®

ETAP 21.0.1
User Guide

Operation Technology, Inc./ETAP

Registered to ISO 9001:2015

Certification No. 10002889 QM 15

November 2021
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 Chapter 20

Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis

Many applications of distribution systems require a robust and efficient power flow solution method. A
power flow solution method must be able to model the special features of distribution systems in
sufficient detail. Distribution systems have a relatively unbalanced nature, which results from a mixture
of 3-phase, 2-phase, and single-phase network components, including unbalanced loads and shunts.
Therefore, an Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis has become the preferred solution.

The ETAP Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Program calculates the bus voltages, branch power factors,
currents, and power flows for individual phases throughout the electric power system. The module
allows for swing, voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple utility and generator
connections. It handles both radial and loop systems. A powerful current injection method is provided in
order to achieve the best calculation efficiency.

This chapter gives definitions and explains how to use the various tools you will need to run Unbalanced
Load Flow Studies. It also provides theoretical background for the unbalanced load flow calculation
method. The chapter consists of the following sections:

Section Description

Unbalanced Load Flow Toolbar This section explains how you can launch an
unbalanced load flow calculation, open and view an
Output Report, or select display options.

Unbalanced Load Flow Study Case Editor This section explains how you can create a new Study
Case, what parameters are required to specify a Study
Case, and how to set them.

Display Options This section explains what options are available for
displaying some key system parameters, the output
results on the one-line diagram, and how to set them.

Unbalanced Load Flow Calculation Method This section shows formulations of current injection
load flow calculation methods.

Required Data for Calculations This section describes what data is necessary to
perform unbalanced load flow calculations and where
to enter them.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Overview

Section Description

Unbalanced Load Flow Study Output Report This section illustrates and explains Output Reports and
their format.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

20.1 Unbalanced Load Flow Toolbar

The Unbalanced Load Flow Toolbar will appear on the screen when you are in the Unbalanced Load Flow
Study Mode. Note that the available buttons will differ slightly between OLV and GIS presentations.

20.1.1 UBLF Toolbar (OLV)

Run Unbalanced Load Flow Studies

Run Open Phase Fault Studies

Halt Current Calculation

Alert View

Unbalanced Load Flow Report Manager

Unbalanced Load Flow Plot Analyzer

Unbalanced Load Flow Display Options

Unit Display Options

Power Flow Display Options

Voltage Display Options

Show Average / Phases

Load Terminal Voltage

Line/Cable Voltage Drop

Show Feeder Voltage Drop

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

Unbalanced Load Flow Comparator

Run Unbalanced Load Flow Studies

Running an Unbalanced Load Flow Study is a simple, two-step process:

1. Select a Study Case from the Study Case Editor.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

2. Click the Run Unbalanced Load Flow Study button to perform an Unbalanced Load Flow Study.
A dialog box appears. Specify the Output Report name if the output file name is set to Prompt. The
study results appear on the one-line diagram and in the Output Report.

Run Open Phase Fault Studies

Running an Unbalanced Load Flow Study is a simple, three-step process:

1. Select a Study Case from the Study Case Editor.

2. Select an Open Phase by left-clicking on the button and navigating through A, B, C, AB, BC, CA phases.

3. Place the fault on a connector of any three-phase branch by left-clicking the button and left-clicking
on the connector.

If the three-phase branch is a transmission line, the line will not be in any mutual coupling group with
other transmission lines.

Unbalanced Load Flow Display Options

The results from Unbalanced Load Flow Studies are displayed on the one-line diagram. To edit how
these results look, click the Unbalanced Load Flow Display Options button. For more information, see
Section 20.3, Display Options.

Alert View
After performing an Unbalanced Load Flow Study, you can click this button to open the Alert View,
which lists all equipment with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the Study Case.

Unbalanced Load Flow Report Manager

Unbalanced Load Flow Output Reports are provided in the form of Crystal Reports Report. The Report
Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of
the Output Report from Crystal Reports. Available file types for Crystal Reports are displayed in each
page of the Report Manager for Unbalanced Load Flow Studies.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Choosing any format in the Report Manager activates Crystal Reports. You can open the whole
Unbalanced Load Flow Output Report or only a part of it, depending on the format selection. You can
view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text Format, or
Excel format. If you prefer this to be the default format for reports, click the Set As Default checkbox.

The following table explains the format names and their corresponding Output Reports.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

This format… Provides this information…

Adjustments Tolerance and temperature correction adjustments
Alert-Complete Complete report of system alerts
Alert-Critical Summary of critical alerts only
Alert-Marginal Summary of marginal alerts only
Branch Branch input data
Branch Loading Branch loading results
Bus Bus input data
Bus Loading Overloaded bus information
Cable Cable input data
Complete Complete Output Report, including all input and output
Cover Title page of the Output Report
Equipment Cable Equipment cable input data
Impedance Detailed information about impedance elements in the system
Losses Branch loss results
NO Protective Devices Displays Normally open protective devices
Reactor Reactor input data
Summary Summary of the load flow calculation
Transformer Transformer input data
Unbalanced LF Report Unbalanced load flow calculation results

You can view Output Reports by clicking the Report Manager button on the Study Case toolbar. The List
Output Report window lists all of the output files in the selected project directory for unbalanced load
flow calculations. To view any of the listed Output Reports, select the Output Report name and click the
List Output Report button.

Unbalanced Load Flow Plot Analyzer

The Plot Analyzer allows you to generate various plots in an advanced all-in-one solution for graphical
report creation and data analysis. For more information, see the Plot Analyzer Section. For more
information, see Plot Analyzer Section. Load Flow Plot Analyzer can be activated by adding entries
“PlotAnalyzer=1” and “OutputToSQLite=1” under [Etap PowerStation] section of the INI file.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Halt Current Calculation

The Halt Current Calculation button is normally grayed-out. When an unbalanced power flow calculation
has been initiated, this button becomes enabled and shows a red stop sign. Clicking on this button will
terminate the calculation.

Get On-line Data

When Real-Time is installed and the Sys Monitor presentation is on-line, you can bring real-time data
into your offline presentation and run an unbalanced load flow calculation by clicking the Run
Unbalanced Load Flow button. The Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor will be
updated with the on-line data.

Get Archived Data

When ETAPS Playback is installed and any presentation is in Playback mode, you can bring this data into
your presentation and run an unbalanced load flow calculation by clicking the Run Unbalanced Load
Flow button. The Operating Loads, Bus Voltages, and Study Case Editor will be updated with the
playback data.

Unbalanced Load Flow Comparator

When ETAP Real-Time is set up after you run a Load Flow Study with on-line data, you can click this
button to bring up the Load Flow Comparator view. It lists comparisons of all system operating values
between ETAP Real-Time output and Load Flow calculations.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

20.1.2 UBLF Toolbar (GIS)

Run Unbalanced Load Flow Calculation

Halt Current Calculation

Junction Alert

Edge Alert

Report Manager

Unbalanced Load Flow Plots

Display Options

Show Unit

Power Flow Display Options

Voltage Display Options

Show Average / Phases

Show in Phase A

Show in Phase B

Show in Phase C

Show Line Voltage Drops

Show Cable Voltage Drops

Show Flow Animation

Get On-Line Data

Get Archived Data

Unbalanced Load Flow Comparator

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Run Unbalanced Load Flow Studies

Running an Unbalanced Load Flow Study is a simple, two-step process:

1. Select a Study Case from the Study Case Editor.

2. Click the Run Unbalanced Load Flow Study button to perform an Unbalanced Load Flow Study.
A dialog box appears. Specify the Output Report name if the output file name is set to Prompt. The study
results appear on the one-line diagram and in the Output Report.

Halt Current Calculation

The Halt Current Calculation button is normally grayed-out. When an unbalanced power flow calculation
has been initiated, this button becomes enabled and shows a red stop sign. Clicking on this button will
terminate the calculation.

Junction Alert
Click to see the unbalanced Load Flow Alert Viewer for junctions.

Edge Alert
Click to see the unbalanced Load Flow Alert Viewer for Edges.

Unbalanced Load Flow Report Manager

Unbalanced Load Flow Output Reports are provided in the form of Crystal Reports Report. The Report
Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts of
the Output Report from Crystal Reports. Available file types for Crystal Reports are displayed in each
page of the Report Manager for Unbalanced Load Flow Studies.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Choosing any format in the Report Manager activates Crystal Reports. You can open the whole
Unbalanced Load Flow Output Report or only a part of it, depending on the format selection. You can
view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text Format, or
Excel format. If you prefer this to be the default format for reports, click the Set As Default checkbox.

The following table explains the format names and their corresponding Output Reports.

This format… Provides this information…

Adjustments Tolerance and temperature correction adjustments
Alert-Complete Complete report of system alerts
Alert-Critical Summary of critical alerts only
Alert-Marginal Summary of marginal alerts only
Branch Branch input data
Branch Loading Branch loading results
Bus Bus input data
Bus Loading Overloaded bus information
Cable Cable input data
Complete Complete Output Report, including all input and output
Cover Title page of the Output Report
Equipment Cable Equipment cable input data
Impedance Detailed information about impedance elements in the system
Losses Branch loss results
NO Protective Devices Displays Normally open protective devices
Reactor Reactor input data
Summary Summary of the load flow calculation
Transformer Transformer input data
Unbalanced LF Report Unbalanced load flow calculation results

You can view Output Reports by clicking the Report Manager button on the Study Case toolbar. The List
Output Report window lists all of the output files in the selected project directory for unbalanced load
flow calculations. To view any of the listed Output Reports, select the Output Report name and click the
List Output Report button.

Unbalanced Load Flow Plots

Click to view Unbalanced Load Flow plots options.

Unbalanced Load Flow Display Options

The results from Unbalanced Load Flow Studies are displayed on the one-line diagram. To edit how
these results look, click the Unbalanced Load Flow Display Options button. For more information, see
Section 20.3, Display Options.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Show Unit
To show or hide the units.

Power Flow Display Options

Click and hold for selecting units of K or M.

Voltage Display Options

Click and hold for selecting units of volts

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Toolbar

Show Average / Phases

Select to show average values of all phases. Toggle to show in phase A or not.

Show in Phase A
Toggle to show in phase A or not.

Show in Phase B
Toggle to show in phase B or not.

Show in Phase C
Toggle to show in phase C or not.

Show Line Voltage Drops

Toggle to show Line Voltage drops or not.

Show Cable Voltage Drops

Toggle to show Cable Voltage drops or not.

Show Flow Animation

Toggle to show Flow animation or Not.

Get On-Line Data

Get online (real time) data for simulation.

Get Archived Data

Get offline (Play back) data for simulation.

Unbalanced Load Flow Comparator

When ETAP Real-Time is set up after you run a Load Flow Study with on-line data, you can click this
button to bring up the Load Flow Comparator view. It lists comparisons of all system operating values
between ETAP Real-Time output and Load Flow calculations.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

20.2 Study Case Editor

The Unbalanced Load Flow Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, loading conditions, and
a variety of options for Output Reports. ETAP allows you to create and save an unlimited number of
Study Cases. Unbalanced load flow calculations are conducted and reported using the settings of the
Study Case selected in the toolbar. You can switch between Study Cases without resetting the Study
Case options each time. This feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.

As a part of the multi-dimensional database concept of ETAP, Study Cases can be used for any
combination of the three major system toolbar components (that is, for any configuration status, one-
line diagram presentation, or base/revision data).

When you are in Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis mode, you can access the Unbalanced Load Flow Study
Case Editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case button from the Study Case toolbar when in Unbalanced
Load Flow Analysis mode. You can also access this editor from the System Manager by clicking on the
unbalanced load flow project in the Study Case folder.

To create a new Study Case, go to the System Manager, right-click the unbalanced load flow project in
the Study Case folder, and select Create New. The module will then create a new Study Case, which is a
copy of the default Study Case, and adds it to the unbalanced load flow’s Study Case folder.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

20.2.1 Info Page

Study Case ID
In the Study Case ID group, you can rename a Study Case by deleting the old ID and entering the new ID.
The Study Case ID can be up to 25 alphanumeric characters. Use the arrow buttons at the bottom of the
editor to go from one Study Case to another.

Method
The currently available method is the Newton-Raphson Current Injection Method.

Max. Iteration
Enter the maximum number of iterations. If the solution has not converged before the specified number
of iterations, the module will stop and inform you. The recommended and default values are 99.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Precision
Enter the value for the solution precision (used to check for convergence). This value determines how
precise you want the final solution to be. The precision is applied to check the difference between the
bus voltages after each iteration. If the difference between the iterations is less than or equal to the
value entered for precision, the desired accuracy is achieved.

If the solution converges but the mismatch values are high, reduce the value of the precision to make
your results more precise and run the module again.

Note: You may need to increase the number of iterations. A smaller precision value will result in a lower
mismatch (higher accuracy), as well as a longer run time. The default value of 0.0001 pu volts is
recommended.

Calculate AC & DC System

Check this checkbox to perform calculations for AC and DC systems simultaneously. When this checkbox
is unchecked, the simulation will only consider AC part of the system. For details on AC-DC calculation
refer to Section 20.6 - Unified Load Flow Calculation.

Update
In the Update group, you can decide to update the initial conditions of the buses and/or set the
transformer taps to the calculated value of load tap changers (LTCs). The selected options will be
updated after the subsequent unbalanced load flow run.

Initial Bus Voltages

Select this option to update the values of the bus voltage magnitudes with the result of the load flow
run. Bus voltage update will result in a faster convergence of the subsequent load flow since the initial
bus voltages will be closer to the final values.

Inverter Operating Load

In an AC Load Flow Study, an inverter is represented as a constant voltage source. When this option is
checked, the load provided by the inverter will be updated to the inverter element, which can be used
later as DC load of the inverter in a DC Load Flow Study.

Operating Load & V

This option is available if your ETAP installation has the on-line feature. When you select this option, the
calculation results will be updated to sources, loads, and buses, so that they can be utilized as inputs for
later studies. These values are also displayed in Element Editors. If your ETAP installation does not
include the on-line feature, you can only see the operating P, Q, and V in Element Editors, and they
cannot be used in a later study.

Transformer LTCs
Select this option to update the transformer taps to reflect the result of the Load Tap Changer (LTC)
settings (that is, transformer taps will be set to values determined from the load flow solution for LTCs).
Use this feature when you want to consider the impedance of the LTC taps for short-circuit calculations.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Cable Load Amp

Select this option to transfer cable load current data from the previously run Unbalanced Load Flow
Study. The data is transferred to the Operating Load Current in the Cable Editor for each cable
associated with the Unbalanced Load Flow Study.

Report

Suppress Report Output

Check this box to suppress the output report. Study reports will not be generated.

Rated Voltage In
Bus nominal voltages seen in the output report can be printed in V or kV. Select your preference from
the drop down list.

Bus Operating Voltage In

Calculated bus voltages seen in the output report can be printed in V, kV or in percent of the bus
nominal voltages. Select your preference from the drop down list. For graphical display of bus voltages
see Load Flow Display Options.

Power In
Calculated power flows, loadings and generations seen in the output report can be printed in MVA or
kVA. Select your preference from the drop down list. For graphical display of the power flows see Load
Flow Display Options.

Equipment Cable Losses and Vd

Select this option to report losses and voltage drops associated with equipment cables in the Output
Report.

Report Sequence Load Flow Results

Select this option to report load flow results in sequence domains for 3-phase elements.

Initial Voltage Condition

Initial conditions for all bus voltages and angles can be specified in this group for unbalanced load flow
calculation purposes.

Bus Initial Voltages

Select this option to use bus voltages and angles as entered in the Info page of the Bus Editors. You can
simulate Unbalanced Load Flow Studies with different initial conditions for bus voltage using this option.

User-Defined Fixed Value

Select this option to simulate Unbalanced Load Flow Studies using a fixed bus voltage and angle for all
buses. When you select the fixed initial condition option, you must enter the initial voltage value as the
percent of the bus nominal voltage. The default values are 100% for bus voltage magnitude and zero
degree for bus voltage angle.

Determination of Initial Bus Voltage Angle

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

• The ETAP Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module calculates the bus voltage angle based on
transformer phase-shift and compares the calculated value against the initial bus voltage angle from
the user selected option. If the difference between the two values is larger than the specified
MaxIniAngDiff, ETAP uses the calculated values as the initial bus voltage angle, where MaxIniAngDiff
is an ETAP.INI file entry that is defaulted at 10.

When the operating load is specified as the system load, the operating voltage angles are used as the
initial value. In this case, the operating voltage angle is compared against the calculated bus voltage
angle. If the difference is less than MaxIniAngDiff, the operating voltage angle is used; otherwise, the
calculated value is used in the unbalanced load flow calculation.

Study Remarks
You can enter up to 120 alphanumeric characters in this field. Information entered here will be printed
on the second line of every output page header line. These remarks can provide specific information for
each Study Case.

Note: The first line of the header information is global for all Study Cases and is entered in the Project
Information Editor.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

20.2.2 Loading Page

Loading Category
Select one of the ten Loading Categories in the Loading Category group for the current Unbalanced Load
Flow Study. ETAP uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified in the
category you select.

Note: You can assign loading to each one of the ten categories from the Nameplate page of the
Induction Machine Editor, Synchronous Motor Editor, and the Loading or Rating page of other Load
Component Editors.

Operating P, Q
This option is available if your ETAP installation has the on-line feature. When you select this box, the
operating loads updated from on-line data or a previous Unbalanced Load Flow Study will be utilized in
the Unbalanced Load Flow Study.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Generation Category
Select one of the ten Generation Categories in the Generation Category group for the current
Unbalanced Load Flow Study. When you select a category, ETAP uses the generator controls for that
category, as specified on the Rating page of the Generator Editor. The generator controls will be
different depending on the mode in which the generator is operating. The mode of generation is
selected on the Info page of the Generator Editor. The table below shows the generation controls with
respect to the mode of generation.

Mode Generation Category Control

Swing %V and Angle
Voltage Control %V and MW
MVAR Control MW and MVAR
PF Control MW and PF

Operating P, Q, V
This option is available if your ETAP installation has the on-line feature. When you select this box, the
generator operating values updated from on-line data or a previous Load Flow Study will be utilized in
the Unbalanced Load Flow Study.

Load Diversity Factor

The options in this group allow you to specify load diversity factors to be applied on the Loading
Category’s load. When you select the Operating Load option, no diversity factor is considered.

None
Select None to use the percent loading of each load as entered for the selected Loading Category.

Bus Minimum
When you select the Minimum Bus Loading option, all motors and other loads directly connected to
each bus will be multiplied by the bus minimum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate
Load Flow Studies with each bus having a different minimum diversity factor.

The minimum Bus Loading Study option may be used to see the effect of transformer taps and
capacitors (if any) on the system voltages under a minimum (light) loading condition.

Bus Maximum
When you select the Maximum Loading option, all motors and other loads directly connected to each
bus will be multiplied by the bus maximum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate Load
Flow Studies with each bus having a different maximum diversity factor.

This study option is helpful when the future loading of the electrical system has to be considered and
each bus may be loaded at a different maximum value.

Global
Enter the global diversity factors for all constant kVA, constant Z, generic, and constant I loads. When
you select this option, ETAP will globally multiply all motors and static loads of the selected Loading

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Category with the entered values for the motor and static load diversity factors. For information about
load-modeling concepts used in the module, see section 20.4, Calculation Method.

Note: A motor load-multiplying factor of 125% implies that the motor loads of all buses are increased by
25% above their nominal values. This value can be smaller or greater than 100%.

Const. kVA
Constant kVA loads include induction motors, synchronous motors, and conventional lumped loads with
% motor load, UPS, and chargers.

Const. Z
Constant impedance loads include static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters, MOVs, and conventional
lumped loads with % static load.

Const. I
Constant current loads include lumped loads operating in Unbalanced Node.

Generic
Generic loads include lumped loads operating in either exponential, polynomial, or comprehensive
mode.

Charger Loading
For chargers, you can select the Loading Category or the Operating Load if the “Calculate AC & DC
System” checkbox is unchecked at Info page of the study case.

If the “Calculate AC & DC checkbox is checked, the charger loading will based on flow results at the DC
side of the charger. In this case, you may select Constant Current mode or Uniform mode for charger
loading. In AC-DC unified load flow, 3 phase charger will be modeled as a delta connected load. When
using Uniform model, the charger loading between AB, BC, CA will be the same. When using Constant
Current model, the charger loading between AB, BC, CA will be proportional to respective charger L-L
voltages.

DC Loading Category
Select one of the ten Loading Categories in the Loading Category group for DC part of the Unbalanced
Load Flow Study. ETAP uses the percent loading of DC loads as specified in the category you select.

Double Open-Phase
Enter the threshold for loads to consider operating instead of lock-rotor impedances when below this
threshold.

Battery Model
In unified load flow calculations, a battery is modeled as a constant voltage behind resistance. The
battery internal voltage and resistance can be based on rated values or calculated based on battery
state of charge (SoC). Note that this group of options are enabled only when the option of Calculate AC
& DC System is checked from the Info page.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Rated Voc & R

When the Rated Voc & R option is selected, the battery rated voltage is used as the internal voltage
and battery cell resistance plus external resistance defined in the battery editor are used to calculate
battery resistance.

State of Charge Category

When the State of Charge Category option is selected, the battery internal voltage and equivalent R
are determined based on the SoC value from the specified state of charge category from the list box.
This calculation uses the model parameters retrieved from the battery library.

State of Charge
When the State of Charge option is selected, the battery internal voltage and equivalent R are
determined based on the global SoC value from the global state of charge value defined below the
option. This calculation uses the model parameters retrieved from the battery library.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

20.2.3 Adjustment Page

The Impedance Tolerance, Length Tolerance, and Resistance Temperature Correction groups on the
Adjustment page allow you to consider tolerance adjustments to length, equipment resistance, and
impedance. Each tolerance adjustment can be applied based on the individual equipment percent
tolerance setting or based on a globally specified percent value.

Tolerances are typically applied to electrical calculations especially in cases where the actual equipment
data is suspect, manufacturer datasheet reflects tolerances or it is a new electrical system design.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Study Case Editor

Apply Neg. Tolerance and Min. Temp. Correction

When tolerances are applied to the load flow calculation, they are typically considered as positive
tolerance for impedances & length and maximum temperature value from resistance temperature
correction. This is done such that the load flow calculations yield higher voltage drops & losses; making
the results more conservative. By applying this checkbox, load flow calculations shall utilize negative
tolerance and minimum temperature correction making the results less conservative.

Impedance Tolerance

Transformer
The net effect of the transformer impedance adjustment in unbalanced load flow calculations is to
increase the impedance by the specified percent tolerance value. For example, if the transformer
impedance is 12% and the tolerance is 10%, the adjusted impedance used in the unbalanced load flow
calculation will be 13.2%, resulting in higher losses.

The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual transformers by selecting the Individual option.
This option uses the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Transformer Editor. To
make a global transformer impedance adjustment, select the Global option and type a global tolerance
other than 0% in the displayed text box. The global impedance adjustment overrides any individual
transformer tolerance value.

Reactor
This adjustment is applied to the reactor impedance. The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module
increases the reactor impedance by the specified percent tolerance, resulting in a larger impedance and
consequently a larger voltage drop. For example, if the impedance of the reactor is 0.1 Ohm and its
tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted reactor impedance used in the unbalanced load flow calculation is
0.105 Ohm.

The impedance adjustment can be applied to individual reactors by selecting the Individual option. This
option uses the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Reactor Editor. To make a
global reactor impedance adjustment, select the Global option and type a global tolerance other than
0% in the displayed text box. The global impedance adjustment overrides any individual reactor
tolerance value.

Overload Heater Resistance

This adjustment is applied to the overload heater (OH) resistance. The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis
Module increases the OH resistance by the specified percent tolerance resulting in a larger resistance
and consequently a larger voltage drop. For example, if the resistance of the OH is 0.1 Ohm and its
tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted OH resistance used in the load flow calculation is 0.105 Ohm.

The resistance adjustment can be applied to individual overload heaters by selecting the Individual
option. This option uses the tolerance percent value specified on the Rating page of the Overload
Heaters Editor. To make a global overload heater resistance adjustment, select the Global option and
type a global tolerance other than 0% in the displayed text box. The global resistance adjustment
overrides any individual overload heater tolerance value.

Note: The adjustments only apply if the Cable/OL Heater option is selected for MV and/or LV motors.

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Length Tolerance

Cable
This adjustment is applied to the cable length. The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module increases the
cable length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in larger impedance and consequently a larger
voltage drop. For example, if the length of the cable is 200 ft. and the tolerance is 5%, then the adjusted
cable length used in the unbalanced load flow calculation is 210 ft.

The length adjustment can be applied to individual cables by selecting the Individual option. This option
uses the tolerance percent value specified on the Info page of the Cable Editor. To make a global cable
length adjustment, select the Global option and type a global tolerance other than 0% in the displayed
text box. The Global Length Adjustment overrides any individual cable tolerance value.

Transmission Line
This adjustment is applied to the transmission line length. The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module
increases the transmission line length by the specified percent tolerance resulting in larger impedance
and consequently a larger voltage drop. For example, if the length of the transmission line is 2 miles and
the tolerance is 2.5%, then the adjusted transmission line length used in the unbalanced load flow
calculation is 2.05 miles.

The length adjustment can be applied to individual transmission lines by selecting the Individual option.
This option uses the tolerance percent value specified on the Info page of the Transmission Line Editor.
To make a global transmission line length adjustment, select the Global option and type a global
tolerance other than 0% in the displayed text box. The Global Length Adjustment overrides any
individual transmission line tolerance value.

Resistance Temperature Correction

This group allows you to consider resistance correction based on the maximum operating temperature
for cable and transmission line conductors. Each temperature resistance correction can be applied
based on the individual cable/line maximum temperature setting or based on a globally specified value.

Cable
This adjustment is applied to the cable conductor resistance. The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis
Module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the maximum operating temperature. If the
maximum operating temperature is greater than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then its
resistance is increased.

The temperature correction can be applied to individual cables by selecting the Individual option. This
option uses the maximum operating temperature value specified in the Cable Editor. To make a global
temperature correction, select the Global option and type a global maximum temperature value in the
displayed text box. The global temperature correction value overrides any individual Cable Impedance
page maximum temperature. For more information, see the Cable Editor Impedance Page section in
Chapter 11, AC-Editors.

Transmission Line
This adjustment is applied to the transmission line conductor resistance. The Unbalanced Load Flow
Analysis Module adjusts the conductor resistance based on the maximum operating temperature. If the

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maximum operating temperature is greater than the rated base temperature of the conductor, then the
resistance is increased.

The temperature correction can be applied to individual lines by selecting the Individual option. This
option uses the maximum operating temperature value specified on the Impedance page of the
Transmission Line Editor. To make a global temperature correction, select the Global option and type a
global maximum temperature value in the displayed text box. The global temperature correction value
overrides any individual Transmission Line Impedance page maximum temperature. For more
information, see the Transmission Line Editor Impedance Page section in Chapter 11, AC-Editors.

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20.2.4 Alert Page

The Alert page in the Unbalanced Load Flow Study Case Editor is used to setup primary simulation alerts
that notify users about an abnormal loading condition based on allowable percent values and system
topology. The functional capability of the Simulation Alert System is to generate alerts when there is an
overload in protective devices, buses, transformers, cables, lines, panels, reactors, generators, or the
power grid. The alerts are reported either graphically in the one-line diagram display or in the Alert View
window.

Critical and Marginal Alerts

Simulation alerts generated after an Unbalanced Load Flow Study are either critical or marginal. Critical
and marginal alerts use different percent value conditions to determine if an alert should be generated.
If the condition for a critical alert is met, then an alert will be generated in the Alert View window and
the overloaded element will turn red in the one-line diagram. The same is true for marginal alerts,
except that the overloaded component will be magenta instead of red. Also, you must select the
Marginal Limit option if you want marginal alerts displayed. If a device alert qualifies as both a critical
and a marginal alert, only a critical alert is displayed.

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Note: For ETAP to generate alerts for an element type, both the element rating and the percent value
entered on the Alert page must be non-zero. The element ratings for alert checking are given in the
following sections.

Loading
This group of options allows you to enter the condition percent values of the monitored parameters
used to determine if an alert should be reported based on loading conditions determined by an
unbalanced load flow calculation. Unbalanced load flow loading alerts generate overload alerts.

Bus
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a bus loading alert if the critical or marginal
percent limit of rated continuous current in the bus is exceeded. The rated continuous current in the bus
is specified on the Rating page of the Bus Editor.

Cable
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a cable alert if the critical or marginal percent
limit of allowable ampacity in the cable is exceeded. The allowable ampacity of the cable is specified on
the Ampacity page of the Cable Editor.

Reactor
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a reactor alert if the critical or marginal
percent limit of rated current in the reactor is exceeded. The rated current in the reactor is specified on
the Rating page of the Reactor Editor.

Line
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a line alert if the critical or marginal percent
limit of allowable ampacity in the transmission line is exceeded. The allowable ampacity of the
transmission line is specified on the Ampacity page of the Transmission Line Editor.

Transformer
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a transformer alert if the critical or marginal
percent limit of maximum MVA of the transformer is exceeded. The maximum MVA of the transformer
is specified on the Rating page of the Transformer Editor. The simulation alerts work for both two and
three winding transformers.

Panel/UPS/VFD
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a panel/UPS/VFD alert if the critical or
marginal percent limit of rated current in the panel, UPS or VFD is exceeded. The rated current of the
panel is specified in the Rating page of the Panel Editor. The rated current of the UPS or VFD is specified
as the input currents in the Rating page of their editor. If VFD has multiple input connections, the total
current is checked against the VFD rated input current.

Note: If the UPS or VFD output current exceeds the maximum output current specified in their Rating
page, an Over-Current alert will be generated as a critical alert.

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Generator
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate a generator/power grid alert if the critical or
marginal percent limit of rated MW of the generator is exceeded. The rated MW of the generator is
specified on the Rating page of the Generator Editor.

Inverter/Charger
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Module will generate an overload alert if the critical or marginal
percent limit of rated MW of the inverter/charger is exceeded. The rated MW of the inverter/charger is
specified on the Rating page of the inverter/charger Editor.

Bus Voltage
The options in this group allow you to set bus voltage simulation alerts in situations where the voltage
magnitude percent results from the unbalanced load flow calculation exceed or are below the specified
nominal kV rating percent values. Bus voltage alerts report over- and under-voltage.

Generator/Motor Excitation
Simulation alerts for generator excitation monitor the percent rated Mvar limits. An alert for over-
excitation is reported if the upper excitation percent limit (Qmax) for the generator is exceeded in an
unbalanced load flow calculation. An alert for under-excitation is reported if the generator Mvar result
from the unbalanced load flow calculation is below the specified under-excitation percent limit (Qmin).
You have the option to run the unbalanced load flow calculation without monitoring under-excitation
conditions. An alert for under-excitation will be reported if you select the UnderExcited option. The
under-excitation percent limit for the generator is 100% of Qmin.

Marginal Limit
If the Marginal Limit option is selected, the Alert View window will display the marginal alerts as well
critical alerts. If this option is not selected, the Alert View window will display only critical alerts.

Note: The critical and marginal alerts will not be displayed if the percent setting is set to zero.

Auto Display
If the Auto Display button is selected, the Alert View window automatically opens after the unbalanced
load flow calculation is completed. If Auto Display is not selected, you can open the Alert View window
by clicking the Alert View button on the Unbalanced Load Flow toolbar.

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20.2.5 Adv Alert Page

The Adv Alert page of the Unbalanced Load Flow Study Case Editor is used to specify the setup of some
advanced simulation alerts which are provided to notify you of an abnormal loading condition based on
allowable percent values and system topology. The Simulation Alert System generates alerts when there
is overload in buses, transformers, cables, lines, panels, reactors, generators, power grid, and meters.
The alerts are reported either graphically in the one-line diagram display or in the Alert View window.

Critical and Marginal Alerts

Simulation alerts generated after an Unbalanced Load Flow Study are either critical or marginal. Critical
and marginal alerts use different percent value conditions to determine if an alert should be generated.
If the condition for a critical alert is met, then an alert will be generated in the Alert View window and
the overloaded element will turn red in the one-line diagram. The same is true for marginal alerts,
except that the overloaded component will be magenta instead of red. Also, you must select the
Marginal Limit option if you want marginal alerts displayed. If a device alert qualifies as both a critical
and a marginal alert, only a critical alert is displayed.

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Note: For ETAP to generate alerts for an element type, both the element rating and the percent value
entered on the Alert page must be non-zero. The element ratings for alert checking are given in the
following sections.

Voltage Unbalanced (Bus)

Voltage unbalanced (bus) alerts are generated if the percent voltage unbalance ratios resulting from the
unbalanced load flow calculation exceed the specified percent values. These percentage voltage
unbalanced ratios include those of line voltages, phase voltages, negative sequence voltages, and zero
sequence voltages. Voltage unbalanced (bus) alerts report over-voltage unbalance ratio alerts.

Note: The voltage unbalance ratio (VUR) is the ratio of the maximum voltage deviation from the average
voltage to the average voltage with the assumption that the average voltage is always equal to the
nominal value.

LVUR
Select LVUR to use the unbalance ratio of line voltages.

The NEMA (National Equipment Manufacturer’s Association) definition of voltage unbalance, also
known as the line voltage unbalance rate (LVUR) is given by:

Max voltag e deviation from the avg line voltage

LVUR =  100(%)
Avg line voltage

PVUR
Select PVUR to use the unbalance ratio of phase voltages.

The IEEE definition of voltage unbalance, also known as the phase voltage unbalance rate (PVUR) is
given by:

Max voltag e deviation from the avg phase voltage

PVUR =  100(%)
Avg phase voltage

VUF 2
An index used in European Standards to indicate the degree of unbalance is the voltage unbalance
factor (VUF), which is the ratio of the negative sequence voltage to the positive sequence voltage and is
given by:

V2
VUF2 =  100 (%)
V1

VUF 0 (VUF 0)
The zero sequence voltage unbalance factor of phase voltages, which is given by:

V0
VUF0 =  100 (%)
V1

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Current Unbalanced (Branch)

Current unbalanced (branch) alerts are generated if the percent branch current unbalance ratios
resulting from the unbalanced load flow calculation exceed the specified percent values. These percent
current unbalance ratios include those of branch currents, negative, and zero sequence branch currents.
Current unbalanced (branch) alerts report over-current unbalance ratio alerts.

LIUR (IUR)
Branch current unbalance ratio (IUR), which is given by:

Max branch current deviation from the average

IUR =  100(%)
Average of branch currents

IUF 2 (IUF2)
The negative sequence branch current unbalance factor, which is given by:

I2
IUF2 =  100 (%)
I1

IUF 0 (IUF0)
The zero sequence branch current unbalance factor, which is given by:

I0
IUF0 =  100 (%)
I1

Meters
Meter alerts are generated if the percent meter measurements exceed the specified percent values.
These percent meter measurements include those of Current, Voltage, MW, Mvar, PF, and Freq. meter
alerts report over-meter measurement alerts.

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20.2.6 Feeder Page

Calculate Entire System

Check this checkbox to perform calculation for the entire system.

Calculate Selected Feeders only

Check this checkbox and select the feeder to perform calculation for the selected feeder only.

% Diversity
Diversity factor for none-shared loads in GIS view.

Unchecked Feeder’s Transparency

This feature is for adjusting the transparency of the unchecked feeder. This feature is available in GIS
view only.

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20.3 Display Options

20.3.1 Results Page (OLV)
The Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Display Options consist of a Results page and three pages for AC,
AC-DC, and Colors information annotations.

Note: The colors and displayed annotations selected for each study are specific to that study.

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Show Units
Select this option to show units for power flow and current displayed on the one-line diagram.

Check-ALL
Select this option to show all available result annotations.

Note: When this box is unselected, the previous settings are restored.

Voltage
In the Voltage list, select kV or % for voltage display on the one-line diagram.

Bus Mag.
Select this option to display bus voltages on the one-line diagram. Bus voltages are displayed at 15
degrees.

Bus Angle
Select this option to display bus angle in degree on the one-line diagram. Bus voltages are displayed at
-15 degrees.

Load Term. Mag.

Select this option to display load (motors and static loads) terminal voltages on the one-line diagram.
Load terminal voltages are displayed at 15 degrees. Load terminal voltages can be displayed based on
load rated kV or bus nominal kV, depending on the option selected in the Load Term. Base kV group.

L-N
Select this option to display bus phase voltages on the one-line diagram.

L-L
Select this option to display bus line voltages on the one-line diagram.

Load Term. Base kV

This group allows you to select base kV for load terminal magnitude, but only when voltage is displayed
in percent (% is selected in the Voltage list). This group will be disabled if voltage is displayed in kV.

Load Rated kV
Select this option to use load rated kV as the base for load terminal voltage display.

Bus Nom. kV
Select this option to use bus nominal kV as the base for load terminal voltage display.

Voltage Drop

Line/Cable
Select this option to display line and cable voltage drops on the one-line diagram.

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Load FDR
Select a unit for power flow or current flow from the list to be displayed on the one-line diagram.

Average/Phases

Average Values
Select this option to display average values as shown in the following tables.

Unbalanced Load Flow Results Displayed in Average Values

Voltage Current Power

Phase Type
3-Phase
2-Phase
Average Value Average Value Total Power
1-Phase 3-Wire
1-Phase 2-Wire

All Phases
Select this option to display individual phase values. For 3-phase element, voltage, current, and power
for phases A, B, and C are displayed in sequence and for single-phase 3-wire element, voltage, current,
and power for phases L1, N, and L2 are displayed in sequence.

Unbalanced Load Flow Results Displayed in All Phases

Voltage Current Power

Phase Type
3-Phase Phases A, B, & C Phases A, B, & C Phases A, B, & C
2-Phase Phases A&B, B&C, Phases A&B, B&C, Phases A&B, B&C,
or C&A or C&A or C&A
1-Phase 3-Wire Phases L1, N, L2 Phases L1, N, L2 Phases L1, N, L2
1-Phase 2-Wire Phase Value Phase Value Phase Value

All Sequences
Select this option to display individual sequence values for 3-phase elements.

Energy

SOC
Select this option to display battery state of charge.

Power Flows
In this group, you specify how the power flows will be displayed. From the Power Flows list, select the
units (VA or kVA or MVA) to be used to display power flow on the one-line diagram.

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kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar option to display power flow in W+jvar, kW+jkvar, or MW+jMvar, depending on
the power flow units you are using.

kVA
Select the kVA option to display power flow in VA, kVA, or MVA, depending on the power flow units you
are using.

Amp
Select the Amp option to display current flow in amperes.

%PF
When the Amp or kVA option is selected, you can select this option to show power factor of power flow
along with the current.

Angle
When the Amp option is selected, you can select this option to show the current angle.

Flow Results

Branch
Select this option to display power flow through all branches on the one-line diagram. ETAP displays the
power flow at the end of the branch that has a positive kW value flowing into the branch. For three-
winding transformers, all three power flows are displayed.

Source
Select this option to display power flow for generators and power grids on the one-line diagram.

Load
Select this option to display power flow for motors, MOVs, capacitors, lumped loads, and static loads on
the one-line diagram.

Composite Motor
Select this option to display power flow into composite motors.

Composite Network
Select this option to display power flow into composite networks.

Neutral
Select this option to display the neutral current. This option is only available when Amp is selected for
Power Flows.

Branch Losses
Select this option to display branch losses on the one-line diagram. From the Power Flows list, select the
units (VA or kVA or MVA) to be used to display branch losses on the one-line diagram.

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kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar option to display branch losses in W+jvar, kW+jkvar, or MW+jMvar, depending on
the power flow units you are using.

kW
Select the kW + jkvar option to display branch losses in W, kW or MW, depending on the power flow
units you are using.

kVA
Select the kVA option to display power flow in VA, kVA or MVA, depending on the power flow units you
are using.

Meters

Ammeter
Select this option to display primary current for the branch to which an ammeter is attached.

Voltmeter
Select this option to display primary voltage for the bus to which a voltmeter is attached.

Multi-Meter
Select this option to display the measurements of a multi-meter, including bus voltage, branch current,
branch power flow, power factor, and frequency.

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20.3.2 Results Page (GIS)

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Display-Flow
Select the radio button under this section to display the flow of power as either animated or fixed
arrows.

Zero Values
Select the checkbox for showing / hiding zero values.

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Result Units
Select the checkbox for showing / hiding result units.

Voltage
Select the elements under this heading to display the voltage unit, magnitude, and angle as well as
phase selection for GIS diagram.

Voltage Drop
Select the radio button under this section to display or hide the line and cable voltage drops.

Power
In this group, you specify how the power flows will be displayed. From the Power Flows list, select the
units (VA or kVA or MVA) to be used to display power flow on the GIS view.

kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar option to display power flow in W+jvar, kW+jkvar, or MW+jMvar, depending on
the power flow units you are using.

kW
Select the kW option to display power flow in W, kW or MW, depending on the power flow units you are
using.

kvar
Select the kvar option to display power flow in var, kvar or Mvar, depending on the power flow units you
are using.

kVA
Select the kVA option to display power flow in VA, kVA, or MVA, depending on the power flow units you
are using.

Amp
Select the Amp option to display current flow in amperes.

%PF
When the Amp or kVA option is selected, you can select this option to show power factor of power flow
along with the current.

Branch Losses
Select this option to display branch losses on the GIS view. From the Power Flows list, select the units
(VA or kVA or MVA) to be used to display branch losses on the GIS view diagram.

kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar option to display branch losses in W+jvar, kW+jkvar, or MW+jMvar, depending on
the power flow units you are using.

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kW
Select the kW option to display branch losses in W, kW or MW, depending on the power flow units you
are using.

kVA
Select the kVA option to display branch losses in VA, kVA or MVA, depending on the power flow units
you are using.

Average/Phase Results
Select the radio button under this section to display the Average or all phases results.

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AC-DC Page
This page includes options for displaying information annotations for AC-DC elements and composite
networks.

ID
Select the AC-DC elements under this heading to display the IDs on the one-line diagram.

Rating
Select the AC-DC elements under this heading to display the ratings on the one-line diagram.

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Device Type Rating

Charger AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA/MW)
Inverter DC kW & AC kVA (or MW/MVA)
UPS KVA
VFD HP/kW

kV
Select the AC-DC elements under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages on the one-line
diagram.

A
Select the AC-DC elements under this heading to display the ampere ratings on the one-line diagram.

Device Type Amp

Charger AC FLA & DC FLA
Inverter DC FLA & AC FLA
UPS Input, Output, & DC FLA

Composite Network
Select this option to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the color in
which the IDs will be displayed.

Use Default Options

Select this option to use ETAP’s default display options.

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20.3.3 Colors Page

This page includes options for displaying information annotations for DC elements.

Color Theme
A previously defined color theme can be selected from the list. The selected color theme will be used
whenever the Theme option button is selected.

Annotations
This area allows you to assign colors to AC and DC elements, composite elements, and displayed results.

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Theme
This option allows the color theme selected in the color Theme list for element annotations to be
applied globally throughout all diagrams. When the option is selected, the name assigned to the applied
color theme is also displayed in a box at the right of the button.

User-Defined
Select this option to specify a color for element annotations. When this option is chosen, the DC
element annotation color selection list will appear.

Theme Button
Click this button to make the Theme Editor appear.

Theme Editor
The Theme Editor allows you to select existing color themes or define a new color theme.

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Note: Color themes are applied globally within a project file. Changes made on a color theme displayed
on this page may also affect other modes and presentations if the color themes option has been
previously selected.

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20.4 Calculation Method

ETAP provides a novel and powerful technique of Newton-Raphson 3-phase power flow calculations
using the current injection method. The 3-phase current injection equations are written in rectangular
coordinates. An efficient sparse matrix technique for ordering, factorization, and forward/backward
substitution is applied. This method has been used to compute power flows on real balanced and
unbalanced distribution systems and has been shown to be very robust and to converge in less
iterations than other methods, especially for heavily loaded systems.

The current injection method formulates and solves iteratively the following load flow equation:

[Vrm
abc
][Y abc ] = [I mr
abc
]

where Vrmabc is a 3-phase bus voltage vector in an incremental form, and Imrabc is a 3-phase bus current
injection mismatch vector between specified value and calculated value; and Yabc is the corresponding
Jacobian matrix. The off-diagonal elements of Yabc are identical to the corresponding elements of the
node admittance matrix; and the diagonal elements of Yabc are dependent on both the corresponding
elements of the node admittance matrix and the load model adopted for each phase at a given bus.

The current injection method has relatively lower requirements of the bus initial voltage values
compared to the Newton-Raphson Method and the fast-decoupled method. Instead of using bus real
power and reactive power mismatch as convergence criteria, the current injection method checks bus
voltage magnitude tolerance between two consecutive iterations to control the solution precision. The
typical value for bus voltage magnitude precision is set to 0.0001 pu.

Unbalanced Load Flow Convergence

As in any iterative solution method, the convergence of the unbalanced load flow solution is affected by
a number of factors specific to power systems.

Negative Impedance
Negative resistance and reactance should be avoided. As an example, the traditional method of
modeling three-winding transformers by a Y equivalent model, using one impedance and two two-
winding transformers, sometimes results in a negative impedance value for one of the impedance
branches. In this case, the negative impedance should be combined with other series circuit elements so
that the result is a positive impedance value. Load flow calculations may not converge if a large value of
negative impedance is used. ETAP can now model three-winding transformers directly with no need for
users to do any conversions.

Zero or Very Small Impedance

A zero or very small impedance value of any branch is not allowed, since this will result in infinity or a
huge number in the system admittance matrix. You should represent this type of impedance by a tie
circuit breaker to solve the problem.

Widely Different Branch Impedance Values

Widely different branch impedance values on the same per unit base may result in a slow convergence.
To avoid this situation, various techniques, such as combining series branches with low impedance

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values, ignoring short length transmission lines and/or cables, or modeling a small impedance branch
with tie circuit breakers, can be employed.

Long Radial System Configurations

Long radial system configurations usually take more time to converge than loop configurations.

Bad Bus Voltage Initial Values

Solution convergence speed and computing time are functions of the initial voltages for load-type buses.
The closer the initial voltages are to their final profile, the faster the solution converges. The solution
may not converge if the initial voltages are too far from the final profile, thus it is recommended that the
Update Bus Voltage option be used to obtain a set of sound initial bus voltages.

Open Phase Fault Calculation

When an Open Phase fault is placed on a connector of any three-phase branch, only the three-phase
branch impedance matrix will be modified. The modification is equivalent to the insertion of a 3-phase
closed CB into the connector with the corresponding phase(s) open. All the rest of the power network
will be kept the same. Under this modification, the Unbalanced Load Flow calculation is run.

Under open phase fault condition, the extremely low voltage profile and heavy constant KVA loading
might make the calculation diverge due to the system maximum loadability limits. The INI entry of
“ImpedanceMotorVoltagePercentage” sets the voltage threshold for induction motors to switch from
constant KVA loads to constant impedance loads when the terminal bus voltages are under the
threshold voltages for positive-sequence. The threshold voltage is calculated as the motor rated voltage
times the percentage of the INI entry. The percentage is default to be 65. For example, if the motor
rated voltage is 4 kV, then the default threshold voltage is 2.6 kV. When the positive-sequence voltage
of the motor terminal bus is below 2.6 kV, the motor constant KVA load for the positive sequence will be
switched to a constant impedance load which has the same KVA rating at voltage 2.6 kV. Please refer to
Modeling of Loads for modeling of induction motors.

If there is a Double Open Phase fault in the system, a check will be performed on each bus in the system
to determine if there is any upstream source that can supply rotating torque for connected motors. This
is accomplished on the initial load flow run by using only swing and voltage control sources, temporarily
disconnecting any load except for static loads, then using a fictitious induction motor to determine if
sufficient rotating torque is present for connected motors. Theoretically, the rotating torque would be
zero for any bus subjected to a double open phase fault condition, but due to numerical convergence
tolerance in the initial load flow, a margin is added for the rotating torque. This margin is specified by
the ETAPS.INI entry “RotationTorqueMargin” and is defined as the percent of rotating torque when
compared to 100% balanced conditions, with a default value of 5%. Any bus will be treated as
experiencing a double open phase condition, if the initial load flow provides a rotating torque less than
“RotationTorqueMargin”. Motors will be automatically switched to their locked rotor impedance (static
loading) if they are connected to a double open phase bus. However, these motors can be considered as
still operating/running based on their loading. The ETAPS.INI entry of
"DoubleOpenLockRotorThreshold" sets the loading threshold for induction motors and synchronous
motors to be considered as still operating/running under double open phase fault conditions, with a
default value of 30%. Percent loading is determined from the motors’ loading category sections or the
ratio of the operating value and the corresponding rating. Any motor connected to a double open phase
bus, with percentage loading below "DoubleOpenLockRotorThreshold" will still be considered as

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operating/running. For conventional lump loads connected to a double open phase bus, the constant
KVA loading portion will always be automatically switched to a locked rotor impedance value regardless
of loading.

Modeling of Power Sources

Power sources include generators and utilities with a mode of swing, voltage control, or Mvar/PF
control. The internal sequence impedances of power sources are employed to represent the inherent
source phase imbalance due to distribution system imbalance. The sequence models of a power source
are quite simple, shown below, where y0, y1, and y2 are respectively the positive-, negative-, and zero-
sequence admittances, and II is an equivalent current source.

I0 I1 I2
V0 V2
V1
y0 y2
y1
II

Zero Positive Negative

Sequence Sequence Sequence

Sequence Models of a Power Source

Note: These internal impedances are ignored and the utility is represented in phase domain if
“Unbalanced” is selected in the rating page. The grounding connection is always considered to be solid
grounded in this scenario.

Swing Mode
The specified constraints for a swing power source are the magnitude and the phase angle of the
positive sequence voltage at the swing source terminal. The use of positive sequence representation for
voltage magnitude regulation makes it possible to properly represent the automatic voltage regulation
(AVR) mechanism of a power source, where in most cases; the average voltage magnitudes of all three
phases is the voltage magnitude that is regulated. Under unbalanced conditions, the negative and zero
sequence voltages may be non-zero.

Voltage Control Mode

The constants for a power source of the voltage control mode are the total output of 3-phase real
powers and the magnitude of the positive sequence terminal voltage.

Mvar/PF Control Mode

The constants for a power source of Mvar/PF control mode are the total output of 3-phase real powers
and the total output of 3-phase reactive powers.

Modeling of Loads

Constant Power Load

Constant power loads include induction motors, synchronous motors, conventional and unbalanced
lumped loads with % motor load, UPS, and chargers. The power output remains constant for all changes
in input voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant power load:

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Note: The constant power loads of synchronous motors are treated as the Mvar control mode sources
with negative power generations. These types of loads have the same structures as the synchronous
generators of Mvar control mode, and only the total of 3-phase power outputs / inputs for such a load
remain constant for unbalanced situations. Because of the difficulty of multiple solutions, ETAP does not
allow for the constant power unbalanced lumped loads (with % motor load) connected in Y with open
neutral.

The constant power loads of 3-phase induction machines, conventional and unbalanced lumped loads
with % motor loading, are treated as combinations of the Mvar control mode sources with negative
power generations for positive sequence and constant impedance loads for negative-sequence and
zero-sequence.

Note: When induction motors run under locked rotor conditions, they should act as static loads. Under
different voltages, the Power Factor might be different from that under the rated voltage.

Constant Impedance Load

Constant impedance loads include static loads, capacitors, harmonic filters, MOVs, and conventional and
unbalanced lumped loads with % static load. The input power increases proportionally to the square of
the input voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant impedance load:

Constant Current Loads

Constant current loads include lumped loads operating in unbalanced mode. The current remains
constant for all changes in voltage. Below are the respective I-V and P-V curves for a constant current
load:

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Generic Load
Generic loads include lumped loads operating in either exponential, polynomial, or comprehensive
modes.
A generic load model expresses the characteristics of the load at any time as algebraic functions of the
bus voltage magnitude and frequency at that instant.

Exponential Model:
( ) (1 + K
P = P0 V
a
pf f )
Q = Q (V ) (1 + K f )
b
0 qf

For this and other generic models,

V
V =
V0
where P and Q are active and reactive components of the load when the bus voltage magnitude is V
and f is the frequency deviation ( f − f 0 ) . The subscript 0 identifies the values of the respective
variables at the initial operating condition. Typically K pf ranges from 0 to 3.0, and K qf ranges from –2.0
to zero.

The parameters of this model are the exponents a and b . With these exponents equal to 0, 1, or 2, the
model represents constant power, constant current, or constant impedance characteristics,
respectively.

 
Polynomial Model:
P = P0 p1V + p2 V + p3 (1 + K pf f )
2

Q = Q q V + q V + q (1 + K f )
2
0 1 2 3 qf

The polynomial model is composed of constant impedance, constant current, and constant power
components. The parameters of the model are the coefficients p1 , p2 , p3 , q1 , q 2 , and q 3 , which
define the proportion of each component.

Comprehensive Model:

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P = P0 PPOLY + PEXP1 + PEXP2 

Where:
2
PPOLY = p1V + p2 V + p3
PEXP1 = p4 V( ) (1 + K
a1
pf 1 f )
= p (V ) (1 + K f )
a2
PEXP2 5 pf 2

The expression for the reactive component of the load has a similar structure. The reactive power
compensation associated with the load is represented separately.

Modeling of Transmission Lines

A transmission line can be modeled as 3-phase, 3-phase, or single phase with any geometry
configuration, and can be coupled with other transmission lines. Currently, a transmission line can
belong to one coupling group only. The Kron Method is used to handle neutral wires, as the average
grounding model is typically used in distribution systems. The Kron Reduction Method makes the
assumption that the neutral voltage at a branch end is equal to zero.

Modeling of Transformers
ETAP uses a combined model of common transformers and regulating transformers. This model can
accommodate any phase shift, grounding impedance, and different positive/negative and zero sequence
impedance.

The (3) 1-phase transformer, open delta transformer, are modeled phase by phase based on the single
phase transformer parameters. Single phase center-tap transformer is modeled by assuming the solid
connection to the reference point of the power grid at the center-tap point of the transformer.

The No Load Loss is modeled as shunt impedances in T equivalent circuits for each pair of the coupling
windings.

For two winding transformer, the positive- and negative- sequence circuits will use the same shunt
impedances which are calculated from the positive-sequence no load loss testing data. The zero-
sequence will use the shunt impedances which are calculated from the zero-sequence no load loss
testing data when there is no buried delta winding.

For three winding transformer, the PS, PT and ST coupling windings will be modeled as T equivalent
circuits correspondingly with the same shunt impedances.

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Buried delta winding will be modeled as an independent winding for zero-sequence circuit. The winding
parameters will be derived from the inputs of the Buried Delta Winding page. A two winding
transformer with a buried delta winding can be modeled equivalently as a three winding transformer
with the tertiary winding connected as delta and unconnected. A three winding transformer with a
buried delta winding can be modeled equivalently as a four winding transformer with the fourth winding
connected as delta and unconnected.

Modeling of AC-DC Converters

In a Load Flow Study, chargers are represented as constant kVA loads connected to their AC input bus.
An inverter is represented as an AC source without considering the internal impedances, which can have
several operating modes as a generator.

Modeling of HVDC
An HVDC Link is not considered in the Unbalanced Load Flow Study. In the event any HVDC Link is
detected, an error will be posted.

Modeling of SVC
The voltage support capability of the SVC deteriorates with decreasing system voltage. The 3-phase SVC
is connected in Delta. SVC should not be connected to swing or voltage control buses. From ETAP
version 19.5, in the case where terminal bus is a swing or voltage control bus, the controlling of SVC is
ignored.

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Modeling of STATCOM
STATCOM is modeled as a voltage source. The current and voltage follow the curve below. 3-phase
STATCOM is connected in Delta. When unbalance compensation for 3-phase STATCOM is enabled, it
controls individual line to line voltage of the PT bus. Otherwise it controls average voltage. STATCOM’s
PT bus should not be swing or voltage control buses. In the case where PT bus is a swing or voltage
control bus, the controlling of STATCOM is ignored.

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Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis Calculation Method

Modeling of UPS
In a Load Flow Study, the UPS is represented as a constant load at its input side and a swing source at its
output side (where the output side is energized).

When the UPS is selected as a load based on its loading category in its loading page, the system that is
connected to the UPS output side will be de-energized if there is not any other swing sources in the
system and the UPS is modeled as a pure constant load.

UPS Output Side is De-energized

When the UPS is selected as a load based on its connected load, the UPS output bus will be modeled as
a swing bus with the UPS rated output voltage as its regulating voltage for its output bus. Then the
calculated UPS output bus loading will be treated / shared as the UPS output side loading.

If multiple UPS selected as connected loads share the same output bus, the calculated UPS output bus
loading will be shared among all the UPS by their maximum rated currents. The UPS output side loading
will be reflected onto the UPS input bus by considering its efficiency and the operating input power
factor selection in its loading page. For example, if the UPS share of its output bus loading is P + j*Q,
then the UPS loading will be reflected onto its input bus based on the operating input PF selection as a
load:

1. P/EFF + j*P/EFF*sqrt(1-PF*PF)/PF where EFF is the UPS efficiency and PF is the rated or user-defined
power factor.
2. P/EFF + j*Q when connected load power factor is selected.

Modeling of VFD
In a Load Flow Study, the VFD is modeled the same way as the UPS except for:
• The VFD is modeled as a load based on its connected load.
• The VFD output swing bus voltage is specified by the VFD loading category.
• The VFD output side loading will be reflected onto its input side and shared equally by its input
branches if the VFD is connected to multiple input branches. Otherwise, the VFD output side loading
will be reflected onto its input bus.

Modeling of Inverter Current Limit

If inverter loading current is less than Imax, the inverter controls its terminal voltage and behaves as a
constant voltage source. Once the loading current reaches Imax, the loading current and voltage follow
the current limit curve. The inverter voltage-current curve is shown as following, where Vreg is the rated
inverter voltage. The current refers to the maximum phase current for swing mode inverter and positive
sequence current for voltage control mode inverter. When Imax = Isc, current limit model is not
applicable. Current limit model is used for inverters in swing or voltage control mode.

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Imax is specified in Inverter Editor Rating Page and Isc is SC Model Page S.C. Current Imax field.

Different Factors Considered in Load Calculation

ETAP provides you with great flexibility in modeling load variations through different load factors, such
as demand factor, load percent, service factor, and application factor. Depending on your specifications,
these factors are used differently in calculating loads under several circumstances:

• Load Editor – Calculation of load for Loading Categories and voltage drop
• Input for Studies – Calculation of load specification for load flow and initial load for motor starting
and transient stability studies
• Studies Results – Calculation of load displayed in one-line diagram from load flow, motor starting,
and Transient Stability Studies
• Bus Editor – Sum of load connected to a bus

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The following two tables describe how these factors are used in these cases:

Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd Editor
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
Service Factor *
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

Factors Used for Static Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus

Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd Editor
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x x x x x
Bus Operating V x x x x
Demand Factor x x x x x x x x x
Loading % x x x x x x x x x
App. Factor *
Load Quantity x x x x x x x
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *
* Indicates the factor is used in calculation if you have specified it in the related Load Editor or Study
Case.

Notes:

• Motor load includes induction motor and generator, synchronous motor, MOV, and motor load
portion of lumped load.
• Static load includes static load, capacitor, and static load portion of lumped load.

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20.5 Panel System Modeling

In this version of ETAP, the panel system load flow calculation becomes part of the system load flow
calculation. The figure below shows a simple panel system in OLV and its equivalent representation for
load flow calculation. In the equivalent representation, the panel is modeled as a bus using the panel ID.
The external connections to the panel are connected to the bus. Each internal load entered from the
panel editor is also expressly modeled as a load connected to the bus, using the panel ID plus circuit
number of the internal load as the load name.

This enhanced panel system modeling allows the panel system elements to be handled in the same way
as elements in regular system. The limitations in previous version of ETAP on panel system calculation
for Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis have been removed. These limitations include looped panel system,
transformer LTC, and branch shunt, etc.

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20.6 Unified Load Flow Calculation

Unified load flow calculation will be enabled when “Calculate AC & DC System” checkbox is checked in
study case editor. This mode allow you to calculate AC and DC system simultaneously in one unbalanced
load flow run.

DC components can be connected to AC system through AC-DC device such as inverter, charger and
UPS. Calculated AC and DC power are transferred through AC-DC device. DC system can be energized by
either DC source elements such as Battery and DC PV Array, or AC-DC device such as UPS and charger.

AC-DC device
Charger, UPS and Inverter are the only three device in ETAP that allow connection between AC and DC
systems.

Charger
In unified load flow, charger is modeled similar to a 6 pulse rectifier, thus, the firing angle as well as
operating DC voltage will affect the total AC power demand. Charger only allows power flow from AC
system to DC system, any reverse flow will be blocked. Only Charger with type of “charger” and
“converter” are considered in unified load flow calculation.

UPS
In unified load flow, UPS allows power transferred between its AC input/output pin and DC pin. When
“Blocked by Auction Diode” is checked in UPS editor, rating page, the power transfer between UPS AC
input pin and DC pin will be blocked. The AC-DC power transferred through UPS can have the following
directions:
• From AC input pin to DC pin (if not blocked)
• From DC pin to UPS AC input pin (if not blocked)
• From DC pin to UPS AC output pin

Inverter
In unified load flow, the AC power provided by inverter will be limited by its connected DC generation, if
connected DC generation is not able to cover the total usage, the calculation will diverge. In addition, if
large power mismatch is detected between inverter input and output terminal during calculation, alert
message will be given, detailed alert message can be found in alert viewer.

When the inverter operation mode is set to “smart inverter,” its AC output is controlled by its control
mode and control curve, its DC output is calculated by AC output and efficiency. In Unified Load Flow
mode, smart inverter DC side connection must satisfy the following conditions:

1. The smart inverter DC side connection must have at least one battery without BMS
2. The smart inverter DC side connection must have no other AC-DC devices
3. The smart inverter DC side connection must have no DC-DC converter

Note that MPPT control will be ignored while using the “Smart Inverter” operation mode.

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Calculation Method
The AC and DC systems are calculated simultaneously to achieve accurate results. In each iteration, AC
and DC power will be transferred through AC-DC device. Depends on study case setting, the exchanged
AC power can be distributed to each phase evenly or in proportion to phase current magnitudes.

In unified load flow calculation, the loading category of charger and UPS will not be considered in
calculation if they have active DC system connected to their DC pin, similarly, the generation category of
inverter will not be considered in calculation if it has DC system connected to its DC pin. The transferred
power will be affected by AC-DC device efficiency, regardless of flow direction. A dummy internal
impedance is considered for AC-DC device. The reactive power at the AC terminal of the AC-DC device is
determined by transferred AC active power and device power factor.

In unified load flow calculation, the DC loads are modeled as constant power and constant impedance.
The DC sources are modeled as constant voltage and constant current. A constant voltage source
maintains its terminal bus voltage at a fixed value, while a constant current source injects a fixed value
of current into the system.

The results of the calculation are reported on the one-line diagram and in Crystal Reports.

Unified Load Flow Convergence

As in any iterative solution method, the convergence of the unified load flow solution is affected by a
number of factors specific to power systems.

Inverter is the only AC source of the system

In unified load flow, inverter output is limited by its connected DC source generation, when inverter is
the only AC source of the system, due to AC/DC power mismatch, there may be problems in reaching a
solution. Add another swing source such as utility may solve the convergence problem.

Precision of the Calculation

In unified load flow, when DC component rating is too small, the calculation precision need to be
increased to have a better convergence.

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20.7 Required Data

Bus Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for buses includes:

• Nominal kV
• %V and angle (when Initial Condition is set to use bus voltages)
• Load diversity factor (when the Loading option is set to use diversity factor)

Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors (that is, the Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable,
Reactor, and Impedance Editors). Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for branches
includes:

• Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperature, if applicable

• Cable and transmission line, length, and unit
• Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVA
• Zero sequence impedances
• Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings
• Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and grounding parameters

Power Grid Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for power grids includes:

• Operating Mode (swing, voltage control, Mvar control, or PF control)

• Nominal kV
• %V and angle for swing mode
• %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax & Qmin) for voltage control mode
• MW and Mvar loading for Mvar control mode
• MW loading and PF for PF mode
• Grounding types and parameters
• Single-phase MVAsc and X/R

Synchronous Generator Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for synchronous generators includes:

• Operating Mode (Swing, voltage control, or Mvar control)

• Rated kV
• %V and angle for swing mode of operation
• %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax & Qmin) for voltage control mode
• MW and Mvar loading for Mvar control mode of operation
• MW loading and PF for PF mode

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• Xd”, X2, X0, and X/R

• Grounding types and parameters

Inverter Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for inverters includes:

• Inverter ID
• DC and AC rating data
• AC output voltage regulating data

Synchronous Motor Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for synchronous motors includes:

• Rated kW/hp and kV

• Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Equipment cable data
• Phase type
• Xd”, X2, X0, and X/R (when 3-phase)
• Grounding types and parameters (when 3-phase)

Induction Motor Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for induction motors includes:

• Rated kW/hp and kV

• Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Equipment cable data
• Phase type
• Xsc, X2, X0, and X/R (when 3-phase)
• Grounding types and parameters (when 3-phase)

Static Load Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for static loads includes:

• Static load ID
• Rated kVA/MVA and kV
• Power factor
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Equipment cable data
• Phase type
• Grounding types (when 3-phase)

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Capacitor Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for static loads includes:

• Capacitor ID
• Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Equipment cable data
• Phase type
• Grounding types (when 3-phase)

Lumped Load Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for static loads includes:

• Load ID
• Rated kV, MVA, power factor, and % motor load
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Phase type
• Xsc and X/R (when 3-phase)
• Grounding types and parameters (when 3-phase)

Charger & UPS Data

Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for chargers and UPSs includes:

• Element ID
• Rated AC kV, MVA, efficiency, and power factor, as well as DC rating data
• Loading Category ID and % loading

SVC Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for SVC includes:

• Element ID
• Rated kV
• Vmax
• Vmin
• Vref
• Rated Ql and Qc
• Qlmax and Qcmin

STATCOM Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for STATCOM includes:

• Element ID
• Phase Type
• PT Bus ID
• Rated kV

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• Vmax
• Vmin
• Vref
• Minimum controllable voltage
• Rated Ql and Qc
• Qlmax and Qcmin

Panel Data
Required data for unbalanced load flow calculations for panels includes:

• Element ID
• Rated kV and amps
• Number of branch circuits
• Loading Category ID and % loading
• Phasing, number of poles, and state
• Connection type (such as internal, external, or spare)

Battery
Required data when unified load flow is enabled.

Info Page
• Battery ID
• Bus connection data
• Number of strings
• Battery library type data. The resistance per positive plate (Rp) is used to calculate battery internal
resistance.

Rating page
• Number of cells
• Rated voltage

DC Converter
Required data when unified load flow is enabled.

Info Page
• DC converter ID
• Bus connection data

Rating page
• Rating section data
• Operating Vout

CCSD Load
Required data when unified load flow is enabled.

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Info Page
• CCSD load ID
• Bus connection data

Rating page
• Rating section data
• Load category data

Other Data
There are some Study Case-related data, which must also be provided. These include:

• Maximum iteration
• Precision
• Loading Category
• Initial condition
• Report (report format)
• Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result)

The Study Case-related data is entered into the Unbalanced Load Flow Study Case Editor.

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20.8 Output Reports

The unbalanced load flow calculation results are reported both on the one-line diagram and in Crystal
Reports format. The graphical one-line diagram displays the calculated bus voltages, branch flows, and
voltage drops, load power consumption, etc. You can use the Display Options Editor to specify the
content to be displayed. It also flags abnormal operating conditions, such as overloaded cables and over-
or under-voltage buses, in different colors.

The Crystal Reports format provides you with detailed information for an Unbalanced Load Flow
Analysis. You can utilize the Unbalanced Load Flow Report Manager to help you view the Output Report.

When unified load flow is enabled, AC and DC system will be reported separately in Crystal Reports.

20.8.1 View from Study Case Toolbar

This is a shortcut for the Report Manager. When you click the View Output Report button, ETAP
automatically opens the Output Report listed in the Study Case toolbar with the selected format. In the
picture shown below, the Output Report name is ULF and the selected format is Cable.

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20.8.2 Report Manager

To open Report Manager, click the Report Manager button on the Unbalanced Load Flow toolbar. The
editor includes four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) representing different portions of
the Output Report. The Report Manager allows you to select file types available for different portions of
the report and view it via Crystal Reports. There are several fields and buttons common to every page,
as described below.

Viewer and File Options

You can view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text
Format, or Excel format. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the Set As Default
checkbox.

Output Report Name

This field displays the name of the Output Report you want to view.

Path
This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the
directory where the project file is located.

Help
Click this button to access Help.

OK/Cancel
Click OK to close the editor and open the Crystal Reports view to show the selected portion of the
Output Report. If no selection is made, it will close the editor. Click Cancel to close the editor without
viewing the report.

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20.8.3 Input Data

This page allows you to select different file types for viewing input data, grouped according to type.
They include:

Adjustments
Battery
Battery Management System
Branch
Bus
Cable
Charger
Charger Regulation Curve
Cover
Equipment Cable
Generator
Impedance and Line
Line Compensation
Line Coupling
Line Impedance Matrices
Loads
Power Grid
Reactor
STATCOM
SVC
Switched Capacitor
Transformer
UPS
VFD
Voltage Regulator

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20.8.4 Result
This page allows you to select file types to view the load flow result portion of the Output Report.

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20.8.5 Summary
This page allows you to select different portions of the load flow summary to view.

Note: Some portions of the summary are available only when you select specific options in the Study
Case, such as critical and marginal voltage options.

Alert-Complete
Alert-Critical
Alert-Marginal
Branch Loading
Bus Loading
DC Overload and Underload buses
Feeder Summary
Losses
STATCOM Summary Report
Summary
Switched Capacitor Switching Summary
Voltage Regulator Summary

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20.8.6 Complete
The only file type available on this page is Complete, which brings up the Complete Report for the Load
Flow Study. The Complete Report includes Input Data, Results, and Summary Reports.

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20.9 Alert View

The Alert View contains a list of all the alerts generated by the unbalanced load flow calculation. The
Alert View window may be configured to automatically display as soon as the unbalanced load flow
calculation is over, by selecting the Auto Display option on the Alert page of the Unbalanced Load Flow
Study Case. It may also be accessed by clicking the Alert View button. The Alert View provides tabulated
columns of information about the reported alerts. You may refer to Section 20.2.4 Alert Page for
detailed information on alerts for each type of element.

Device ID
The Device Identification column of the Alert View lists the names of all the components that qualified
as alerts after the unbalanced load flow calculation.

Type
The Type column of the Alert View displays information about the type of device having the displayed
alert.

Condition
The Conditions column of the Alert View provides a brief comment about the type of alert being
reported. In the case of unbalanced load flow alerts, the different conditions reported are Overloads,
Over Voltage, Under Voltage, Over Excited, and Under Excited.

Rating/Limit
The Rating/Limit column of the Alert View provides the rating information being used by the unbalanced
load flow program to determine whether an alert should be reported and whether it is marginal or
critical. For detailed information on alerts for each type of element, see the Alert Page section.

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Operating A, B, and C
The Operating A, B, and C columns of the Alert View display the results from the unbalanced load flow
calculation. The results listed here are used in combination with those displayed in the Rating/Limit
column to determine the operating percent values. These values are then compared to those entered in
the Load Flow Study Case Editor Alert page.

%Op. A, B, C
The %Value column displays the percent operating values calculated based on the unbalanced load flow
results and the different element ratings. The values displayed here are directly compared to the
percent of monitored parameters entered directly into the Alert page of the Unbalanced Load Flow
Study Case Editor. Based on the element type, system topology, and given conditions, the Alert
Simulation program uses these percent values to determine if and what kind of alert should be
displayed.

ETAP 20-78 ETAP 21 User Guide