• Have a long-time frame—10 to 30 years.

• Are clear, compelling, and easy to grasp.

10
 • Directly reflect your core values and core purpose.

b) Schedule

Once the vision is set, you have to develop some long-term goal (or goals), then
intermediate-term goals, and so on. If you want to be President:

⮚ What jobs will you have to take first to get there.

⮚ When do you have to get these jobs?
⮚ Where should you live?
⮚ What training do you need?
⮚ What political connections do you need?

❖ Then you have to set up an orderly plan for obtaining the connections and training
that you need to get into these steppingstone jobs.
❖ Finally, you need to establish short-term goals to fit clearly into a coherent plan for
your entire career.
❖ Your first or next job should be picked not only for its salary or for its opportunities
for advancement but for its chances to provide you with the training and
connections you need to reach your long-term goals.
❖ The job that is superficially attractive to you because it has a high salary, offers the
opportunity for immediate advancement, or is located in a desirable place may be a
mistake from the standpoint of your long-term career.

1. Mission Statement:

To live life completely, honestly, and compassionately, with a healthy dose of realism mixed
with the imagination and dreams that all things are possible if one sets their mind to finding an
answer.

11
 2. Vision Statement:

To be the CEO of a firm that I start that provides educational exercise experiences to High
Schools. My company will improve children’s health and fitness, and create a lasting positive
impact on their lives, and that of their children.

a. Goals

The only way to attain a high level of success in life is to set personal goals for yourself
and refuse to let anything stop you from achieving them.
A personal goal is simply something you decide you want to accomplish in your life. One
of your personal goals might be to get married and have kids. Or you might want to
achieve a certain position in your company, write a book, start your own successful
business, earn a six-figure salary, learn how to play the guitar, or climb Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Personal goals are signposts that point you in the direction of your dreams. They give you
a clear destination to travel toward on your journey through life – which is incredibly
powerful because when you know exactly where you want to go, the path forward will
become so much clearer to you.

Setting SMART Goals

Your brain is a goal-seeking organism. When you present your subconscious mind with a
goal, it will work night and day to achieve it. However, if you feed your brain weak or
faulty future goals, you’re bound to get weak or faulty results. Just like with computers,
“garbage in equals garbage out.”

A “S.M.A.R.T.” goal is one that is:

SPECIFIC:

12
 Be clear on the details so anyone can understand what you mean. For example, “write
more” isn’t a specific goal at all. In contrast, “complete the first draft of my novel” is
extremely specific. You know exactly what you’re committing to achieving!

MEASURABLE:
Personal goals are measurable when you know when you have achieved them. For
example, “lose weight” or “get fit” isn’t measurable because it doesn’t identify how
much weight you’d like to lose or how to determine when you’re “fit.” Measurable goals
would be to lose 25 pounds, or run 10 miles a week. It’s easy to know when you have
achieved goals like these!

ATTAINABLE:
It’s far better for you to set realistic goals and achieve them than it is to set impossible
goals that go unfulfilled. There is huge power in crossing personal goals off your list, so I
encourage you to leverage that power by setting realistic future goals you can actually
achieve within a given time frame.

RELEVANT:
Some people choose to pursue personal goals that take them anywhere except the
direction of their dreams. For example, they dream of living a life of ease and freedom
but then they pursue a career that requires them to work 60 hours a week. Be sure to
choose future goals that will lead you closer to the life you want to live most, not further
away from it.

TIME-BOUNDED:
The hardest personal goals to reach are the ones you intend to achieve “someday.”
Because “someday” never actually arrives! The best way to ensure you achieve your
goals is to give yourself a specific and realistic timeframe in which to achieve them. For
example, if you want to write a book, commit to writing your first draft by December
31st. Then do whatever is necessary to make that goal come true.

d) Strategies for overcoming life challenges

13
 A challenge is the situation of being faced with something that needs great
mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a
person's ability.

1. Identify potential obstacles

2. Make A Plan. While you don't know what is going to happen in the future, you
can always plan ahead.
3. Know you’re Not Alone. Every person in this world has their low points.
4. Ask For Help
5. Feel Your Feelings.
6. Accept Support.
7. Help Others
8. Think Big
9. Positive Mindset.

1. Head On
Nike couldn’t have said it any better with their slogan, “Just do it!” Some challenges require us to do just
that; grab the bull by its horns, stare it dead in the face, and have courage in the presence of fear in our

attempt to conquer them no matter how unsure of ourselves we might feel.

Depending on their significance and urgency, some challenges require our immediate action and
attention, leaving us with very little time to dilly dally or waste in our attempt to try to figure things out.

2. Seek Counsel
Challenges have the potential to throw curve balls our way that can leave us feeling vulnerable and
“paralyzed” in life.
People who have experienced similar challenges have the ability to offer us sage advice and different
perspectives or insights we may have overlooked and would never have considered that can prove
beneficial in helping us overcome challenges.

3. Educate Ourselves
The reason some issues prove to be challenges for us might well be because we aren’t well versed in
them thereby limiting our ability and knowledge on how to conquer them.
The internet, books, forums, etc. offer platforms through which we can research and learn about topics
that relate to the challenges we experience and discover solutions to them.
Knowledge is definitely power and essential in conquering anything.

14
 4. Adapt a Different Strategy
Insanity is defined as doing the same thing over and over while expecting to get a different
result. When it comes to conquering some challenges, we have to be flexible and not allow
ourselves to be one track-minded or bent on doing what we have always done in the past. We
need to be open to trying different approaches, methods and suggestions that can help us
achieve the desired result we seek and offer a new way of conquering the challenge in question.

5. Be Persistent
Bulldog tenacity is required to accomplish anything and more so when it comes to overcoming
challenges.
No matter how difficult our challenges might prove to be, we have to be willing to push through and try
again and again until we achieve victory over them.
Giving up should never be an option because in doing so, we allow our challenges to conquer us instead
of vice versa.

6. Dedication and commitment

We need to develop a “whatever it takes attitude” when it comes to conquering our challenges
otherwise there is a probably of giving up.
Being dedicated and committed to conquering our challenges allows us to maintain both direction and
focus and helps us stay on course even when throwing in the towel and our hands up in the air seems
like the most sensible thing to do.

7. One Step at a Time

Some challenges can be overwhelming and seem insurmountable due to their magnitude. Breaking up
challenges into sizeable, manageable bits and developing a step by step plan that allows us to tackle
each segment makes it easier to overcome challenges as it makes them appear less daunting.
Let go of the need to achieve instant results and allow your victories to build upon each other.
Conquering one challenge gives you the confidence that you can conquer the rest.

8. Ask for Help

There are times when we can’t go it alone and require the help of others to help us conquer whatever
challenges we face. It is said that two heads are better than one and that there is strength in numbers.

Networking with like-minded individuals who can not only offer us support, solutions and
suggestions but have some expertise in the matter as well is instrumental in helping us overcome
challenges.

9. Wait it out

15
Although some challenges might make us feel backed into a corner and anxious, they also leave us with
no option but to wait for a more opportune time to present itself that would better allow us to tackle
and conquer them.
There may be instances when we need to wait for certain variables such as people, circumstances and
situations to better align themselves with what we seek to accomplish thereby making factors more
favorable to our success. Being still is at times called for as forging forward prematurely would be
detrimental to our success.

10. Let it go
Letting go by no means calls for us to wave the white flag but rather to surrender our need to control the
outcome and instead place our trust in the process while believing that everything happens for a reason
and that things will pan out as they should.
Less resistance allows for natural flow and ease. Things sometimes have a way of working themselves
out when we surrender to something greater than ourselves.

e) Managing emotions

Emotion is a subjective (biased) state of mind. Emotions can be reactions to internal stimuli
(such as thoughts or memories) or events that occur in our environment. Emotions entail feelings
or reactions inside ourselves as we respond to the world. Feelings are affected by what we see,
hear, touch, smell taste and think about.

Coping with emotions can be understood to mean managing feelings or reactions that arise
from inside from time to time, especially bad feelings after facing abuse (i.e., being angry,
annoyed, irritated, frustrated, furious bitter, jealous and offended). If one does not know how
to cope with emotions one can end up being afraid, worried, terrified, nervous, shy, anxious,
uncertain, and feeling embarrassed.

How to cope with emotions

● Talk to somebody
● Take a break
● Sleep/rest/walk
● Do exercises

16
f) Emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions,
and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously (good judgment) and empathetically.

a) Feelings which can lead to risky behavior

● Bitterness
● Sadness
● Excitement
● Hurt

b) Ways of coping with negative emotions

I. Talk to somebody
II. Take a break
III. Sleep/rest/walk
IV. Do exercises
V. Pray

g) Assertiveness versus aggressiveness

a. Assertiveness
Assertiveness is the ability to state your feelings without anger or being passive. It
involves standing for your rights without offending others.
It's the ability to speak up for ourselves in a way that is honest and respectful.
Every day, we're in situations where being assertive can help us — like asking someone
on a date, approaching a teacher with a question, or doing well on a job or college
interview. Being assertive doesn't come naturally to everyone.

a) Characteristics of assertive behavior

● They respect rights and interests of others
● They are honest to themselves and others, willing to negotiate without losing their
stand and firm in their decisions
● Maintains self-respect and express their feelings freely
● You can give an opinion or say how you feel.
● You can ask for what you want or need.
● You can disagree respectfully.
● You can offer your ideas and suggestions.

17
● You can say no without feeling guilty.
● You can speak up for someone else

b) Steps to being assertive

● Assess your style.

Do you voice your opinions or remain silent? Do you say yes to additional work even
when your schedule is full? Are you quick to judge or blame? Do people seem to dread or
fear talking to you? Understand your style before you begin making changes.

● Use 'I' statements.

Statements that begin with “I”, “From my perspective”, or “The way I see it…” make it
clear that you are speaking for yourself. “I” statements focus on your experience,
thoughts, feelings, reactions and decisions and not on any beliefs or judgments you may
have made about the other person
Say, "I disagree," rather than, "You're wrong." If you have a request, say, "I would like
you to help with this" rather than, "You need to do this." Keep your requests simple,
specific and clear.
● Practice saying no.
If you have a hard time turning down requests, try saying, "No, I can't do that now."
Remember that no is a complete sentence and you don't need to explain why you choose
to say no. Don't hesitate — be direct. If an explanation is appropriate, keep it brief.
● Rehearse what you want to say.
If it's challenging to say what you want or think, practice general scenarios you could
encounter. Say what you want to say out loud. It may help to write it out first, too, so you
can practice from a script. Consider role-playing with a friend or colleague and asking for
clear feedback.
● Use body language.
Communication isn't just verbal. Act confident even if you aren't feeling it. Keep an
upright posture, but lean forward a bit. Make regular eye contact. Maintain a neutral or
positive facial expression. Don't cross your arms or legs. Face the person. Practice
assertive body language in front of a mirror or with a friend or colleague. In addition to
what you say, your body language and facial expressions are also important.
● Keep emotions in check.
Conflict is hard for most people. Maybe you get angry or frustrated, or maybe you feel
like crying. Although these feelings are typical, they can get in the way of resolving
conflict. If you feel too emotional going into a situation, wait a bit if possible. Then work
on remaining calm. Breathe slowly. Keep your voice even and firm.

18
● Start small.
At first, practice your new skills in situations that are low risk. For instance, try out your
assertiveness on a partner or friend before tackling a difficult situation at work. Evaluate
yourself afterward and adjust your approach as needed.

Many of us struggle to find our voices, even at times when we know that we
should speak up. Being assertive is linked to your self-confidence, and not doing
it could be holding you back both in your personal and your professional life.

Follow these steps below to become more assertive and stand your
ground.

1. Write down your thoughts

If you are feeling that you need to stand up for yourself, write down what you are
thinking. Plan out how you can tell someone what you think. Even if it’s not for a
specific conversation, write down what you need to say and how you can phrase
it. This exercise is not intended to be read by someone else but rather to help
you practice what to say. It could help with your confidence the next time an
opportunity to say something comes up.

2. Choose words carefully

Start training yourself to not say certain words that will interrupt you and make
you sound (and feel) less assertive. These include um, like, you know, ah, and so
on. It’s much better to take a pause, take a breath, and think about what you
want to say. Silence is powerful, and can be a better tool for assertiveness than
filling that silence with meaningless noise. Practicing this will also make you feel
better able to talk without using these words as time goes on.

3. Positively reinforce

When you do stand your ground or speak out, especially if you normally wouldn’t,
be sure to reward yourself. Tell yourself about what a great job you have done, or
give yourself a treat. Allow yourself a small celebration, even if it is only inside
your own head. No matter what the outcome was, reinforce the behaviour in
yourself by feeling positive about it.

4. Stand up at home

19
 If you are not assertive in any area of your life, then standing up to your friends
and family could be the easiest first step. This will help you to feel more confident
before you increase your levels of assertiveness at work. It’s easier to stand up to
people we know and like, because they will forgive us even if they think we have
spoken out of turn. With more self-confidence, you can tackle the office head-on
too.

5. Follow your own rules

If speaking up isn’t possible, think about ways that you can be more assertive
through your actions. If you have a colleague that is always trying to involve you
in other projects rather than your own work, consider setting a rule that you will
only help them when you have finished your daily tasks. If you find that your work
runs over into your lunch hour and leaves you with no break, get up from your
chair and go for a walk where work can’t find you.

6. Use body language

Having a slumped posture indicates defeat before you even consider raising your
hand. Use body language to convey authority and your voice will be better heard.
Straighten your shoulders, stop crossing your arms, keep your head straight, and
keep your chin up high. Look people in the eye when you speak to them if you
can, and you will find that your words feel stronger when they come from a
stronger position.

The most important thing about becoming more assertive is to try. If you never go
for step one, you will always struggle to be assertive, and you will never help
yourself. Get a backbone and a voice for your own sake – with these steps it
comes easier than you might think!

b. Importance of being assertive

● Achieving one’s goals
● Avoiding getting into trouble
● A stronger and healthier relationship between the people communicating
● An increased sense of power and control in life
● Helping to understand own thoughts, feelings, and goals
● Decreased risk of confusion, confrontation, or conflict
● Improved self-worth and confidence
●

20
 c. Differences between peer pressure and peer influence
● Peer Pressure:
Peer pressure is when you do something because you want to feel
accepted and valued by your friends. Peer pressure is pressure from
one's peers to act in a way that is acceptable to the others in the same
group.

● Peer Influence:
Peer influence is when you choose to do something you wouldn't
otherwise do, because you want to feel accepted and valued by your
friends
Peer influence is when a peer's act persuades the others to act in a
particular way. Peer influence can be positive or negative. Coping well
with peer influence is about getting the right balance between being
yourself and fitting in with your group.

b. Aggressiveness

The quality of being likely to attack other people or animals, or to behave in a

violent or angry way towards them
Aggressive behavior is when a child or young person reacts in hostile way
towards peers, siblings or adults. It can include verbal and physical
aggression. There are lots of reasons why your child or young person might be
aggressive. They might be feeling anxious and unsafe
.

h) Expressing personal thoughts, feelings and beliefs

Emotional expression is simply the acknowledgement of these emotions we are built to feel.
Healthy expression allows us to understand the emotions, truly feel them and move on.
To prevent yourself from physical and emotional pain, it is important to learn to express your
emotions. Following are the steps that may help expressing your best thoughts out:

1) Emotions and thoughts should be identified

Whenever you feel some changes in your body and mind, just ask a few questions to yourself like: what
am I feeling? What are the causes behind it? Why is this happening?

21
 2) Jot down your sensations
After identifying your feelings, you have to analyze what kind of sensation is created within you. List
down all the emotions and see what exactly they are.

3) Your body’s reaction should be paid attention

Your feelings and emotions are difficult to control as these are regulated by the limbic and nervous
system. Pay attention to how your body is reacting to all those emotions. Settle down your feelings and
think about it calmly.

4) Your response to the situation

What makes you nervous is an important question. Is it the situation? Or your reaction to the situation?
Observe yourself and answer this question.
The situation never makes a person nervous; it is always your response to the situation that is the root of
the problem. The only solution to this is to change your reaction.

5) Emotions should be expressed in a correct proportion

By following the previous step, you will be able to control your emotions correctly. By understanding
precisely, the happenings and the consequences, you can express yourself more accurately.

6) Be honest
Express your emotions honestly. Do not ever try to be fake. Whenever you are annoyed, angry or
irritated, never avoid a conversation. Instead try to understand yourself in a better way.

7) Always use a positive form of communication

Being positive helps a person a lot in expressing his/her feelings in a better way. Express your thoughts
by using a positive tone, by making an eye contact, and listening to the other person actively.

8) Choose the best circumstances to be expressive

Before expressing your feelings, you need to choose the best situation for it. Analyze yourself and the
people around you and then decide what will be the best moment to express your feelings. Sometimes
your feelings and thoughts are not related to the present situation. They have nothing to do with one
another. Thoughts are a part of you, and you should accept it, just learn how to channelize them in the
right direction. Cherish all the feelings and remember that emotions are natural. We don’t need to
struggle against them. Just sit and relax and divert your mind to things that are important to you.

22
 i) 1. Developing a high self-esteem
Self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of
the circumstances.

Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself as a person. ... Building your self-esteem and
creating a positive self-awareness comes from taking an inventory of your own
strengths and abilities as a human being. Being at peace with who you are and what
you have to offer the world is a major part of having high self-esteem.

a. Signs of high self-esteem in an individual

● Self- confidence
A definition of self-confidence is a positive feeling about oneself and the world
that leads to courageous actions, born out of a sense of self-respect.
Self-confidence, then, is the courage to know yourself, believe in yourself, and
act on your beliefs
● Self-discipline
Self-discipline is the ability to push yourself forward, stay motivated, and take
action, regardless of how you're feeling, physically or emotionally. You are
showing it when you intentionally choose to pursue something better for yourself,
and you do it in spite of factors like distractions, hard work, or unfavorable odds.
● Relating well with others
The verb relates means "to make a connection." If you can relate to someone's
story, something like that has happened to you.
● Self-care
Self-care means taking care of yourself so that you can be healthy, you can be well, you
can do your job, you can help and care for others, and you can do all the things you
need to and want to accomplish in a day.
● Assertive in expressing needs and opinions.
● Confident in ability to make decisions.
● Able to form secure and honest relationships, and discontinue unhealthy ones.
● Realistic in expectations; not overcritical of self or others.
● More resilient; better able to endure stress and setbacks.

23
 b. Signs of low self-esteem in an individual
● Isolation
Isolation is the experience of being separated from others. It may result from
being physically separated from others, such as when a person lives in a remote
area. Isolation can also result from being emotionally removed from a community.

● Self-doubt
Self-doubt has been defined as uncertainty about one’s abilities, potential for
success, or competence in performance situations.

● Self-neglect

Self-neglect is an extreme lack of self-care, it is sometimes associated with

hoarding and may be a result of other issues such as addictions.

● Vulnerability
The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed,
either physically or emotionally.

● Aggressiveness
The quality of being likely to attack other people or animals, or to behave in a violent
or angry way towards them:

● Low performance of tasks

Low self-esteem or lack of confidence leaves students doubting their ability to
succeed, making them hesitant to engage in learning or take appropriate academic
growth risks

c. Factors that enhance high and low self

esteem
i. Good health habits

24
 Self-esteem is your overall opinion of yourself — how you feel about your abilities and
limitations. When you have healthy self-esteem, you feel good about yourself and see
yourself as deserving the respect of others. When you have low self-esteem, you put
little value on your opinions and ideas. You might constantly worry that you aren't good
enough.

ii. Goal setting

One of the easiest ways to practice holding yourself accountable is by setting goals.
Self-esteem is enhanced when you set a goal that’s meaningful and important to you, and
you follow through to make it happen. So, if you want to improve your reputation with
yourself, go ahead and set some heartfelt goals.

iii. Good grooming

Clothes boost your confidence and help you attain a more positive attitude. Well-groomed
individuals are scientifically proven to be more confident in everything that they do. When
someone takes care of their appearances (and feel that they are presenting the best version of
themselves), they will also naturally put their best foot forward -- matching the interior to the
exterior. As a result, being well groomed enhances their potential, abilities and thinking

d. Importance of high self- esteem

1. You are more resilient (strong) to troubles and difficulties that are
inevitable in life. When your self-esteem is high, you have the ability and
skills to bounce back the failure, learn from mistakes, and make
adjustments to improve the situation and overcome the obstacles.
2. You feel happy and content with your life because you respect yourself
and other people respect you.
3. You feel more motivated to achieve your goals because high
self-esteem makes you trusted by other people and enhances your
confidence in your ability to succeed. As a result, you are more
motivated to take actions.
4. You enjoy better relationships with friends and partners and attract
successful and confident people in your life who like you more for your
positive energy.

25
5. You can accept the challenges because you are confident in your
strengths and know you can master everything.
6. You perform better at any task: personal or related to your studies or
your job.
7. Your life is more exciting. You live your life to the fullest, try to use every
opportunity and take risks because you feel confident that you can
succeed in everything and achieve your goals.
8. You realize that you don’t need to be perfect so you feel less stressed.
You are not afraid to make bad decisions because you understand that
anyone can make mistakes and it’s OK.
9. You can be yourself and do not need to adapt your behavior, values,
and views to meet expectations of other people. You don’t worry that
other people can disagree with your views or behavior. You don’t need
an approval of other people. You realize that it is impossible to please
everyone so you do what you consider to be right.
10. You are successful in all spheres of life. You respect yourself and
respect everyone around you. You make a good social image that
contributes to your personal and social growth.

e. Effects of low self esteem

a) Poor self: Low self-esteem distorts the massages people receive from others, and
the way people interpret events in life. It filters out the positive message and
leaves people feeling negative about themselves
b) Unhealthy Relationships are common because one is unable to relate with
people without fear of rejection
c) Poor choice of marriage partners is also common e.g. A very educated man
who has poor self-esteem may choose to marry a woman with very inferior
education so that he can be able to control her.
d) Poor self-esteem can result in constant feelings of fear and guilt that can be very
crippling to one’s advancement in life. They may never realize their full potential
due to fear.
e) One can develop personality disorders. One is generally unhappy. Vulnerability
to sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV &AIDS, physical and emotional
abuse
f) Indulgence in drug abuse
g) One avoids difficult situations
h) One is sensitive to criticism
i) One is Anxious
j) Ones’ withdrawal from social situations
k) One is reluctant to trust themselves

26
 2. Maintaining a high self esteem

1. Keep working hard toward your goals.

When you might feel uncertain about which direction you’re taking with respect
to work, your relationships, or personal growth, remember to keep working
hard toward your goals. Persistence day in and day out will ultimately keep
your achievements flowing, which can be a good boost to self-esteem.
2. Let yourself feel.
What does this mean? If you’re facing a challenge, don’t hesitate to let yourself
feel the range of emotions that might flow through you. Remember, identifying
and even wrestling with even negative emotions can drive your personal
growth. Don’t dwell on the difficult emotions, however. Focus on the upside of
things, but remember to let yourself feel.
3. Attach your goals to something greater than yourself.
When we feel down, the focus might be all too much on ourselves. Attaching
goals to a mission greater than you (e.g., volunteering) will help you focus on
others and can be a reminder to be kind, respectful and mindful of what others
are going through, too. This can be easier said than done, however.
Consider this. A simple gesture such as asking how a person’s day or week
went can show that you care. By fostering empathy and kindness for others this
way, you can broaden your perspective on your own challenges and in turn
grateful for your achievements, opportunities and relationships.
4. Keep practicing self-care.
When you are at a crossroads for how you can help yourself, remember to take
care of your body and mind. Practicing self-care might mean a trip to the gym,
following a loved recipe or getting a good night’s sleep. Whatever you need,
try to generate good habits with respect to self-care to boost your self-esteem
regularly.

27
 5. Remember, the future is yours for the taking.
When you dwell on difficulties, past or present, you might lose sight of what the
future can bring. Perhaps the future will bring a new friend or addition to your
family. Whatever it is, the plentiful positive and bright possibilities are yours for
the taking and can help you eliminate doubts or troubles that might limit your
self-esteem. Focusing on the bright possibilities of the future can offer
tremendous hope, irrespective of what the past holds.

j) Developing and maintaining positive self-image

Self-image is the personal view, or mental picture, that we have of ourselves.

Self-image is an “internal dictionary” that describes the characteristics of the self,
including such things as intelligent, beautiful, ugly, talented, selfish, and kind.
1. Take a self-image inventory.
2. Make a list of your positive qualities.
3. Ask significant others to describe your positive qualities.
4. Define personal goals and objectives that are reasonable and measurable.
5. Confront thinking distortions

k) Setting performance targets

A Performance (achievement) Target is the specific, planned level of a result to

be achieved within an explicit timeframe with a given level of resources.

1. Have clear measurable outcomes and objectives. You need to know what / where
you’re headed and what you’re aiming for.

2. Define the time period for achieving these outcomes/objectives.

3. Document your current performance for affecting this type of outcome and
objective and assess whether it directly related to what you need to accomplish.
Historically, what have your programs produced? If you can’t use your own data
to establish a baseline, consider using a benchmark from your industry.

28
 4. Identify the performance measures you need to improve. Remember, a target is
about taking your performance to the next level. You want the one that
demonstrates improvement but not one that sets you up to fail.

5. Establish the purpose of the performance target. Be clear about what you are
trying to improve.

6. Assess whether you need intermediary or milestone targets. You may find out
that there are some interim performance targets you need to achieve before you
can reach your ultimate target.

7. Choose the target value. For example, some improvement in the number of
qualified opportunities, or some improvement in the average order value, or
some improvement in the number of referrals that will convert to qualified
conversations, and so on. It’s often a good idea to use a range for your target
value.

8. Develop an action plan to achieve the target.

9. Implement your plan of action.

10. Monitor, Report and Evaluate.

l) Monitoring and evaluating performance – keep track

An effective performance evaluation system has standardized evaluation forms,
performance measures, feedback guidelines and disciplinary procedures.

29
1. Decide on the metrics(standards). This is your career, no-one else
2. A Self-Reflection Simply put, self-reflection (also known as “personal reflection”) is
taking the time to think about, meditate on, evaluate, and give serious thought to your
behaviors, thoughts, attitudes, motivations, and desires
3. Re-read your job description - tool that explains the tasks, duties, function and
responsibilities of a position.
4. Continually seek feedback
5. Move forward

m)Articulating ideas and aspirations (desires)

If you describe someone as articulate, you mean that they are able to express
their thoughts and ideas easily and well. ... When you articulate your ideas or
feelings, you express them clearly in words

n) Accountability and responsibility

1. Responsibility

Responsibility is essentially the duty to respond to and complete tasks.

It can be shared among a team – multiple people can be responsible for

achieving a specific outcome by working on the same task, or have different

tasks they are responsible for, that lead to the same goal.

● Responsibility cannot technically be assigned to someone. A person must

choose to take responsibility for something themselves.
● It is specifically task-focused – it can include: who has what role, what those
entails, and what must be done in order to be successful.

2. Accountability

30
 ● Accountability is literally the ability to report on events, tasks, and
experiences. Accountability for a specific task, process, service, etc. should be
assigned to just one person
● If more than one person is accountable for the result of a task, there is a much
higher risk that each person will think the others are taking charge, leading to no
one taking accountability.
● Tasks should be assigned based on an individual’s skills and competencies.
● Whereas responsibility is an ongoing duty to complete the task at hand,
accountability is what happens after a situation occurs.
● It is how a person responds and takes ownership of the results of a task.
● Being accountable often means that the person is liable to face consequences from
some authority if the task isn’t completed successfully
● However, not always – sometimes the accountability can also be at play when the
“accountable” person communicates the objective isn’t being reached.

o) Good work habits

A work habit is any one of the behavioral, ethical, and practical elements applied by
employees in contributing to job performance standards that meet company
guidelines. A solid foundation of good work habits sets a precedence of efficiency,
productivity, reliability, and teamwork.

Great Work Habits That Can Help You Stand Out to Management
1. Be punctual and professional
2. Respect and achieve deadlines
3. Proactively learn skills (preemptively, Anticipatorily)
4. Anticipate (foresee) needs
5. Take initiative on projects (cause (a process or action) to begin)
6. Ask smart questions
● Who is your hero?
● If you could live anywhere, where would it be?
● What is your biggest fear?
● What is your favorite family vacation?
● What would you change about yourself if you could?
● What really makes you angry?
● What motivates you to work hard?
7. Admit mistakes
8. Communicate effectively

31
p) Self-awareness

a) Self-awareness is the ability to see your-self clearly and objectively

through careful thought and self-examination.

b) Self-assessment
i. Strengths
a. List your strengths.
The concrete skills and knowledge you’ve acquired through work experience and
education may come to mind first. The softer intrinsic strengths may be less obvious
but more fundamental. Look back to your earlier jobs and to your time at school.
What did you enjoy most? What were you best at? Your current job may hold clues.
Pay attention. Look for surprises.

b. Ask others for input.

Ask current or former colleagues for honest feedback without pulling punches. They
may mention strengths you don’t recognize, raise questions about the strengths you
do mention, or ask questions that lead you to imagine new strengths. Get the ball
rolling by asking questions like these: What am I best at? What strengths might I
build on? What are my weaknesses? What jobs should I avoid? What jobs should I
target?

c. Revisit past feedback.

Reread your old performance appraisals or recall coaching from supervisors, even if
it’s about a different kind of position.

d. “Hire” yourself.
Think about hiring yourself for your current job, as if you didn’t already have it. Ask
yourself why you would — or would not — be hired for this job.

e. Revisit your strength list.

Return to your first list of strengths, and modify it to reflect what else you’ve learned.
Categorize and rank that list. Be specific. Generic strengths are easy to state. They’re
seldom helpful. Specific strengths are credible. They will naturally target you to some
opportunities.

32
 ii. Weaknesses
Weaknesses Analysis Process
To begin with, take some time to list limiting characteristics, beliefs, behaviors, and
areas where you are lacking the necessary skills and knowledge. Ask yourself:

● What is preventing me from living the life I desire to live?

● What have I personally struggled with over the years?

● What has prevented me from performing at my very best?

● What seem to be my character flaws?

● What learned behaviors are letting me down?

● What limiting beliefs are preventing me from moving forward?

● How could these limiting beliefs be connected to my character flaws?

● In what areas do I lack the knowledge I need to get ahead?

q) Values and beliefs

Values
Values are the principles and beliefs that influence the behavior and way of life of a group of people
or community.

The things, ideas, beliefs and principles that are of worth to a person shape his or her values. A
person’s values help to define who he/she is and help determine the choices he/she makes.

Values
The journey of achieving success in college begins with a single step: identifying your
personal values. Your personal values are your core beliefs and guiding principles. They
shape the roles you play in daily life. They color your interests and passions and frame your
thoughts and words. In essence, your values are a compass that helps you make decisions and
choices.

Identifying your own values helps you plan for:

● Your academic goals-education

33
 ● Your career goals-Occupation
● Your financial goals
● How you spend and manage your time
● How you spend and manage your money
Values are the things that you believe are fundamentally important in the way you live and
work. They shape how you interact with others. They determine your priorities (whether
you’re conscious about it or not), and they shape the choices you make. They are the
measures by which you judge yourself and they’re also the measures by which you judge
others.

When your actions are consistent with your values, you feel peaceful with the choices
you make even if the outcome of those choices is not positive. When some action or
decision is not aligned with your values, you feel conflicted and remorseful.

You can assess your core values by checking to see if it meets these three criteria:

● It has been freely chosen from amongst alternatives after consideration and thought.
● It is prized, cherished and considered precious and is publicly affirmed when
appropriate.
● It is acted upon consistently, modeled for others, and pursued even when there are
consequences for doing so.

Beliefs
A belief is a mental acceptance of a claim as truth regardless of supporting or contrary
empirical evidence.

Core beliefs are defined as fundamental, inflexible, absolute, and generalized beliefs that
people hold about themselves, others, the world, and/or the future”. We use beliefs to help us
understand the world around us. A person’s beliefs will guide them in their decision making
and response to situations.

Beliefs are usually formed in childhood or any other significant formative experience
through:

Evidence - logical and rational formation of belief based on evidence that proves cause of
something.

Tradition - family and societal traditions

Authority - normally developed from a parent but could also be a religious leader, teacher or
any other person in authority

34
Association - beliefs can be formed through people or groups we associate with

Revelation - beliefs that are formed through ‘divine intervention” a hunch, inkling or sixth
sense

Types of Beliefs –

Enabling and Limiting

Beliefs can be seen as enabling (positive) or limiting (negative).

Enabling beliefs are ones that are optimistic and show good self-efficacy or the belief in
yourself that you can achieve something.

Examples of enabling/ positive beliefs

● I am intelligent
● I am worthy
● I always try my best
● I am hardworking

Negative beliefs are thought as limiting and they often hold one back in life. Limiting beliefs
are often seen in absolutes and are often inaccurate and unhelpful. People with limiting
beliefs can often be judgmental of oneself or of others.

Examples of limiting/ negative beliefs

● I am weak
● I am boring
● I am stupid
● I always fail
● I am worthless
Beliefs, positive or negative, are not always true and this can lead a person to make poor
decisions based on inaccurate beliefs. Research shows that people with inaccurate negative
beliefs about themselves can present with symptoms of anxiety and depression

r) Self-development

35
 Self-development is taking steps to better oneself, such as by learning new skills or
overcoming bad habits. Efforts toward self-fulfillment can be either through a formal study
programs or on one's own or could be through development of one's capabilities or
potentialities.

How to better yourself

● Improve your time management
● Try to do important tasks first
● Set clear goals
● Improve your communication skills
● Don't try to do on your own, delegate
● Make use of the right tools
● Give yourself down time
● Encourage desk cleanliness and organization.

s) Financial literacy
Financial literacy is the confident understanding of concepts including saving,
investing and debt that leads to an overall sense of financial well-being and self-trust.
Without financial literacy, you may be making the wrong decisions regarding how you
save or invest your money. You'll need to understand how finances work so you can
avoid incurring debt when using your credit card, take out a loan on your first car, and
grow your savings through investments.

t) Healthy lifestyle practices

Good health is not just the absence of disease or illness; it is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being. This means eating a balanced diet, getting
regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and drugs and getting plenty of rest.

What are the healthy life-style practices?

● Measure and Watch Your Weight. ...
● Limit Unhealthy Foods and Eat Healthy Meals. ...
● Take Multivitamin Supplements. ...
● Drink Water and Stay Hydrated, and Limit Sugared Beverages. ...
● Exercise Regularly and Be Physically Active. ...
● Reduce Sitting and Screen Time. ...
● Get Enough Good Sleep. ...
● Go Easy on Alcohol and Stay Sober.

36
● Pray

u) Adopting safety practices

Safe work practices are generally written methods outlining how to perform a task with
minimum risk to people, equipment, materials, environment, and processes.

Safe job procedures are a series of specific steps that guide a worker through a task
from start to finish in a chronological order. Safe job procedures are designed to reduce
the risk by minimizing potential exposure.

All safe work practices should be kept in a location central to the work being performed
and readily available to the workforce. Some safe work practices will require specific job
procedures, which clearly set out in a chronological order each step in a process.

Examples of safe work practices include job rotation, restricted access to a hazardous
process, good housekeeping and good personal hygiene. Immediate clean-up of any
spills of hazardous chemicals is also important safe work practices.

2. DEMONSTRATE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

a. Meaning of interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange
information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal
messages: it is face-to-face communication. ... Although no communication
may be intended, people receive messages through such forms of non-verbal
behavior.

37
 b. Listening skills
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the
communication process.

Listening is key to all effective communication. Without the ability to listen

effectively, messages are easily misunderstood. As a result, communication breaks
down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.

c. Types of audience
1: The friendly audience likes the speaker and the topic.

Presenters can take risks, experiment with new delivery styles, and involve the
audience in their presentation. They should smile and make eye contact, while including
humor and personal experiences.

2: The neutral audience appears calm, rational and engaged on the surface. But be
mindful that many people who consider themselves objective already have their minds
made up. True neutrality is rare.

Speakers in this setting should present both sides of any issue they discuss, not trying
to persuade, but instead relying on pro/con or problem/solution organizational patterns.
They also should identify those parts of their message where everyone agrees, and
build on the common ground. They should control their delivery with confident, small
gestures — nothing too showy. Supporting material should provide facts, statistics and
expert opinions. Humor, personal stories and flashy visuals should be kept to a
minimum, and time should be saved for audience questions.

3: The disinterested audience often comes against their will — like school-children
to an algebra class. They have short attention spans, avoid eye contact, and lean back
or sit in closed positions.

Avoid darkening the room, standing in one place for too long, or using text-heavy or
cluttered visuals. Speakers in this setting should be brief, making no more than three
points. Humor, personal stories and audience participation can help, along with an
intense and energetic delivery style.

4: The hostile audience seeks opportunities to steal the spotlight or ridicule the
speaker. These people are often defensive and emotional.

A speaker in this environment should take a non-confrontational approach, organizing

the message in a topical, chronological or geographical pattern. As with the neutral

38
audience, humor should be avoided, and supporting material should be based on facts
and expert opinions. Avoid a question-and-answer period, if possible; otherwise, use a
moderator or accept only written questions.

Speakers or those pubic speaking can take additional steps to connect with diverse
audiences where cross-cultural differences might inhibit understanding. Speakers can
ask someone in the audience to summarize key points they are making. They can
restate information using different examples. And they can use presentation aids such
as PowerPoint slides or flip charts to focus their listeners’ attention.

d. Public speaking
Public speaking, also called oratory or oration has traditionally meant the act of
speaking face to face to a live audience. Today it includes any form of speaking (formally
and informally) to an audience, including pre-recorded speech delivered over great
distance by means of technology.

e. Writing skills
Writing skills include all the knowledge and abilities related to expressing ideas
through the written word. The ability to clearly communicate ideas through writing is in
high demand for employers in any industry.

f. Negotiation skills
Negotiation skills are inherent qualities that help two or more parties agree to a
common logical solution. In the workplace, you may have to display your
negotiating skills in various situations such as in:
● Communication- Essential communication skills include identifying nonverbal
cues and verbal skills to express you in an engaging way. ...
● Active listening. ... That is fully concentrating on what is being said rather than
just passively 'hearing' ...
● Emotional intelligence. ... the capacity to be aware of, control, and express
one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and
empathetically.
● Expectation management. ... seek to prevent disappointment by establishing in
advance what can realistically be achieved or delivered by a project, undertaking,
course of action, etc.
● Patience. ... the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering
without becoming annoyed or anxious
● Adaptability. ... the quality of being able to adjust to new conditions

39
● Persuasion. ... to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good
reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it:
● Planning- Planning is the process of deciding in detail how to do something
before you actually start to do it

b) Importance of negotiation
● Helps to deal with peer pressure
● Helps to deals with internal conflicts
● Helps in decision –making process
● Increased effective communication
● Improves self-concept

c) Situations that require negotiation

a) Peer pressure
b) Pre-marital sex
c) Drug abuse
d) War
e) Internal conflicts
f) Juvenile delinquency

d) Negotiation Process
1. Consider the other person
● Listen to the other person
● Validate(proof) the other person’s self-worth
● Be consistent- not contradictory
● Avoid dogmatism – arrogance, opinionated
● Don’t patronize-talk down to
● Don’t interrupt

2. Be calm and stay rational

Avoid:------
● distributive messages - Distributive negotiation can be thought of as haggling
● Personal criticisms
● Rejection
● Blame
● Hostile remarks
● Sarcasm – humor marked by mocking

40
 ● Prescription – rule making
● Learn to distinguish among messages that are assertive arguments and hostile
● Don’t catastrophize – Make it look like it’s a disaster
● Take control of your anger

3. Speak Precisely Be specific

● Avoid generalization
● Use ‘I’ messages
● Be descriptive
● Stay focused and in the moment in time

4. Keep moving toward (win-win)

▪ Establish a frame of reference
▪ Clarify the issue
▪ Be open
▪ Take time to find long term solutions
▪ Accentuate the positive – emphasize
5. Be positive
● Be immediate
● Be encouraging
● Relieve tension

Be accommodating collaborating:

In general, there are five negotiation strategies:

Competition: In a competition, one party will try everything to win against the other.
Avoidance: Avoidance involves acting like the conflict does not exist, and it's best to ignore
the issue. In the end, an outcome occurs by default.
Compromise: Compromise is having both parties agree to win some points and lose some
to each other.
Accommodation: Accommodation is having one party give in and let the other party win.
Collaboration: Collaboration is when the two parties agree to create a win-win solution.

1. Negotiation Style: Compete

A competitive negotiation style follows the model of “I win, you lose.” Competitive negotiators
tend to do whatever it takes to reach their desired agreement – even when it comes at the

41
expense of another person or entity. They are results-oriented and focused on achieving
short-term goals quickly. Their desire for success motivates them, though the process of
negotiation can blind them to potentially harmful impacts.

Competitive negotiators use all tools possible to boost their negotiation success, including:

● Their position within a company structure

● Their personality and humor
● Aggression
● Their economic prowess
● Their company’s strength and size
● Their brand’s visibility and influence
A competitive negotiation style is beneficial when you need to reach a short-term agreement
quickly. If the terms of an agreement are critical and must be complied with, a competitive
negotiator will be your secret weapon. If the second negotiator is also competitive, having
another competitive negotiator on your team will be able to counter-balance their aggression.

Competitive negotiators work best in a highly competitive industry or for once-off sales, such as
selling a home or a car. However, for negotiations with another highly competitive body, it is best
to blend negotiation styles to avoid gridlock between two competitive negotiators.

These types of negotiators may focus more on winning than reaching a mutually beneficial
agreement with the other party. Business relationships might break, and a company’s reputation
may tarnish if a negotiation style is too competitive and crosses the line into bullying.

If you are a competitive negotiator, make sure to blend your style with a bit of accommodation or
collaboration. Invite a partner to balance out your natural competitive streak. Business is as
much about building strong relationships as it is about closing deals!

2.Negotiation Style: Collaborate

In contrast, a collaborative negotiation style follows the “I win, you win” model. Collaborative
negotiators focus on making sure all parties have their needs met in an agreement. They value
strengthening, establishing, and building relationships without compromising their company’s
best interests. Collaborative negotiators often evolve into this negotiation style from another. As
time goes on and a negotiator gains confidence in reaching agreements, they become more
comfortable advocating for their needs. They also become skilled in finding a mutually beneficial
balance between their needs and the other party’s.

Individuals with a collaborative negotiation style are willing to invest time in finding innovative
solutions and building business partnerships with other organizations. Other negotiation styles
are often too impatient to invest this time, but collaborative negotiators are confident that they
will benefit in the end.

42
A collaborative negotiation style is effective in most business negotiations. Collaborating with
competitive negotiators is something to be wary of, however; since this negotiation style focuses
on winning the most for their company, they might not be interested in developing a
collaborative relationship. As a result, the more collaborative company can lose out – so be
careful and always keep track of the agreement’s value.

3. Negotiation Style: Compromise

Many students of negotiation styles confuse the collaborative style with the compromising one.
Unlike the “win-win” collaborative style, the compromising negotiation style follows a “I win/lose
some, you win/lose some” model. When reaching the terms of the agreement, compromisers
often relinquish some terms in favor of gaining others.

For example, if two governments are trying to reach a trade agreement, a compromiser might
give the other government greater access to their country’s dairy market to gain protections for
digital media trade. Simply put, a compromising negotiation style is a form of bargaining.
Compromisers split the agreement’s value between the two parties versus finding a solution so
that everyone benefits from an agreement’s full value. A competitive negotiator can easily take
advantage of a compromising negotiator.

A compromising negotiation style is most useful in situations where the opposite party is
trustworthy, and the agreement is under a tight deadline. However, compromising will cause
your company to lose out on collaborative partnerships and innovative solutions.

4. Negotiation Style: Avoid

An avoiding negotiation style follows a “I lose, you lose” model. People who identify with the
avoiding negotiation style highly dislike conflict and tend to talk in vague terms about the issue
at hand rather than the issue itself. If an agreement is reached and an avoiding negotiator
dislikes the outcome, they may try to take revenge on the opposite party before the party even
knows that they were unhappy with the agreement.

Since avoider’s dislike conflict and struggle with direct communication, they come off as
passive-aggressive. This can cause rifts in interpersonal business relationships. Avoidance is a
typical reaction when a negotiator is pitted against someone who is highly competitive. Avoiding
negotiation styles work best in situations where the negotiation concerns a matter that is trivial
to both parties. In conflict resolution, avoiding negotiators work best in situations where the
investment of time to resolve the issue outweighs the outcome of the discussion.

43
 5. Negotiation Style: Accommodate

An accommodating negotiating style follows the “I lose, you win” model – which does not seem
to be in a negotiator’s best interest. Accommodating negotiators are the direct opposite of
competitive negotiators. They focus on preserving relationships and building a friendly rapport
by sacrificing some of their company’s interests in favor of the opposite party’s interests.

Accommodators tend to try to win people over by giving in to their requests. They tend to share
more information than they should. They are often well-liked by their colleagues because of their
kindness – but kindness doesn’t work in every negotiation situation. Accommodating negotiation
styles work best in situations where your company has caused harm to another and needs to
repair a significant relationship. These negotiators are skilled at peacemaking between different
bodies.

However, don’t send a pure accommodator alone to a negotiation with a competitive body. They
can easily be taken advantage of. An accommodating style can easily turn into a collaborative
style with proper training and teamwork.

g. Reading skills
Reading skill refers to the ability to understand written text. It is advisable to
develop this skill at early age of schooling. When students comprehend or
understand written text, and combine their understanding with prior
knowledge, they are able to perform the following three
reading-comprehension skills.
1. Identify simple facts presented in written text (literal comprehension)
2. Make judgments about the written text’s content (evaluative
comprehension)

3. Connect the text to other written passages and situations (inferential

comprehension)

h. Meaning of empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Showing empathy
involves putting oneself in other people’s shoes, particularly when they are faced by serious
problems caused by own actions or circumstances such as death or people living with
HIV&AIDS. This means appreciating and identifying with the situation of others and taking
steps to alleviate their emotional suffering. Empathy is feeling with, whereas sympathy is
feeling for.

b) Importance of Empathizing

44
1) You’ll better understand the needs of people around you
If you express empathy towards the people you work with, you’ll be able to
understand what they need from you, and how you can treat them the way they
want to be treated.

2) You’ll more clearly understand how you affect others

By understanding another person’s viewpoint, you can evaluate more clearly how
your words and actions affect or influence them.

3) You’ll be better at understanding non-verbal cues

By focusing on your intuition, you’ll be better equipped to understand unspoken
communication with others. This means you’ll be able to improve your
interactions with others in the workplace and in social spaces as you will have a
better gauge of how someone is feeling or how they’re responding to you.
4) You’ll be better at your job
Besides better knowing and understanding your colleagues, empathy will make
you a more efficient and effective provider to your clients. You’ll be better able to
read, or anticipate the needs of your clients or customers at work.
5) You’ll be better equipped to deal with interpersonal conflict
Engaging with another person’s perspective will help you in both your personal
and professional relationships. It’ll make it easier for you to resolve any potential
conflict.
6) You’ll more accurately predict people’s behaviour
By focusing on what motivates people’s behaviour, you’ll be better able to
understand how to interact with the people you work with or are close to. You
may also be able to predict their actions or reactions.
7) You’ll be better able to motivate the people around you
If you know what motivates others, how they want to be treated and what they
want to achieve, then you’ll be better equipped to inspire and motivate them.
8) You’ll be able to work more effectively with others
Empathy helps us develop deep levels of rapport and trust with others both at
work and in other aspects of life.
9) You’ll learn to look at the bigger picture
When you incorporate several different perspectives or worldviews, you’ll be able
to see the bigger picture of an issue or concept.
10) You’ll become a better leader, worker and friend
Empathy will help you understand your co-workers, family and friends better.
You’ll be in a better position to effectively lead and inspire others, as well as
develop more caring and compassionate relationships.

45
 c. Some situations Requiring Empathy
✔ Death,
✔ HIV & AIDS infected or affected
✔ Joblessness
✔ Sickness
✔ Other life-threatening issues
✔

d. Differences between empathy and emotions

Empathy means experiencing someone else’s feelings. It requires an emotional component of
really feeling what the other person is feeling. Emotional empathy means that our bodies are
responding to the emotions we are experiencing while in the presence of the other person and
their emotional experience.

Sympathy, on the other hand, means understanding someone else’s suffering. It’s more cognitive
in nature and keeps a certain distance. The shared emotional experience prompts us to move
closer to someone, to comfort them, and to offer reassurance and help.

i. Understanding customers’ needs

Knowing and understanding customer needs is at the center of every successful
business, whether it sells directly to individuals or other businesses. Once you have
this knowledge, you can use it to persuade potential and existing customers that
buying from you is in their best interests.

j. Establishing communication networks

A communication network refers to the method that employees pass on information
to other employees in an organization. A communication network refers to how
information flows within the organization. Information within an organization generally
flows through a system, rather than being a free flow. Communication networks are
regular patterns of person-to-person relationships through which information flows in
an organization

1. Vertical Network:
The vertical network is usually between the superior and subordinate and vice versa. It is
two-way communication. The immediate feedback is possible in this type of communication
network. It is formal network

46
.

2. Circuit Network:
Under this network two persons communicate with each other. Say Mr. ‘A’ sends message to
Mr. ‘B’. After receiving message Mr. ‘B’ communicates the feedback message to Mr. ‘A’. So,
communication takes the form of a circuit. Therefore, it is known as circuit network. It is
similar to vertical network but in circuit network ‘A’ and ‘B’ are not necessarily superior and
subordinates.

3. Chain Network:
This network of communication follows the organizational hierarchy and chain of command.
All subordinates receive commands or instructions from their superior. B, C, D and E, F, G are
the subordinates to A in the organizational hierarchy and receive commands from ‘A’ which
follows the way shown in the diagram.

47
 4. Wheel Network:
Here all subordinates receive commands from one superior. This is highly centralized type of
communication network where each subordinate receives commands or instructions from a
single authority or superior ‘A’ and wants the immediate feedback.

5. Star Network:
Under star communication network all members of the group communicate with each other
and exchange information. This network is a must for group communication or where
teamwork is involved. This network channel of communication is open to all members of the
group. The members communicate with each other without hesitation.

The effectiveness of the above

networks of communication channels depends upon their users i.e., the managers at all
levels, their subordinates and other members of the organization and above all the
seriousness with which all these human resources make use of the facilities provided to
them by the organization to accomplish its objectives.

k. Assertiveness

Assertiveness is the quality of being self-assured and confident without being

48
 aggressive. The quality of being confident and not frightened to say what you want or
believe:

l. Sharing information
Information sharing describes the exchange of data between various organizations, people
and technologies. There are several types of information sharing:

o Information shared by individuals (such as a video shared on Facebook or YouTube)

o Information shared by organizations (such as the RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feed
of an online weather report)
o Information shared between firmware/software (such as the IP addresses of available
network nodes or the availability of disk space)

6. DEMONSTRATE CRITICAL SAFE WORK HABITS

a. Stress and stress management
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that
makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or
demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet
a deadline.
It is closely related to coping with emotions. Stress is how the body reacts to challenges or
demands. It is the state of psychological tension. Stress can result in confusion when thinking,
difficulties in decision-making, lowered concentration, excessive sweating, rapid breathing or
even change in eating habits.

b. Time concept
Time is defined as that part of existence, which is measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days,
weeks, months, and years. It can be a particular period or duration for which things happen.
Time is a precious resource, which is not non-renewable. It controls everything we do including
living itself.
Therefore, there is need to control our activities so as to fit each in a given timeframe and to
make the best use of time available to us.

c. Punctuality and time consciousness

49
 Punctuality
Punctuality is a simple concept: It means showing up when you say you will. When you
are punctual, it signals that you care for your team members, you take your job seriously,
and you care about meeting deadlines. In almost every workplace, punctuality is
synonymous with professionalism. This includes coordinating your commute to arrive at
work and start your shift at a designated time, creating a schedule to attend meetings
and planning your work to finish your duties when your manager or clients need them to
be complete.

Time consciousness
Time consciousness can be defined as the conscious experience of time, as opposed to
events.

a. Explain how to make a work

schedule
Work schedule
This is a temporary organized plan for matters to be attended to. Planning for time
is essential for any individual. If one plans well, he or she will improve their
productivity.
Planning means bridging the gap between what one is and what he/she wants to
be in future. In planning one has to evaluate the work before hand and see
whether it can be accomplished within the available time and resources. It is
advisable to make a daily work schedule or a timetable. Record it informs of a
diary and if possible, try to live according to its prescription. Helpful tips include:
● The work schedule should not be very rigid, change can be affected to suit
ones needs.
● A daily work schedule need not be the same for different people even if
they are involved in the same task.
● One should try to stick to the time allocated on his/her work schedule

How to make a Work schedule

I. Make a List. First, write down everything you need to get done daily,
both in your home life and at work. ...
II. Structure Your Day. ... Having structure means keeping a schedule or
routine, which includes making time for yourself, and activities that bring
you joy. Having structure can do wonders for improving productivity,
stress, and even anxiety and depression

50
III. Get Specific (Optional) ...
IV. Schedule in Time for Flexibility. ...
V. Test Drive Your New Routine

b. Components of a time management

chart
Time Management Chart Include:
● Leisure time
● Working time
● Exercise and games
● Helping the needy
● Meal’s time
● Cleaning time
● Rest
● Prayer time

c. Importance of managing time

a. Focus on priorities
Establishing priorities is necessary in order to complete everything
that needs to be done. Prioritization is important because it with

51
 allow you to give your attention to tasks that are important and
urgent so that you can later focus on lower priority tasks

b. Sense of direction
If you say that someone has a sense of direction, you mean that
they seem to have clear ideas about what they want to do or
achieve

c. Attain goals
The verb attain is all about reaching some mark of achievement.
You can attain a goal. You can even attain a destination.

d. Reduce/avoid stress
Avoiding stress is a matter of not putting yourself into stressful
situations. This sounds simple enough—and in some cases, it can
be. For example, if you find crowds very stressful, you might
choose not to commute to work by public transport at busy times.

e. Satisfy others/clients
If someone or something satisfies you, they give you enough of
what you want or need to make you pleased or contented.

f. Create and have time for every thing

It means you cannot do all things at the same time or you can't do
different things at the same time. You can't plant a seed and harvest
at the time.

f. Time wasters
Time waster is any controllable activity that hinders or delays your
efforts to accomplish the job or task. These include:
● Procrastination
● Interruptions by people without appointment
● Poor or lack of delegation
● Talking too long on telephone
● Lack of priorities
● Day dreaming
● Excessive playing
● Indecisiveness
● Disorganization

52
 ● Uncontrolled media influence
● Reading junk literature
● Quarreling and fighting

d. Leisure
Leisure means a period which one spends doing other things rather than routine work.

i. Leisure Time refers to time available for ease and relaxation

ii. Active Leisure
Refers to leisure activities that are meant to de-stress a person and carry
the attention away from work. This could mean type of recreational
activity. The primary aim is to give one a sense of self.
iii. Passive Leisure:
Passive leisure refers to an individual who cannot make a decision on
leisure involvement but relies on others to make decisions for them. These
are people who are easily influenced to use their leisure time
unconstructively

b) Effects of misuse of leisure time

● Drug and substance abuse
● HIV and AIDS infection
● Criminal Activities
● STDs
c) Activities for positive leisure
● Ball games
● Athletics
● Swimming
● Reading
● Singing
● Visiting the sick
● Doing their home work
● Visiting their friends
● Helping parents at home
● Revising for exams
● Praying
● Browsing

53
 e. Integrating(combine) personal objectives into organizational objectives
Key difference between the individual goals and organizational goals is set in the hierarchy of its
objectives. This is what draws a clear line of distinction between the two. Individual goals are
something set at an individual level for each employee in the organization whereas organization
goals are set keeping in mind the different departments & levels working in the organization.

In other words, organizational goals can also be described as the strategic ideas and vision that
sets the expected effort from each employee and guides them through the process. Some major
benefit’s organizational goal offer includes provides purpose for the existence of the
organization, offer direction for the employees, creates structure and helps to measure the
efforts.

Be it individual or organizational goals, it needs to define a purpose, help in growth, and indulge
in new learning. Goals need to be very specific, measurable, time bound. Clear interim reviews
and deadlines need to be set to ensure the entire journey is structured and fruitful.

To be successful and productive organizations need to create goals that align all their
employees, departments and teams to the organizational goals. Only if the employees find
sense in the purpose and relate to the goal, they’ll feel engaged and work towards it.

f. Resources mobilization
The term resource mobilization refers to all activities undertaken by a startup or an organization
to secure new and additional financial, human and material resources to advance its mission.
Inherent in efforts to mobilize resources is the drive for organizational sustainability.

g. Resources utilization
Resource utilization means 'time spent working,' and is thus a measure of time spent productively. In
other words, an effective utilization of available time. There are various ways to track this time and
different methods and definitions of utilized time.

h. Setting work priorities

Setting priorities at work isn't just about choosing to do one thing over another;
it's about choosing to do important things first so that you can achieve your
long-term goals. Once priorities are established, they help us to stay organized
and on-task.

54
 How to prioritize work when everything's important
1. Have a list that contains all tasks in one.
2. Identify what's important: Understanding your true goals.
3. Highlight what's urgent.
4. Prioritize based on importance and urgency.
5. Avoid competing priorities.
6. Consider effort.
7. Review constantly and be realistic
8.
i. Developing healthy relationships

Healthy relationships involve honesty, trust, respect and open communication between partners
and they take effort and compromise from both people. There is no imbalance of power.
Partners respect each other's independence, can make their own decisions without fear of
retribution or retaliation, and share decisions.

In a healthy relationship, trust comes easily and you don't have to question the other person's
intentions or whether they have your back. They respect your privacy and would never put you
through a “test” to prove your loyalty. Confidence that your partner won't do anything to hurt
you or ruin the relationship

a) Types of relationships
● Peer/peer
● Lady/Gentleman
● Husband/wife
● Siblings’ relationships
● Parent/child
● Teacher/Student
● Employer/employee
● Client/ service provider
● Man/woman

55
 b) Ways of Developing Healthy Relationships
People need to learn the following to develop healthy relationship:

● To communicate effectively so as to understand each other

● To negotiate - obtain or bring about by discussion.
● To make appropriate decisions
● To resolve conflicts
● To uphold each other’s self-esteem
● To be assertive

c) Factors that Influence Healthy Relationships

● Personality
● Generation gap
● Experiences in life

d) Maintaining Healthy Relationship

● Upholding associated values and life skills/employability skills
● Self-sacrifice
● Waiting until marriage
● Maintaining healthy boundaries

e) Influence of Relationship on Behavior

1. Negative influence
Individuals in negative relationships are more likely to exhibit lowered self-worth
and confidence. It also increases self-doubt, helplessness, fear, anxiety,
depression, insecurity, paranoia, and decreased motivation and productivity in the
workplace

2. Positive influence
Social ties can instill a sense of responsibility and concern for others that then
lead individuals to engage in behaviors that protect the health of others, as well as
their own health. Social ties provide information and create norms that further
influence health habits.

j. HIV and AIDS

56
 a) Definition of terms H.I.V and AIDS
● HIV stands for: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
● AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

k. Drug and substance abuse

A substance is considered abused if it is deliberately used to induce physiological or
psychological effects or both, for the purposes other than therapeutic (healing) ones, and when
its use contributes to health risks, the disruption of psychological functioning, adverse social
consequences or a combination of them.
A drug can be defined as a substance, which may be chemical, synthetic or natural, which when
taken in by a living organism may modify or affect one or more of its functions
Drug misuse is considered to be the wrong use of medicine and incorrect use of drugs or
medicines with the intention of causing body changes. It can also be said to be taking of
medicine/drugs without the doctor’s prescription

a) Commonly Abused Drugs and Substances

The most commonly abused substances are alcohol and tobacco. They are in fact
termed as gateway substances to other drugs.

1. Alcohol
Alcohol includes wine, spirits, beer, “busaa”, “muratina”, “mnazi”, “changaa” and others such as
“kumi kumi” “machozi” etc). Alcohol is considered a depressant which slows and lowers the
functions of the brain, e.g., thinking, concentration, and recognition, making decisions and
initiating reasoned actions.

The effect of alcohol on the brain makes people feel relaxed, stop worrying about what other
people think of them, and have a good time. The initial effect of alcohol makes one feel
stimulated, become talkative and more active. As some continue taking more alcohol, mood and
social behavior changes, some people become depressed and remorseful; others become
belligerent (become abusive or violent)

Depressive drunks may slow down, stumble, loudly confess their sins and failures and slur in
words. The Amoral drunks may pick up quarrels and fights and other reckless behaviors. When
they fall asleep, they wake up with a hangover which includes fatigue, headache and nausea.
They may also feel restlessness during the day and this can affect their productivity

57
 2. Tobacco
Tobacco contains 4,000 different chemicals many of which are harmful. Nicotine, carbon
monoxide and tar are the three main chemicals that affect the human body and cause diseases.
Tobacco can be smoked, snorted or chewed

Effects of Tobacco

The tar in the cigarette is deposited in the lungs causing lung damage and even lung cancer.
Carbon monoxide present in cigarettes also affects the chemical activity of the heart, which
encourages deposits on the walls of the arteries leading to blockage that may cause blood
circulation problems. For pregnant women this reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the baby
during pregnancy.

Smoking can also cause spontaneous abortion and other complications during pregnancy, low
birth weight babies and stillbirths as well as prenatal mortality in women

Smoking also leads to increased incidences of severe coughing, sneezing and shortness of breath
on hard work.

Peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum, cancer of the mouth, nose, throat, esophagus,
pancreas, bladder, cervix and leukemia are other diseases caused by smoking

Economically, although smoking contributes to a country’s revenue, it eats into the family
budget. It is also very costly in the treatment of diseases associated with smoking.

3. Cannabis Sativa
It is also known as Bang, Marijuana (street names – grass, weed, pot, jive, reeter, and ganja.
This drug is rolled into cigarette and smoked; and can also be chewed. It can also be processed
into more potent form known as hashish.

Effects of Marijuana

● It may lead to confusion and psychotic problems with memory and learning problems
● Trouble in thinking and problem solving
● Loss of coordination
● Increased heartbeat, anxiety and panic attacks
● Some people can make stupid mistakes at work place
● It leads to unsafe sex and spread of HIV&AIDS

58
 ● It can lead to cancer, respiratory problems, immune system and reproductive system
problems
● It may lead to use of other illicit drugs

4. Glue
Health Risks

▪ Nausea, vomiting, blackouts and heart problems that can be fatal

▪ Squirting gas products down the throat may cause the body to produce fluid that floods
the lungs and this can cause instant death
▪ Risk of suffocation if the substances is inhaled from a plastic bag over the head
▪ Accidents can happen when the user is high because their senses are affected long term
abuse of glue can damage the brain, liver, and kidneys

Effect of Glue

I. may hallucinate
II. Users feel thick-headed, dizzy, giggly, and dreamy
III. Effects do not last very long. But users can remain intoxicated all day by repeating the
dos

5. Khat (Miraa)
– is a stimulant

b) Causes of drug and substance Abuse

● Pressure to perform well in examination
● Work / academic overload
● Family problems like rejection and a shaky family background
● Poverty
● Peer pressure
● Curiosity
● To escape from problem at home or workplace
● Boredom
59
 ● Poor parenting in terms of modeling as well as laxity among the parents hence loosing
influence over their children’s lives.
● Media influence
● Social economic conditions and background, for example coming from “miraa” growing
area
● Failure to develop pro-social values in early life
● Religious and cultural influences e.g., Rastafarianism.
● Desire to have another sense of holiness
● Learners with excess pocket money may be tempted to abuse drugs

c) Signs and Symptoms of Drug and Substance Abuse

1. Physical Signs
These include:

▪ Slurred speech,
▪ staggering walk due to lack of co-ordination body movement,
▪ blurred and double vision,
▪ bloodshot eyes,
▪ watery eyes and drowsiness,
▪ unusual rashes and sores around the mouth and nose
▪ Sudden change in eating habits such as loss of appetite or eating too much
▪ Burnt fingers,
▪ burnt holes in clothes
▪ injection marks
▪ General poor health
▪ Dry mouth or constant licking of lips
▪ Persistent cough
▪ Emergence of gangsterism with same mannerisms, for example, hair cut
▪ Untidiness-becoming untidy or tidy all of a sudden
▪ Gathering in groups in isolated places or dejected buildings

60
 2. Psychosocial signs
These signs include:

● Withdraw from the family members and friends.

● Being involved with other company and that is of suspicious behavior
● Mood swings.
● Victims may sometimes become violent, excessively excited or argumentative
● Confused conversation, impaired judgment and lack of proper concentration given tasks
● Behavior changes where some may present extreme changes in behavior and personality
e.g., being untidy or very neat all of a sudden
● Others may present blank, dreamily expressions,
● Fear of lack of sleep
● Truancy and refusal to go to school
● Despair and loss of interest in life, which may lead to depression
● Mental sickness may set in.
● Victims experience hallucinations and delirium such as seeing things that are not real.
● Drugs could also lead to suicide
● Compulsive drug seeking

g. Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse

● changes in appetite
● sleeplessness or insomnia
● increased heart rate
● slurred speech- mumbling
● changes in cognitive ability
● A temporary sense of euphoria- a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness.
● loss of coordination

Drug abuse can affect aspects of a person’s life beyond their physical health. People with substance use
disorder, for example, may experience:
● an inability to cease using a drug
● relationship problems
● poor work or academic performance
● difficulty maintaining personal hygiene
61
● noticeable changes in appearance, such as extreme weight loss
● increased impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors
● loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities

● Long-term effects
● Drug abuse, especially over an extended period, can have numerous long-term health
effects.
● Chronic drug use can alter a person’s brain structure and function, resulting in long-term
psychological effects, such as:
● depression
● anxiety
● panic disorders
● increased aggression
● Paranoia- a mental condition characterized by delusions of persecution, unwarranted
jealousy, or exaggerated self-importance, typically worked into an organized system.
● hallucinations
● Long-term drug use can also affect a person’s memory, learning, and concentration.
● The long-term physical effects of drug use vary depending on the type of drug and the
duration of use. However, experts have linked chronic drug use with the following health
conditions:

● Cardiovascular disease
a) Stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamines, can damage the heart and
blood vessels.

b) The long-term use of these drugs can lead to coronary artery disease, arrhythmia,
and heart attack.

● Respiratory problems
▪ Drugs that people smoke or inhale can damage the respiratory system and lead to
chronic respiratory infections and diseases.
▪ Opioids (pain relieving) slow a person’s breathing by binding to specific receptors
in the central nervous system that regulate respiration. By depressing a person’s
respiration, these drugs can lead to slow breathing or heavy snoring.
▪ A person may stop breathing entirely if they take a large dose of an opioid or take
it alongside other drugs, such as sleep aids or alcohol.

● Kidney damage

62
 The kidneys filter excess minerals and waste products from the blood. Heroin, ketamine,
and synthetic cannabinoids can cause kidney damage or kidney failure.

● Liver disease
Chronic drug and alcohol use can damage the liver cells, leading to inflammation,
scarring, and even liver failure.

h. Relationship between Substance Abuse

and HIV & AIDS
● Sharing of needles by substance abusers can lead to HIV infection and AIDS Substance
abusers stand a high risk of spreading HIV &AIDS through sexual intercourse.
● Substance use is known to impair a person’s judgment and for this reason the person may
expose himself/herself to the virus
● The uncontrollable properties of psychoactive substances lead to sexual and other
high-risk behaviors that individuals might otherwise avoid.

i. Management of Drug and Substance

Abuse
There are many options that have been successful in treating drug
addiction, including

a) behavioral counseling
Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that
treat mental health disorders. This form of therapy seeks to identify and
help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors. It
functions on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that unhealthy
behaviors can be changed. The focus of treatment is often on current
problems and how to change them.

b. Medication
Medical devices and applications are used to treat withdrawal
symptoms or deliver skills training.

63
 c. evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental
health issues such as depression and anxiety

d. long-term follow-up to prevent relapse

e. Detoxification- medical treatment of an alcoholic or

drug addict involving abstention from drink or drugs until
the bloodstream is free of toxins.

f. Counseling
The job or process of listening to someone and giving that person
advice about their problems.

g. Reintegration behavioral counseling

Reintegration is the process a person goes through
to reenter society after being under influence of
drugs. Reintegration programs are designed to
provide assistance to formerly addicted persons in
getting job training and finding a job.

h. Preventive Measures to Drug and Substance Abuse

● Proper education on factors that contribute to the problem and deal with them
● There is need to educate the public on proper use of legal drugs
● Create awareness in the community, at work place, in schools and places of worship,
Educating people about drugs removes ignorance
● Media campaigns to highlight negative effects of drug use
● Effective parenting helps to raise a drug free child.
● Functional family’s nature a normal child.
● Occupational therapist to train workers how to cope with stress at work place
● Teach life skills and other skills related to their jobs e.g., interpersonal skills,
assertiveness etc.
● To detect the drug users and, help them through drug counseling, treatment and
rehabilitations
● Effective government policies on drug trafficking

64
l. Managing emerging issues

1. Identify risks through employees, customer input. An insurer can't plan for risks
without knowing what they are. ...
2. Create multidisciplinary teams to evaluate exposures. ...
3. Take Action. ...
4. Monitor Results.

7. LEAD A WORKPLACE TEAM

a) Leadership qualities
a. Gratitude
Being thankful can lead to higher self-esteem, reduced depression and anxiety,
and better sleep. Gratitude can even make you a better leader. Yet few people
regularly say “thank you” in work settings, even though most people say they’d
be willing to work harder for an appreciative boss. The best leaders know how to
demonstrate sincere gratitude in the workplace.

b. Learning Agility
Learning agility is the ability to know what to do when you don’t know what to do.
If you’re a “quick study” or are able to excel in unfamiliar circumstances, you
might already be learning agile. But anybody can foster learning agility through
practice, experience, and effort.

c. Influence
For some people, “influence” feels like a dirty word. But being able to convince
people through logical, emotional, or cooperative appeals is an important trait of
inspiring, effective leaders. Influence is quite different from manipulation, and it
needs to be done authentically and transparently. It requires emotional
intelligence and trust.

d. Empathy
Empathy is correlated with job performance and is a critical part of emotional
intelligence and leadership effectiveness. If you show more inclusive leadership
and empathetic behaviors towards your direct reports, our research shows you’re
more likely to be viewed as a better performer by your boss. Plus, empathy and
inclusion are imperatives for improving workplace conditions for those around
you.

e. Courage

65
 It can be hard to speak up at work, whether you want to voice a new idea,
provide feedback to a direct report, or flag a concern for someone above you.
That’s part of the reason courage is a key trait of good leaders. Rather than
avoiding problems or allowing conflicts to fester, courage enables leaders to step
up and move things in the right direction. A workplace with high levels of
psychological safety and a strong coaching culture will further support truth and
courage.

f. Respect- courtesy-good manners

Treating people with respect on a daily basis is one of the most important things
a leader can do. It will ease tensions and conflict, create trust, and improve
effectiveness. Respect is about more than the absence of disrespect, and it can
be shown in many different ways.

b) Power and authority

Power is an entity's or individual's ability to control or direct others, while authority is influence that is
predicated (based) on perceived legitimacy. Consequently, power is necessary for authority, but it is
possible to have power without authority. In other words, power is necessary but not sufficient for
authority.

c) Team building
Team building is the process of turning a group of individual contributing employees into a
cohesive team—a group of people organized to work together to meet the needs of their
customers by accomplishing their purpose and goals.

d) Determination(decide) of team roles and objectives

The team roles describe a pattern of behavior that characterizes one person's behavior in
relationship to another in facilitating the progress of a team. This approach enables an individual
or team to benefit from self-knowledge and adjust behavior according to the demands being
made by the external situation.

Determine what needs to get done. Make a list of all the tasks that need to be completed. ...
Identify strengths and weaknesses. ...
Refer back to a team member's job description. ...

66
 Get feedback

e) Team parameters and relationships

Parameters protect the team. Of the parameters, Ethics is the overarching (all-inclusive) theme
followed by Policy, followed by Expectations of representative behavior. Once parameters are
defined a leader must enforce the boundaries or risk weakening the team.

f) Individual responsibilities in a team

Each member of the team assumes his or her responsibility(duty), but at the same time makes
the others responsible for the work they should accomplish to reach the common objectives of
all.
Team members help customers find desired goods or services. They answer questions, make
purchase recommendations and explain the benefits of the goods or services. Once they have
helped customers make a satisfactory selection, they add up the total purchases and complete
the transactions.

g) Forms of communication
1. Oral
Refers to the form of communication in which a message is transmitted by word of mouth. It
includes:
⮚ face to face conversations
Face-to-face communication is when two or more people interact and communicate
while visible to one another. This might be a physical, in-person conversation, or it could
be in a virtual setting. Face-to-face communication is often more effective than written
or audio-only conversations.

⮚ Speech
Speech is human vocal communication using language. Speech is the communication or
expression of thoughts in spoken words.
⮚ telephonic conversations
A telephonic conversation is a way of communication or sharing of information between
two people where they are not present face to face. It is a medium of interaction to
discuss various matters and exchange valuable thoughts and ideas with each other
⮚ videos
A program, movie, or other visual media product featuring moving images, with or
without audio, that is recorded and saved digitally or on DVD.
⮚ Radio

67
 Radio is sound communication by radio waves, usually through the transmission of
music, news, and other types of programs from single broadcast stations to multitudes
of individual listeners equipped with radio receivers.
⮚ Television
An electronic system of transmitting transient images of fixed or moving objects
together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and
sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible
sound.

⮚ voice over net

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make voice calls
using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

2. Written communication
Involves any type of interaction that involves written word. It is very common in written
situations e.g., letters, memos, reports

3. Visual Communication
Visual communication is the transmission of ideas and information using symbols and imagery.
Visual communication is believed to be the type that people rely on most and it includes signs,
graphics designs, and films etc.

4. Audio visual communication

Audio visual means possessing both sound and visual components such as videos and television.
Audio visual service providers frequently offer web streaming, video conferencing and live band
services.

h) Complementing team activities

When forming a team, the ideal is to balance the skills of one team member with the
complementary abilities of others. In this way, each team member plays to his unique strengths,
such as strategy, leadership or operations, while rallying around the team's shared purpose.

i) Gender and gender mainstreaming

"Gender" refers to masculine and feminine - that is, to qualities or characteristics that society
attribute to each sex but not to male or female. People are born female or male, but learn to be
women and men.
“Gender” refers to the roles, responsibilities, attributes, and power relations that are socially constructed
by and assigned to men and women of a given society or community. These constructs vary greatly by

68
culture, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and context, and they change over time. Perceptions
of gender are deeply rooted, vary widely both within and between cultures, and change over time. But in
all cultures, gender determines power and resources for females and males.

Gender mainstreaming

Gender mainstreaming means integrating a gender equality perspective at all stages and levels of
policies, programmes and projects. ... Gender mainstreaming aims to solve –sometimes hidden- gender
inequalities. It is therefore a tool for achieving gender equality.

b. Agents that Perpetuate Gender Discrimination

▪ Culture
▪ Stereotyping- label, tag
▪ Poverty
▪ Illiteracy
▪ Religion/denominations

d. Effects of Gender on an Individual

● Poor self-concept
● Discrimination
● Indecisiveness
● Illiteracy
● Low self-esteem

b. Effects of stereotypes in relationships

● Violence when women refuse to be submissive or take decisions
● Resentment when a woman is earning and the man is not or when a
woman is earning more than the man
● Rape
● Discrimination in the workplace
● Harassment

c. Strategies to Eliminate Gender Discrimination

The following are ways to eliminate gender discrimination.
● To treat individuals equally irrespective of their gender

69
 ● Creating gender-friendly environment
● Providing gender friendly facilities and careers
● Learners should be encouraged to work hard in all subjects and to
pursue any career.
● Encourage games and leisure for all learners without
discrimination
● Assigning equal duties and responsibilities to all the learners
regardless of gender
● Guiding and counseling all the learners on responsible sexual
behavior, HIV&AIDS, drug misuse and abuse and responsible
adulthood and other aspects of learning.
● Analyzing examination, repetition, and drop out in terms of gender
to detect and gender bias.
● Encouraging the parents and the community to have positive
attitude towards girls’ and boys’ education
● Encouraging girls who become pregnant to resume school after
delivering.

j) Human rights
Human rights are norms that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal,
and social abuses. Examples of human rights are the right to freedom of religion, the right to a
fair trial when charged with a crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to education.

Rights: right is what a human being deserves or entitlement is by law or heritage. They
are those things that are important for the well-being of every human being. A right is not
something that someone gives you; it is something that nobody can take away. They are
God given.

a) The four broad categories of children’s right

The concept of UNCRC was set up in 1989 as a standard agreement that set basic
standards for children’s wellbeing. The convention contains 54 articles articulated in 4
broad categories.

These include:

70
2. The Right to Life and Survival: There are four sub-categories of the Right to
Life and Survival. They are:
a. Right to medical care
● This involves treatment when children are sick
● Getting immunized against diseases like measles, T.B. tetanus, whooping
cough, Diphtheria and Polio
b. The right to nutrition:
A well-balanced meal contains Proteins e.g., meat, beans, eggs, fish, milk
Carbohydrates such as potatoes, rice, cassava, maize meal etc. Vitamins obtained
from fruits, green vegetables etc. Fats and oils

c. The right to Shelter

A house should be well ventilated A house should be, spacious enough. The family
should feel secure in the house they are living in.

d. Right to clothing: Clothes should be warm not too tight decent

e. The Right Development
Children have the right to develop physically, mentally, emotionally, socially and
spiritually.
f. Right to education:
Education provides knowledge and prepares one in the field of work and to be
able to interact effectively with others

g. Right to play and leisure: They need to be allowed to play and have fun and to
have time for relaxation. This would enhance the physical aspect that would
enhance education and life in general.
h. Right to parental care
i. Right to access to information
j. Right to social security
3. The right to protection
Its children’s right to be protected against:
1) Exploitation e.g., child labor
2) Drug Abuse (e.g., tobacco, bang, khat)
3) Discrimination on the basis of color, status, disability, religion, tradition
4) Disaster: Examples of Natural Disasters: floods, drought, earthquake,
Man-made e.g., war, fire, bomb-blast
5) Abuse and neglect e.g., Physical abuse e.g., canning, smacking, FGM
6) Emotional abuse e.g., name calling, and abandonment
7) Loss of identity: all children should have a name
8) Refugees – they need refugee status

71
 9) Sexual abuse – e.g., rape, incest, sexual harassment, sodomy, early
marriage, and child prostitution
4. The Right to Participation
The Right to participation sub-categories entails that child is entitled to:

1. Free association: for example, freedom to form clubs

2. Thought and opinion: freedom to think and present their opinions like
activities they want to engage in. e.g., clubs at the college
3. Contribution: e.g., songs, poems, during college functions at the community
level etc.

k) Developing healthy relationships

Healthy relationships involve honesty, trust, respect and open communication between
partners and they take effort and compromise from both people. There is no imbalance of
power. Partners respect each other's independence, can make their own decisions without
fear of retribution or retaliation, and share decisions. The following are ways to promote
healthy relationships.
● To communicate effectively so as to understand each other.
● To negotiate
● To make appropriate decisions
● To resolve conflicts
● To uphold each other’s self-esteem
● To be assertive

l) Maintaining relationships
• Upholding associated values and life skills
• Self-sacrifice
• Waiting until marriage
• Maintaining healthy boundaries

m) Conflicts and conflict resolution

It is a situation in which people or groups are involved in serious disagreement or disputes.

Conflicts are unavoidable and sometimes necessary but non-violent conflict resolution ensures
that such conflicts do not become destructive. This can either involve a person resolving his/her
conflict situation or assisting others to come to an understanding without resulting to fighting.
Conflicts can also be internal when and individual has two opposing feelings or views about an
issue or situation. Well resolved conflicts results in having a peaceful environment.

72
 a) Causes of conflicts
I. Land disputes
II. Family disputes
III. Unequal or unfair distribution of resources
IV. Boundary disputes
V. Cattle rustling
VI. Differences in ideologies

There are five main causes of conflict: information conflicts, values conflicts, interest
conflicts, relationship conflicts, and structural conflicts.

I. Information conflicts arise when people have different or insufficient information, or

disagree over what data is relevant. Allowing sufficient time to be heard, in a respectful
environment facilitated by a neutral person can allow parties to clear up information
disparities.

II. Values conflicts are created when people have perceived or actual incompatible belief
systems. Where a person or group tries to impose its values on others or claims exclusive
right to a set of values, disputes arise. While values may be non-negotiable, they can be
discussed and people can learn to live peacefully and coherently alongside each other.

III. Interest conflicts are caused by competition over perceived or actual incompatible needs.
Such conflicts may occur over issues of money, resources, or time. Parties often
mistakenly believe that in order to satisfy their own needs, those of their opponent must
be sacrificed. A mediator can help identify ways to dovetail interests and create
opportunities for mutual gain.

IV. Relationship conflicts occur when there are misperceptions, strong negative emotions, or
poor communication. One person may distrust the other and believe that the other
person’s actions are motivated by malice or intent to harm the other. Relationship
conflicts may be addressed by allowing each person uninterrupted time to talk through
the issues and respond to the other person’s concerns.

V. Structural conflicts are caused by oppressive behaviors exerted on others. Limited

resources or opportunity as well as organization structures often promote conflict
behavior. The parties may well benefit from mediation since the forum will help
neutralize the power imbalance.

73
Regardless of the cause of conflict, an experienced mediator can help parties shift their focus
from fighting to resolution. Since they are necessarily unbiased, neutrals create an environment
where parties can trust the process and work toward a solution.

b) Consequences of conflicts
● Conflicts result into the breakdown of law and order.
● It makes it difficult for people to achieve common goals and objectives.
● Conflicts bring about disunity.
● It brings about hatred and disaffection among members of a group or association
● War/tribal clashes
● Dropping out of school
● Drug abuse
● Committing suicide

c) Types of conflicts
● Siblings
● Parents
● Relatives
● Communities or clans

d) Ways of dealing with conflicts

● Accept conflict. Remember that conflict is natural and happens in every ongoing
relationship. ...

● Be a calming agent. ... Some healthy responses to conflict include being able to see the
other person's perspective, and listening to them in a calm and respectful manner. Part of
responding in a healthy way to conflict also includes the ability to forgive and forget,
letting go of any resentment.
● Listen actively. ... Active listening is a way of listening and responding to another person
that improves mutual understanding. It is an important first step to defuse the situation
and seek solutions to problems.
● Analyze the conflict. ... Conflict analysis is a structured inquiry into the causes and
potential direction of a conflict. It seeks to identify opportunities for managing or
resolving disputes without recourse to violent action. It may include a variety of
analytical methods:

74
 ● Model neutral language. ... The "neutral language" has a totally regular grammar
that does not favor anyone.
● Separate the person from the problem. ... Separating the people from the problem
requires negotiators to understand that each party has a different perception of the issues;
each party must not allow emotions to play a role in the process; and each party must
learn to better communicate and listen.
● Work together. ... The collaborating conflict style focuses on coming up with the most
cooperative solution to conflicts
● Agree to disagree-- Agreeing to disagree is an English phrase used to resolve a conflict
of some kind usually between two people. It means that both parties have decided to
accept the other person’s point of view without actually agreeing with it.

n) Coaching and mentoring skills

Coaching and mentoring are development approaches based on the use of
one-to-one conversations to enhance an individual's skills, knowledge or work
performance. It's possible to draw distinctions between coaching and mentoring
although in practice the two terms are often used interchangeably.

What are the key differences between coaching and mentoring?

Coaching is more performance driven, designed to improve the professional's
on-the-job performance.
Mentoring is more development driven, looking not just at the professional's current
job function but beyond, taking a more holistic approach to career development

8. PLAN AND ORGANIZE WORK

a. Functions of management
● At the most fundamental level, management is a discipline that consists of a set of five
general functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling
● Planning
It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action &
deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined
goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how
to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of
actions. It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is determination of
courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways &
means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper

75
 utilization of human & non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it
also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

● Organizing
It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing
productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. According to
Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful for its functioning i.e.,
raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining &
providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as a
process involves:
• Identification of activities.
• Classification of grouping of activities.
• Assignment of duties.
• Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
• Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.

Staffing
Staffing is the managerial function of recruitment, selection, training, developing, promotion and
compensation of personnel. Staffing may be defined as the process of hiring and developing the
required personnel to fill in the various positions in the organization.

Leading
Leading consists of motivating employees and influencing their behavior to achieve
organizational objectives. Leading focuses on managing people, such as individual
employees, teams and groups rather than tasks.

Controlling
The controlling function of management generally means organizational control. That is, a
process by which an organization (through its managers) influences its sub-units and members
in the process of attaining organizational goals and objectives.
Controlling is the measurement and correction of performance in order to make sure that
enterprise objectives and the plans devised to attain them are accomplished.

b. Decision making concept

Decision- making is the ability to utilize all available information to assess a situation, analyze the
advantages and disadvantages and make informed choices.

76
 d. Situations that Require Decision-making
● Identity issues/ developmental crisis
● Drug and substance use and abuse
● Sexually transmitted diseases
● HIV & AIDS
● Delinquency
● Violence
● Irresponsible sexual relationships
● Unplanned pregnancies

b) Challenges that require effective decision making among the

youth
● Un-planned pregnancies
● Peer pressure/peer influence
● Drug abuse
● HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases
● Orphaned
● Relationships
● Career choices
c. Factors that influence
Decision-making
● Experiences
● Uniqueness
● Self-awareness

d. Steps in Decision-making
Step 1: Identify the decision
You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to clearly define the nature
of the decision you must make. This first step is very important.

Step 2: Gather relevant information

Collect some pertinent information before you make your decision: what
information is needed, the best sources of information, and how to get it. This
step involves both internal and external “work.” Some information is internal:
you’ll seek it through a process of self-assessment. Other information is
external: you’ll find it online, in books, from other people, and from other
sources.

77
Step 3: Identify the alternatives/another possibility or choice
As you collect information, you will probably identify several possible paths
of action, or alternatives. You can also use your imagination and additional
information to construct new alternatives. In this step, you will list all possible
and desirable alternatives.

Step 4: Weigh the evidence

Draw on your information and emotions to imagine what it would be like if
you carried out each of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need
identified in Step 1 would be met or resolved through the use of each
alternative. As you go through this difficult internal process, you’ll begin to
favor certain alternatives: those that seem to have a higher potential for
reaching your goal. Finally, place the alternatives in a priority order, based
upon your own value system.

Step 5:
Choose among alternatives
Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are ready to select the
alternative that seems to be best one for you. You may even choose a
combination of alternatives. Your choice in Step 5 may very likely be the
same or similar to the alternative you placed at the top of your list at the end
of Step 4.

Step 6: Take action

You’re now ready to take some positive action by beginning to implement the
alternative you chose in Step 5.

Step 7:
Review your decision & its consequences
In this final step, consider the results of your decision and evaluate whether or
not it has resolved the need you identified in Step 1. If the decision has not
met the identified need, you may want to repeat certain steps of the process to
make a new decision. For example, you might want to gather more detailed or
somewhat different information or explore additional alternatives

e. Consequences of not making

effective decisions
78
If individual fail to make effective decision the following might befall them:

● development of poor self-concept

● low self-esteem
● teenage pregnancy
● HIV infection
● Personality disorders
● Delinquency
● Truancy- avoiding responsibilities

f. Decision-making institutions within the community

● Family
● Schools/colleges
● Courts
● Peer arbitrators
● Religious bodies

c. Task allocation
● Task allocation is the process that results in specific workers being engaged in specific
tasks, in numbers appropriate to the current situation. ...
● Task partitioning is the division of one task into sequential actions done by more than
one individual.

d. Developing work plans

A work plan represents the formal road map for a project. It should clearly articulate the
required steps to achieve a stated goal by setting demonstrable objectives and
measurable deliverables that can be transformed into concrete actions. ... Strategy
defines the broad strokes that will help achieve that goal.

Steps to create a work plan

● Set goals and objectives. The first step to creating a work plan is to set clear goals and
objectives. ...

79
 ● Establish team responsibilities. Once you have identified the objectives, assign team
members to drive those initiatives. ...
● Set project timelines. ...
● Establish a budget.

e. Developing work goals/objectives and deliverables

▪ Work goals
Goals typically represent a company's larger purpose and works to establish an end-goal
for employees to work toward. Business goals do not have to be specific or have clearly
defined actions. Instead, business goals are broad outcomes that the company wishes to
achieve.

Professional development goals are employee or management-led objectives to

accomplish during a particular time period. A professional development goal may be job
specific, such as to complete cross-training with another department.

▪ Work objectives
Work Objectives clearly communicate what is expected from employees during the
coming work year, season, or term.

▪ Work deliverables
Deliverables are the quantifiable goods or services that need to be provided at the
various steps of a project as well as at the end of a project. Deliverables help to keep
projects on course and allow for an efficient allocation of time and money.

Example Deliverables
● Engineering report.
● Proposal.
● Design drawings.
● Design documents.
● Completed product (building, bridge, etc.)
● Technical interpretation.
● Site investigation report.
● Design review

80
 f. Monitoring work activities

Employee monitoring is the use of various methods of workplace surveillance to gather

information about the activities and locations of staff members.

Here are some basic monitoring techniques you might use:

1. Observation.
2. Talking with people.
3. Monitoring work performance and output.
4. Monitoring absenteeism and staff turnover.
5. Employee surveys (before, during and after the change)
6. Baseline measuring before and after the change.
7. Benchmarking with other work units.

g. Evaluating work activities

An employee evaluation is the assessment and review of a worker's job performance. Most
companies have an employee evaluation system wherein employees are evaluated on a regular
basis (often once a year)

The purposes of the annual performance evaluation process are to promote communication and
provide useful feedback about job performance, to facilitate better working relationships, to
provide an historical record of performance and to contribute to professional development.

h. Resource mobilization

The term resource mobilization refers to all activities undertaken by a startup or an organization
to secure new and additional financial, human and material resources to advance its mission.
Inherent in efforts to mobilize resources is the drive for organizational sustainability

i. Resource allocation

81
 Resource allocation is the process of assigning and scheduling available resources in the most
effective and economical way possible. ... It is the management and delegation of resources
throughout a project to ensure that it runs as smoothly and successfully as possible.

j. Resource utilization - the act of using something in an effective way

Resource utilization means 'time spent working,' and is thus a measure of time spent
productively. In other words, an effective utilization of available time. There are various ways to
track this time and different methods and definitions of utilized time.

k. Proactive planning “acting in anticipation of future problems, needs, or

changes”
Proactive planning involves designing a desired future and then inventing ways to create that future
state. Not only is the future a preferred state, but the organization can actively control the outcome.
Planners actively shape the future, rather than just trying to get ahead of events outside of their control.

l. Risk evaluation
Risk analysis is the process of identifying and examining potential issues that could negatively
impact key business initiatives or projects. This process is done in order to help organizations
avoid or mitigate those risks.

“Determination of risk management priorities through establishment of qualitative and/or

quantitative relationships between benefits and associated risks.”
For example.
Anyone responsible for a company’s data, server, network, or software must perform a risk
evaluation. A risk evaluation can help determine if those assets are at risk for a cyber-attack,
virus, data loss through natural disaster, or any other threat.

m.Problem solving
Problem solving is the ability to identify, cope with and find solutions to a difficult or challenging
situation. Problem Solving is related to decision-making.

a. Problem areas requiring solutions

● Concerns in the school
● Problems at home

82
 ● Peer influence
● Conflicted relationships

b. Causes of problems
● Failure to make the right choice
● Failure to make right decision
● Peer pressure
● Drug and substance abuse
● Sexual abuse
● Sickness
● Hunger
● Orphan hood

d) Methods of solving Problems

● Identify the problem
● Analyzing available options
● Thinking critically- Critical thinking is the ability to think through a situation
correctly
● Decision-making
● Zero down to the best option

n. Collecting, analyzing and organizing information

Data can be collected using observations, interviews, questionnaires and existing

databases. The method chosen for collecting the data depends on the type of research
being done. Organizing data is bringing it together in a systematic way that makes
it easier to read.

o. Negotiation - discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.

A negotiation is a strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties
find acceptable. ... By negotiating, all involved parties try to avoid arguing but agree to reach

83
 some form of compromise. Negotiations involve some give and take, which means one party will
always come out on top of the negotiation.

9. MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
Professional development—essentially refers to gaining new skills and work experience that can
help you reach a goal in your career.

a. Avenues for professional growth

● Focus on long-term goals--- it enables you to better prioritize, get the most out of your
spare time, and connect to your full capacity to achieve.
● Analyze job descriptions. ---Job analysis is the process of studying a job to determine
which activities and responsibilities it includes, its relative importance to other jobs, the
qualifications necessary for performance of the job and the conditions under which the
work is performed
● Consider your personal expectations--- Expectations are how we hope or anticipate
life will be. They encompass all areas of our lives—our work, our relationships, the way
our life will unfold. They play a major part in how our goals and general life direction are
formed. They're how we are able to envision our future.
● Look for new opportunities yourself.
● Take on challenges when you have time to practice.
● Assess the training opportunities you have.
● Use what you are learning.
● Find a coach.

b. Training and career opportunities

Career training is just what it sounds like. It's schooling that prepares you for a job in a specific field.
It can include professional training or a trade certificate course at a non-degree-granting school. In
fact, a significant portion of high school students enroll in career training after graduation.

c. Assessing training needs

84
 A training needs assessment identifies individuals' current level of competency, skill or knowledge
in one or more areas and compares that competency level to the required competency standard
established for their positions or other positions within the organization.

d. Mobilizing training resources

Resource mobilization refers to all activities involved in securing new and additional resources for
your organization. It also involves making better use of, and maximizing, existing resources.
Resource mobilization is often referred to as 'New Business Development

e. Licenses and certifications for professional growth and

development

Certifications and licenses are credentials that demonstrate a level of skill or knowledge needed to
perform a specific type of job. Both terms refer to time-limited credentials that need to be renewed
periodically.

f. Pursuing personal and organizational goals

I. Personal goals
Personal development goals are objectives you set to improve your character, skills and
capabilities. Setting these goals involves assessing yourself and identifying the areas in
which you can improve to maximize your potential. To get started with personal
development, you should create a plan with actionable steps

II. Organizational goals

Organizational goals are strategic objectives that a company's management establishes to
outline expected outcomes and guide employees' efforts. ... For the goals to have business
merit, organizations must craft a strategic plan for choosing and meeting them.

III. How to Align Your Personal Goals With Organizational Goals and Excel at Work
● Get clear on the company's goals.
● Align your goals with your manager.
● Establish the baseline for each personal goal.
● Be open to change when your goals no longer align with the company's goals.

85
 g. Managing work priorities and commitments

Setting priorities at work isn't just about choosing to do one thing over another; it's about
choosing to do important things first so that you can achieve your long-term goals. Once
priorities are established, they help us to stay organized and on-task.
1. Collect a list of all your tasks.
2. Pull together everything you could possibly consider getting done in a day. ...
3. Identify urgent vs. important. ...
4. Assess the value of your tasks. ...
5. Order tasks by estimated effort. ...
6. Be flexible and adaptable. ...
7. Know when to cut.

h. Recognizing career advancement

Career advancement is the process by which professionals across industries use their skill sets and
determination to achieve new career goals and more challenging job opportunities. Some
companies offer career advancement programs that allow existing employees to move up within
the company

The Importance of Career Progression

● Gives a sense of purpose. ...
● Increases satisfaction rates. ...
● Decreases stress. ...
● Creates new opportunities. ...
● Boosts engagement & productivity.

10. DEMONSTRATE WORK PLACE LEARNING

86
 a. Managing own learning
To “manage” the learning environment means to take steps to maximize attention, reduce
distraction, and be as productive as possible. As the learner, you have more control over your
learning environments than you think

b. Mentoring
Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they
may maximize their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the
person they want to be.

The purpose of a mentor is to help you grow as a person and become the best version of
yourself. This may involve helping you achieve your personal or career goals, introducing you to
new ways of thinking, challenging your limiting assumptions, sharing valuable life lessons, and
much more

There are three types of mentoring.

● Traditional One-on-one Mentoring. A mentee and mentor are matched, either through a
program or on their own. ...
● Distance Mentoring. A mentoring relationship in which the two parties (or group) are in
different locations. ...
● Group Mentoring. A single mentor is matched with a cohort of mentees.

c. Coaching

87
 Workplace coaching is the process of equipping people with the tools, knowledge, and
opportunities they need to fully develop themselves to be effective in their commitment
to themselves, the company, and their work. ... True coaching improves employee and
organizational resiliency and effectiveness in change

d. Contributing to the learning community at the workplace

Learning communities provide a space and a structure for people to align around a
shared goal. They connect people, organizations, and systems that are eager to learn
and work across boundaries, all the while holding members accountable to a common
agenda, metrics, and outcomes

Contributing to a Learning Community

1. Share your learning through emails, blogs, tweets, presentations and conversations.
2. Collaborate with colleagues to develop curriculum, student learning endeavors and
school-wide learning events.
3. Ask questions, share ideas and innovate preferably with others.
4. Share your expertise

e. Cultural aspects of work

Culture is the character and personality of your organization. It's what makes your business
unique and is the sum of its values, traditions, beliefs, interactions, behaviors, and attitudes.

Positive workplace culture attracts talent, drives engagement, impacts happiness and
satisfaction, and affects performance. The personality of your business is influenced by
everything. Leadership, management, workplace practices, policies, people, and more impact
culture significantly.

The biggest mistake organizations make is letting their workplace culture form naturally without
first defining what they want it to be.

Why Workplace Culture is Important

88
Culture is as important as your business strategy because it either strengthens or
undermines your objectives. Positive culture is significant, especially because:
● It attracts talent. Job candidates evaluate your organization and its climate. A
strong, positive, clearly defined and well-communicated culture attracts talent
that fits.
● It drives engagement and retention. Culture impacts how employees interact
with their work and your organization.
● It impacts happiness and satisfaction. Research shows that employee
happiness and satisfaction are linked to strong workplace culture.
● It affects performance. Organizations with stronger cultures outperform their
competitors financially and are generally more successful.

f. Networking
Networking is defined as goal-directed behavior which occurs both inside and
outside of an organization, focused on creating, cultivating, and utilizing interpersonal
relationships

g. Variety of learning context

Learning context refers to students' perceptions of the course and the teaching/learning
requirements. ... Research has shown that the outcomes of students' learning are associated
with approaches they use in learning

What is variety of learning?

Differentiating the learning process with variety means varying the types of differentiated
learning experiences offered throughout the school year. ... They may also discover new ways in
which they prefer to learn. Students should be permitted and encouraged to study a single topic
using different methods

h. Application of learning
Applied learning refers to an educational approach whereby students learn by engaging in direct
application of skills, theories and models. ... The applied learning activity can occur outside of
the traditional classroom experience and/or be embedded as part of a course

i. Safe use of technology

'Safe and responsible use of ICTs' means that children are able to fully engage with the multitude
of positive opportunities they present, while employing sensible safeguards to protect
themselves and others, in the context of informed parental guidance and appropriate legal and
regulatory frameworks.

89
 j. Taking initiative/proactivity
What is proactivity and initiative?
As adjectives the difference between proactive and initiative. is that proactive is acting
in advance to deal with an expected change or difficulty while initiative is serving to
initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary.

How to Be Proactive and Take Initiative

1. Offering to help when no one asks. ...
2. Resolving minor problems before they become serious. ...
3. Taking on a task that others have avoided. ...
4. Enquiring about what a job entails. ...
5. Providing career advice and support to colleagues. ...
6. Seeking career advancement opportunities

k. Flexibility
Flexibility in the workplace means being able to quickly adapt to new circumstances as they
arise. An employee who is flexible can change their plans to navigate or overcome unanticipated
obstacles

l. Identifying opportunities (chances)

Opportunity identification can, in turn, be defined as the cognitive process or processes
through which individuals conclude that they have identified an opportunity. ... It helps
to check the chances of succeeding in a particular choice of venture open to an
individual through his experiences.

Identify Your Best Opportunities to Shine at Work

1. Define your strengths. Consider the parts of your job that make you feel happy,
energized, and fulfilled. ...
2. Define what success means to you. Is it being promoted to manager? ...
3. Create a plan for achieving that success. ...
4. Work at being the best.

90
 m.Generating new ideas
Idea generation is “the process of creating, developing, and communicating ideas which
are abstract, concrete or visual.” As the first stage in the idea management funnel, idea
generation simply focuses on identifying solutions for a problem.

What are the steps in generating ideas?

The recurring repetitive patterns surrounding idea generation led researchers to distill
the idea generation process into four key stages: inspiration, framing, prototyping, and
validation.
1. Inspiration. The first step in the creative process is to search for new ideas. ...
2. Framing. ...
3. Prototyping. ...
4. Validation

n. Workplace innovation
Make changes in something established, especially by introducing new methods, ideas, or
products.
‘Workplace Innovation’ defines evidence-based organizational practices that enable employees
at every level to use and develop their skills, knowledge, experience and creativity to the fullest
possible extent, simultaneously enhancing business performance, engagement and well-being.

o. Performance improvement
Performance improvement is a strategy under the umbrella of performance management to
help employees achieve better performance and growth.
EXAMPLE: To effectively manage workload on a daily basis, meet deadlines efficiently, prioritize
tasks and respond to emails in a timely manner.

p. Managing emerging issues

● Technology and Competitive Advantage: an attribute that allows an organization to

outperform its competitors
● Shortage of Skills:
● Downsizing and Rightsizing: Downsizing often occurs as a response to economic
hardship. It's when businesses cut down their workforce to reduce costs and maintain

91
 profitability. Rightsizing, on the other hand, focuses more on effectively performing and
meeting new business objectives than reducing costs
● How Companies should Deal with Imbalances in Labour Supply?
● When faced with a shortage:
● When faced with a surplus:
● Telecommuting

Four Steps to Managing Emerging Issues

1. Identify risks through employees, customer input. An insurer can't plan for risks without
knowing what they are. ...
2. Create multidisciplinary teams to evaluate exposures. ...
3. Take Action. ...
4. Monitor Results

q. Future trends and concerns in learning

The top five educational trends to look out for in 2021

1. Nano learning. These types of learning experiences are typically designed to be easily
accessible and digestible, often using technology to deliver content in a quick and efficient
manner. An example of Nano learning might be a brief video tutorial or info- graphic that
teaches a specific skill or concept in just a few minutes
2. Virtual reality and augmented reality: With virtual reality, you could explore an underwater
environment. With augmented reality, you could see fish swimming through the world around you.
3. Project-based learning- Project-based learning (PBL) or project-based instruction is an
instructional approach designed to give students the opportunity to develop knowledge and
skills through engaging projects set around challenges and problems they may face in the real
world.

92
4. Experiential learning- “Experiential [learning] is a philosophy and methodology in which
educators purposefully engage with students in direct experience and focused reflection in order
to increase knowledge, develop skills, and clarify values
5. Online schooling- virtual classes that students can take from home or a library or a coffee
shop or anywhere else that has an Internet connection.

11. DEMONSTRATE PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS

a. Critical thinking process

Critical thinking is the ability to think through a situation correctly, assessing the
advantages and disadvantages so as to be able to make appropriate decisions concerning
one’s course of action. We are confronted by multiple and contradictory issues, messages,
expectations and demands. We need therefore to be able to critically analyze situations
and challenges and confront them. This involves weighing options and making rational
decisions. It requires an inquisitive mind instead of accepting things at a face value.

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,
applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated
by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and
action.
The critical thinking method can be adopted to replace emotions and perusal biases when trying
to think about a situation or a problem. The time for adopting critical thinking varies based on
the problem; it may take few minutes to number of days. The advantage of deploying critical
thinking is that it contributes to widening our perspectives about situations and broadening our
thinking possibilities. However, these steps should be translated into a plan of action that
ensures that the decided resolution is well achieved and integrated between all the involved
bodies.

93
What are the steps in critical thinking process?

The 5 steps of critical thinking.

Step 1: Knowledge
For every problem, clear vision puts us on the right path to solve it. This step identifies
the argument or the problem that needs to be solved. Questions should be asked to
acquire a deep understanding about the problem. In some cases, there is no actual
problem, thus no need to move forward with other steps in the critical thinking model.
The questions in this stage should be open-ended to allow the chance to discuss and
explore main reasons. At this stage, two main questions need to be addressed: What is
the problem? And why do we need to solve it?

Step 2: Comprehension
Once the problem is identified, the next step is to understand the situation and the facts
aligned with it. The data is collected about the problem using any of the research
methods that can be adopted depending on the problem, the type of the data available,
and the deadline required to solve it.

Step 3: Application
This step continues the previous one to complete the understanding of different facts
and resources required to solve the problem by building a linkage between the
information and resources. Mind maps can be used to analyze the situation, build a
relation between it and the core problem, and determine the best way to move forward.

Step 4: Analyze
Once the information is collected and linkages are built between it the main problems,
the situation is analyzed in order to identify the situation, the strong points, the weak
points, and the challenges faced while solving the problem. The priorities are set for the
main causes and determine how they can be addressed in the solution. One of the
commonly used tools that can be deployed to analyze the problem and the

94
circumstances around it is the cause effect diagram, which divides the problem from its
causes and aims to identify the different causes and categorize them based on their
type and impact on the problem.

Step 5: Synthesis
In this stage, once the problem is fully analyzed and all the related information is
considered, a decision should be formed about how to solve the problem and the initial
routes to follow to take this decision into action. If there are number of solutions, they
should be evaluated and prioritized in order to find the most advantageous solution.
One of the tools that contribute choosing the problem solution is the SWOT analysis
that tends to identify the solution’s strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats.

Step 6: Take Action

The final step is to build an evaluation about the problem that can be put into action.
The result of critical thinking should be transferred into action steps. If the decision
involves a specific project or team, a plan of action could be implemented to ensure that
the solution is adopted and executed as planned.

l) Risky situations
● Peer pressure influence
Negative peer pressure is often related to influencing bullying behaviours, drinking
alcohol, drug use and negative body image, all of which are harmful to a child or young
person's wellbeing. The effects of such behaviours can decrease self-confidence,
self-worth and distancing from family members and friends.

● Media influence
Media messages can have a negative or unhealthy influence on pre-teen and teenage
behaviour and attitudes in certain areas, including self-image, body image, health and
citizenship. Your child's self-image and body image can be influenced by social media,
other media and advertising

● Internal conflicts
Inner or internal conflict is the dilemma or struggle within an individual's mind. This
dilemma is often characterized by having to choose between two opposing choices. All
people experience this struggle from time to time.

● Arguments

95
 Fighting or arguing constantly with friends and family can often be a sign that all’s not
well with your mental wellbeing. But can arguing affect your physical health too?

● Educational matters

● Student accidents. Students may be injured while participating in activities, such

as sports or field trips, organized by their school or an affiliated group. ...
● Student health. Students can face health hazards during in-person classes and
when living on campus. ...
● Mental health. ...

i. What constitutes risk

In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. Risk involves
uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to something that
humans value (such as health, well-being, wealth, property or the environment), often
focusing on negative, undesirable consequences.

ii. Pleasurable activities without risks

● Soaking in the bathtub.
● Planning your career.
● Collecting things, such as coins and shells.
● Going for a holiday.
● Recycling old items.
● Relaxing.
● Going on a date.
● Going to a movie.

m) Evaluating ideas and issues objectively

● Weighing options
● Making rational choices

d) Consequences of making decisions before thinking critically:

Possibility of falling victim to:
▪ HIV infection
▪ Drug and substance abuse
▪ Unplanned pregnancies
▪ Early marriages
▪ Physical and psychological abuse

96
 b. Data analysis tools
Data analyst tools is a term used to describe software and applications that data
analysts use in order to develop and perform analytical processes that help companies
to make better, informed business decisions while decreasing costs and increasing
profits.
Top 10 Data Analytics tools

1. R Programming
R is the leading analytics tool in the industry and is widely used for statistics and data modeling.
It can easily manipulate data and present it in different ways. It has exceeded SAS statistical
software suite in many ways like capacity of data, performance and outcome. R compiles and
runs on a wide variety of platforms viz -UNIX, Windows and macOS. It has 11,556 packages and
allows you to browse the packages by category. R also provides tools to automatically install all
packages as per user requirements, which can also be well assembled with Big data.

2. Tableau Public:
Tableau Public is a free tool that connects any data source you can think of. Be it corporate Data
Warehouse, Microsoft Excel or web-based data. It additionally creates data visualizations, maps,
dashboards etc. that too with real-time updates presented on the web. These can also be shared
via social media or even with your client and allows you to download the files in different
formats. But, it really shines when you have a very good data source. That’s when you see
Tableau’s true power. Tableau’s Big Data capabilities make it supremely important. Its way of
analyzing and visualizing data is far superior to any other data visualization software in the
market. Fancy a career in Data Analytics.

3.Python
Python is an object-oriented scripting language which is easy to read, write, and maintain. Plus,
it is a free open-source tool. It was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and
supports both functional and structured programming methods. Python is easy to learn as it is
very similar to JavaScript, Ruby, and PHP. Also, Python has very good machine learning libraries
viz. Scikitlearn, Theano, Tensorflow and Keras. Another important feature of Python is that it can
be assembled on any platform like an SQL server, a MongoDB database or JSON. It can also
handle text data extremely well.

4. SAS:
SAS is a programming environment and language for data manipulation and is a leader in
analytics. It was developed by the SAS Institute in 1966 and has been further developed in the
1980s and 1990s. SAS is easily accessible, and manageable and can analyze data from any

97
source. SAS introduced a large set of products in 2011 for customer intelligence and numerous
SAS modules for web, social media and marketing analytics. Today, these are widely used for
profiling customers and prospects. It can also predict their behaviours, manage, and optimize
communications.

5. Apache Spark
The University of California, Berkeley’s AMP Lab, developed Apache in 2009. Apache Spark is a
fast large-scale data processing engine and executes applications in Hadoop clusters 100 times
faster in memory and 10 times faster on disk. Spark is built on data science and its concept
makes data science effortless. Spark is also popular for data pipelines and machine learning
models development. Spark also includes a library – MLlib, that provides a progressive set of
machine algorithms for repetitive data science techniques like Classification, Regression,
Collaborative Filtering, Clustering, etc.

6. Excel
Excel is a basic, popular and widely used analytical tool in almost all industries. Whether you are
an expert in Sas, R or Tableau, you will still need to use Excel. Excel becomes important when
there is a requirement for analytics on the client’s internal data. It analyzes the complex task that
summarizes the data with a preview of pivot tables that helps in filtering the data as per client
requirements. Excel has the advanced business analytics option which helps in modelling
capabilities. It has prebuilt options like automatic relationship detection, the creation of DAX
measures and time grouping. Are you really a good data scientist if you don’t have these 6 vital
data science skills? Click on the link to find out.

7. RapidMiner:

RapidMiner is a powerful integrated data science platform. It is developed by the same company
that performs predictive analysis and other advanced analytics like data mining, text analytics,
machine learning and visual analytics without any programming. RapidMiner can incorporate
any data source type, including Access, Excel, Microsoft SQL, Tera data, Oracle, Sybase, IBM DB2,
Ingres, MySQL, IBM SPSS, Dbase etc. The tool is very powerful that can generate analytics based
on real-life data transformation settings, i.e. you can control the formats and data sets for
predictive analysis.

8. KNIME
KNIME was Developed in January 2004 by a team of software engineers at the University of
Konstanz. KNIME is a leading open-source, reporting, and integrated analytics tool that allows

98
 you to analyze and model the data through visual programming. It integrates various
components for data mining and machine learning via its modular data pipelining concept.

9. QlikView
QlikView has many unique features like patented technology and in-memory data processing.
This executes the result very fast to the end-users and stores the data in the report itself. Data
association in QlikView is automatically maintained and can be compressed to almost 10% of its
original size. Data relationship is visualized using colours where a specific colour is given to
related data and another colour to non-related data.

10. Splunk:
Splunk is a tool that analyzes and searches machine-generated data. Splunk pulls text-based log
data and provides a simple way to search through it. A user can pull in all kinds of data, perform
all sorts of statistical analyses on it, and present it in different formats.

c. Creative thinking

● Creative thinking is the ability to consider something in a new way.

This is the ability to analyze and evaluate ideas or issues objectively. It involves weighing
options and making rational decisions. It requires an inquisitive mind instead of
accepting things at the face value. This is important in life skills/employability skills
because people are continually placed in unexpected or unfamiliar situations where
creative thinking is required to make an appropriate response.
● Creative thinking includes analysis, open-mindedness, problem-solving,
organization, and communication.
● Many employers value creative thinkers, so consider highlighting your creative
thinking skills on your resume and in interviews.

e. Situation/issues that require creative thinking

● Unfamiliar situations
● Unexpected situations

99
 f. Importance of being Creative

● Minimizes anxiety
● Minimizes conflicts
● Minimizes life threatening issues
● Promotes effective relationships

e) Consequences of not being creative

Consequences of not being creative may include:

o Emotional overload
o Developing distress
o Getting stuck
o Becoming Sick
o Having poor relationships with others
o Having poor working relationships

d. Development of creative, innovative and practical solutions

Creativity is the ability to come up with or recognize ideas to solve
problems, communicate with others, or entertain.
How to Be More Creative
1. Commit Yourself to Creativity
The first step to increasing creativity is to devote yourself to developing your creative
abilities. Do not put off your efforts. Set goals, enlist the help of others, and put aside
time each day to develop your skills. For example, if you are interested in painting,
schedule time regularly to learn and practice your skills.

2. Become an Expert
One of the best ways to develop creativity is to become an expert in this area. By
having a rich understanding of the topic, you will be better able to think of novel or
innovative solutions to problems. One way to develop expertise is by reading about
creative people and listening to them speaking.

3. Reward Your Curiosity

One common roadblock to developing creativity is the sense that curiosity is an
indulgence. Rather than reprimanding yourself for following an internet rabbit hole,

100
reward yourself when you are curious about something. Give yourself the opportunity
and the time to explore new topics. Rewarding yourself is important, but developing
intrinsic motivation is also crucial. Sometimes, the true reward of creativity is the
process itself, not the product.

4. Take Risks
When it comes to building your creative skills, you must be willing to take risks to
advance your abilities. Although your efforts may not lead to success every time, you
will still be boosting your creative talents and building skills that will serve you well in the
future. For example, sharing your work in a creative writing course might feel
intimidating. But the critique you receive from classmates and teachers can be
invaluable.

5. Build Your Confidence

Insecurity in your abilities can suppress creativity, which is why it is important to build
confidence. Note your progress, commend your efforts, and always be on the lookout
for ways to reward your creativity.

6. Make Time for Creativity

You won't be able to develop your creative talents if you don't make time for them.
Schedule some time each week to concentrate on some type of creative project.

7. Overcome a Negative Attitude

Focus on eliminating negative thoughts or self-criticisms that may impair your ability to
develop strong creative skills. Recognize these as roadblocks and work to overcome
them.
8. Fight Fear of Failure
The fear that you might make a mistake or fail in your efforts can paralyze progress.
Whenever you find yourself harboring such feelings, remind yourself that mistakes are
simply part of the process. While you may occasionally stumble on your path to
creativity, you will eventually reach your goals.

101
 9. Brainstorm New Ideas
Brainstorming is a common technique in both academic and professional settings, but it
can also be a powerful tool for increasing creativity.
Start by suspending your judgment and self-criticism. Then start writing down related
ideas and possible solutions. The goal is to generate as many ideas as possible in a
relatively short span of time. Next, focus on clarifying and refining your ideas in order to
arrive at the best possible choice.

e. Independence in identifying and solving problems

Independent Problem Solving involves students learning a structured mental process that will
allow them to independently solve complex problems in real-time.

How to solve problems independently

1. Define the real issue. ...
2. List all possible solutions. ...
3. Get feedback on your top fixes. ...
4. Tell your manager what solution you are favoring. ...
5. Fix the problem first, then report the results

f. Solving problems in teams

1. Make someone in charge. First, identify a “leader” for the meeting, which could be you
or another employee. ...
2. Select the right team. ...
3. Mandate participation. ...
4. Assign homework. ...
5. Give people individual time to brainstorm. ...
6. Keep the meeting short. ...
102
7. Set an agenda. ...
8. Listen to all ideas.

g. Application of problem-solving strategies

Problem-solving skills help you determine the source of a problem and find an effective
solution. Although problem-solving is often identified as its own separate skill, there are
other related skills that contribute to this ability.

Some key problem-solving skills include:

a) Active listening
Active listening requires you to listen attentively to a speaker, understand what
they're saying, respond and reflect on what's being said, and retain the
information for later. This keeps both listener and speaker actively engaged in the
conversation.

b) Analysis
Detailed examination of the elements or structure of something

c) Research

The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions

d) Creativity
Creativity is the ability to come up with or recognize ideas to solve problems,
communicate with others, or entertain.

e) Communication
Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving messages
through the verbal and non-verbal methods.

f) Dependability
The quality of being able to be relied on; trustworthiness or constancy

103
 g) Decision making
Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision,
gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.

h) Team-building
The action or process of causing a group of people to work together effectively
as a team, especially by means of activities and events designed to increase
motivation and promote cooperation.

Problem-solving skills are important in every career at every level. As a result, effective
problem solving may also require industry or job-specific technical skills. For example, a
registered nurse will need active listening and communication skills when interacting
with patients but will also need effective technical knowledge related to diseases and
medications. In many cases, a nurse will need to know when to consult a doctor
regarding a patient’s medical needs as part of the solution.

Examples of problem-solving skills

Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem;
identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a
solution.
To solve a problem effectively, you will likely use a few different skills. Here are a few
examples of skills you may use when solving a problem.

I. Research
Researching is an essential skill related to problem solving. As a problem solver,
you need to be able to identify the cause of the issue and understand it fully. You
can begin to gather more information about a problem by brainstorming with
other team members, consulting more experienced colleagues or acquiring
knowledge through online research or courses.

II. Analysis- detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

The first step to solving any problem is to analyze the situation. Your analytical
skills will help you understand problems and effectively develop solutions. You
will also need analytical skills during research to help distinguish between
effective and ineffective solutions.

III. Decision-making
Ultimately, you will need to make a decision about how to solve problems that
arise. At times (and with industry experience), you may be able to make a

104
 decision quickly. Solid research and analytical skills can help those who have
less experience in their field. There may also be times when it is appropriate to
take some time to craft a solution or escalate the issue to someone more capable
of solving it.

IV. Communication
When identifying possible solutions, you will need to know how to communicate
the problem to others. You will also need to know what communication channels
are the most appropriate when seeking assistance. Once you find a solution,
communicating it clearly will help reduce any confusion and make implementing
a solution easier.

V. Dependability
Dependability is one of the most important skills for problem-solvers. Solving
problems in a timely manner is essential. Employers highly value individuals they
can trust to both identify and then implement solutions as fast and effectively as
possible.

h. Testing assumptions
When you’re developing a strategy for a new business, testing assumptions in a logical order
gives you the best chance to make course corrections early — and not waste time and money.

i. Resolving customer concerns

Customer complaints are pieces of feedback that point out problems with your company's
product or services. These are opportunities for your business to improve its internal processes
and create a better customer experience. How do you resolve customer problems?

105
1. Stay Calm. It might be extremely difficult to do;but you must stay calm when handling a
customer complaint. ...
2. Listen. Frequently, if a customer comes to you with a problem, it means that they want to be
heard. ...
3. Be Kind. ...
4. Acknowledge the Issue. ...
5. Apologize and Thank Them. ...
6. Ask Questions. ...
7. Make It Speedy. ...
8. Document Their Responses.

106
12. MANAGE ETHICAL PERFORMANCE
a. Meaning of ethics
Ethics, also called moral philosophy, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad
and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or
principles.

b. Ethical perspectives
An ethical perspective is the lens an individual uses to view a problem. Each person has such a
perspective, whether or not they realize it. ... Whatever perspective is used – or promoted within
an organization – will ultimately shape how ethical decisions are reached

c. Principles of ethics
The core ethical principles of beneficence (do good), no maleficence (do not harm),
autonomy (control by the individual), and justice (fairness) are important to a code
of ethics.

a. Beneficence-Do good
The principle of beneficence is the obligation of a physician to act for the benefit of the patient
and supports a number of moral rules to protect and defend the right of others, prevent harm,
remove conditions that will cause harm, help persons with disabilities, and rescue persons in
danger. The principle calls for not just avoiding harm, but also to benefit patients and to promote
their welfare. While physicians’ beneficence conforms to moral rules, and is altruistic, it is also
true that in many instances it can be considered a payback for the debt to society for education
(often subsidized by governments), ranks and privileges, and to the patients themselves
(learning and research).

b. Nonmaleficence-Do not harm

Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient. This simply stated
principle supports several moral rules – do not kill, do not cause pain or suffering, do not
incapacitate, do not cause offense, and do not deprive others of the goods of life. The practical
application of nonmaleficence is for the physician to weigh the benefits against burdens of all
interventions and treatments, to avoid those that are inappropriately burdensome, and to
choose the best course of action for the patient. This is particularly important and pertinent in

107
 difficult end-of-life care decisions on withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment,
medically administered nutrition and hydration, and in pain and other symptom control. A
physician’s obligation and intention to relieve the suffering of a patient by the use of appropriate
drugs including opioids override the foreseen but unintended harmful effects or outcome.

d. Autonomy-Control by the individual

All persons have intrinsic and unconditional worth, and therefore, should have the power to
make rational decisions and moral choices, and each should be allowed to exercise his or her
capacity for self-determination. Autonomy, as is true for all 4 principles, needs to be weighed
against competing moral principles, and in some instances may be overridden; an obvious
example would be if the autonomous action of a patient causes harm to another person(s). The
principle of autonomy does not extend to persons who lack the capacity (competence) to act
autonomously; examples include infants and children and incompetence due to developmental,
mental or physical disorder.

d. Informed Consent
The requirements of an informed consent for a medical or surgical procedure, or for research,
are that the patient or subject
(i) Must be competent to understand and decide,
(ii) Receives a full disclosure,
(iii) Comprehends the disclosure,
(iv) Acts voluntarily, and
(v) Consents to the proposed action.

e. Veracity/Truth-Telling
Truth-telling is a vital component in a physician-patient relationship; without this component,
the physician loses the trust of the patient. An autonomous patient has not only the right to
know of his/her diagnosis and prognosis, but also has the option to forgo this disclosure.
However, the physician must know which of these 2 options the patient prefers.

f. Confidentiality
Physicians are obligated not to disclose confidential information given by a patient to another
party without the patient’s authorization. An obvious exception (with implied patient
authorization) is the sharing necessary of medical information for the care of the patient from
the primary physician to consultants and other health-care teams. In the present-day modern

108
 hospitals with multiple points of tests and consultants, and the use of electronic medical records,
there has been an erosion of confidentiality. However, individual physicians must exercise
discipline in not discussing patient specifics with their family members or in social gatherings and
social media. There are some noteworthy exceptions to patient confidentiality. These include,
among others, legally required reporting of gunshot wounds and sexually transmitted diseases
and exceptional situations that may cause major harm to another (e.g., epidemics of infectious
diseases, partner notification in HIV disease, relative notification of certain genetic risks, etc.).

g. Justice-Fairness
Justice is generally interpreted as fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment of persons. Of the
several categories of justice, the one that is most pertinent to clinical ethics is distributive justice.
Distributive justice refers to the fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of health-care
resources determined by justified norms that structure the terms of social cooperation.

h. Fidelity-faithful
In nursing, the ethical principle of fidelity means to be faithful or loyal, which means that you
keep promises to patients. For example, a nurse who told their patient they were coming back in
30 minutes to check on their pain, would either come back, or delegate somebody else to come
back if they got tied up

i. Ethical standards
Ethical standards are a set of principles established by the founders of the organization to
communicate its underlying moral values. This code provides a framework that can be used as a
reference for decision making processes.

j. Organization code of ethics

A code of ethics sets out an organization's ethical guidelines and best practices to follow for
honesty, integrity, and professionalism. For members of an organization, violating the code of
ethics can result in sanctions including termination. ... In others, a code of ethics may be
voluntarily adopted. The following are the five codes of ethics in an organization.
● Integrity.
● Objectivity.
● Professional competence.
● Confidentiality.
● Professional behavior.

109
 k. Common ethical dilemmas
An ethical dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two
courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.”
: Some examples of ethical dilemma include:
⮚ Taking credit for others' work.
⮚ Offering a client, a worse product for your own profit.
⮚ Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit.
● Good for the unit versus good for the whole.
● Good for the short term versus good for the long term.
● Truth versus loyalty.
● Justice versus mercy

l. Organization culture
An organization's culture defines the proper way to behave within the organization.
This culture consists of shared beliefs and values established by leaders and then
communicated and reinforced through various methods, ultimately shaping employee
perceptions, behaviors and understanding.

m.Corruption, bribery and conflict of interest

A conflict of interest exists when an individual or corporation has the opportunity – real or
perceived – to exploit their position for personal or corporate benefit. Corruption occurs when
the individual or corporation takes advantage of that opportunity and indeed abuses their
position for private gain.

How does conflict of interest lead to corruption?

A conflict of interest exists where an official could abuse his or her position for private gain,
whereas corruption exists where an official does abuse his or her position for private gain. Thus,
while a conflict of interest doesn't always lead to corruption, corruption always requires a
conflict of interest.

n. Privacy and data protection

110
 The terms data protection and data privacy are often used interchangeably, but there is an
important difference between the two. Data privacy defines who has access to data, while data
protection provides tools and policies to actually restrict access to the data.

o. Diversity, harassment and mutual respect

I. Diversity in work place

In a workplace, diversity means employing people who may be different from
each other and who do not all come from the same background. ... The
differences may be those of national origin, physical appearance, religion,
education, age, gender, or sexual orientation.

II. Mutual respect in the workplace

With mutual respect, you avoid labeling people in unhelpful ways. Instead,
you celebrate the unique things that each of us brings – and capitalize on all that
we have in common. Mutual respect should be apparent throughout the
workplace, from policies and processes to individual interactions.

III. Harassment at work place

Workplace harassment occurs when an employee or group of employees feel
threatened or get belittled by their colleagues. The sole purpose of a workplace
harasser is to make their victims feel unsafe and uncomfortable.

Workplace harassment goes by various names like- “workplace bullying,”

“mobbing,” “workplace aggression,” etc.

Harassment incorporates various kinds of segregation and demonstrations of

infringement that is not confined to one specific group. Harassment occurs when
people target multiple groups, including women, racial minorities, sexual
minorities, people with disabilities, and immigrants. Fundamentally, workplace
harassment requires a pluralistic arrangement since it can't be outlined in one
cognizant and solid definition

I. Financial responsibility

111
 ● Financial responsibility refers to the process of managing money and other similar assets in a
way that is considered productive and is also in the best interest of the individual, or the family,
or the business company.

● Financial accountability
Financial accountability results from holding an individual accountable for effectively performing
a financial activity, such as a key control procedure within a financial transaction process. A
well-defined financial accountability structure serves as the foundation for establishing effective
financial processes.

p. Etiquette
Etiquette is the set of conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society, usually in the
form of an ethical code that delineates the expected and accepted social behaviours that
accord with the conventions and norms observed by a society, a social class, or a social
group.
Etiquette refers to behaving in a socially responsible way. Etiquette refers to guidelines which
control the way a responsible individual should behave in the society.

The 5 Types of Business Etiquette

● Workplace etiquette.
Work etiquette is a code that governs the expectations of social behaviour in a
workplace. This code is put in place to respect and protect time, people, and processes.
There is no universal agreement about standard work etiquette. It may vary from one
environment to another

● Table manners and meal etiquette.

Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating, which may also include
the use of utensils. Different cultures observe different rules for table manners. Each
family or group sets its own standards for how strictly these rules are to be followed

● Professionalism.
The skill, good judgment, and polite behavior that is expected from a person who
is trained to do a job well.

112
 ‘Professionalism’ is commonly understood as an individual’s adherence to a
set of standards, code of conduct or collection of qualities that characterize
accepted practice within a particular area of activity”

● Communication etiquette.
Communication etiquette refers to the accepted ways of communicating with
others in the workplace. Good communication etiquette includes behavior and
strategies that can help you relay information clearly while maintaining positive
relationships with your supervisors, colleagues and clients.

● Meetings etiquette
Meeting etiquette, like regular business etiquette, encourages attendees to behave
professionally and respectfully. Business meeting etiquette includes behavior like
being on time, listening without interrupting, not having your phone out and being
prepared

q. Personal and professional integrity

Having personal integrity implies acting in ways that fit with one's philosophy and one's related
values and principles; and professional integrity involves acting in accordance with the social and
moral standards of the profession.

r. Commitment to jurisdictional laws

Commitment is a promise to do something or act in a particular way. The definition of a commitment is a
promise or agreement to do something. One example of commitment is marriage. Another example of
commitment is going into business with someone. The state of being emotionally or intellectually
devoted, as to a belief, a course of action, or another person. An employee should be committed to the
laws of the organization and the laws of the land.

s. Emerging issues in ethics

I. “A shift in the ‘power of voice in the story of harassment. Victims of harassment have the
power of choice. They can make an internal report and hope that their organization
responds properly, or they can choose to take their story public.” A clear message for
corporations and ethics and compliance officers is, “Create a corporate culture in which

113
 employees feel comfortable raising their voices about anything from sexual harassment to
feelings of being insulted. This will allow your compliance program to resolve issues
before they turn into scandals, and preserve the integrity of your organization’s culture
internally and its reputation externally. And don’t ever tolerate retaliation.”
II. The “Glass door” effect (when people trust online reviews of their companies more than
what companies communicate) and the effect of trust when employee messages go viral
on social media. Companies need to create “listen-up” cultures by creating internal
reporting systems in which leadership and managers listen to and support employees
when they raise their voices for the betterment of the company. “This ensures employees
know that their report will be heard, taken seriously, and things will change if necessary.”
III. Assisting national disasters that suddenly occur causes havoc not only for vulnerable
populations but also for unprepared organizations. Ethics and compliance professionals
learned from 2017’s natural disasters (hurricanes in particular) to update preparation
plans and test emergency hotlines, communications systems, and employee readiness.
IV. The acceleration of the need for compliance and ethics programs as economies begin
again to grow; “growth without ethics and governance does nobody any favors. Growth
with ethics and governance won’t simply be a feel-good mantra in 2018, it will be a
business imperative.”
V. Creating a “culture of compliance” in corporations (a culture of integrity and ethics) over
one of “vicious compliance” (an overreliance on laws and regulations). “Finally, and
most importantly, leadership accountability is what every employee is watching. In the
end, what happens to the top performers who violate the rules will send the loudest
message of all to the organization.”
VI. An increasing need for compliance’s role in prevention and mitigation as cyber security
evolves. “Compliance must play an integral part in any organization’s cross-functional
cyber security program to make sure such efforts are enterprise-wide.”
VII. Giving new voice to whistle-blowers is predicted as “regulatory scrutiny is increasing.
Corporations need to listen and resolve whistle-blowers’ issues internally before they
decide to go outside.
VIII. Managing culture and free speech in the workplace during “polarizing times” continues
about “race, gender, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, and
religion—and people’s right to fair treatment, protection, and the rights and benefits
enjoyed by others.”
IX. Data privacy is becoming a larger concern for chief compliance officers in companies as
“privacy laws and the environments they regulate, have evolved.” Creating a safe and
respectful workplace is needed.
X. The role of the compliance professional evolves and innovates as “old networking models
are giving way to online networks that provide new and unprecedented opportunities to
share ideas and collaborate.”

114