1.

Introduction:
1.1 What is Cloud?

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and
private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM)
execute on cloud.

1.2 What is Cloud Computing?

The “cloud” is a term that simply means “the internet”. Computing involves the
infrastructures and systems that allow a computer to run and build, deploy, or interact with
information. In cloud computing, this means instead of hosting infrastructure, system, or
applications on your hard drive or on on-site server, you are hosting it on virtual/online
servers that connect to your computer through secure network.

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and
software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to be

installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.

Definition of cloud computing:

“Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).”
Or
“Cloud computing is providing on demand services over the internet.”
1.3 Why clouds?
• Before cloud computing, companies had to store all their data and software on their
own hard drives and servers. The bigger the company, the more they needed. This way
of treating data is not scalable at speed.
• For example, if word started spreading about your business and you suddenly had a
lot of online orders, your servers would probably crash. Good business meant hard
work for the IT department.
• It’s not just businesses that benefit from cloud computing. The cloud has transformed
our lives as individuals as well. Many of us use cloud services every day. When we
update our status on social media, binge a new streaming series, or check our bank
accounts we are most likely using applications that are hosted by cloud services.
• These apps are accesses through an internet connection rather that installed on our hard
drives or devices.
• Today, cloud technology means that companies can scale and adapt at speed and scale,
accelerate innovation, drive business agility, streamline operations, and reduce costs.
Cloud computing is delivery of computing services including servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster
innovation, flexible resources, and economics of scale.

1.4 Vision of cloud computing:

Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs or remote servers that
are hosted on internet instead of computers hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is
also referred as internet-based computing.
• Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime
environment and services to a person having money.
• These all things can be used as long they are needed by the users, there is no
requirement for the upfront commitment.
• The whole collection of computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities,
which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather
than days, with no maintenance costs.
• The long term of vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities
in an open market without technological and legal barriers.
• In the near future we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that
matches with our requirements by simply entering our request in global digital market
that trade with cloud computing.
• The existence of such market will enable the automation of the discovery process and
its integration into its existing software systems.
• Due to the existence of a global platform from trading cloud services will also help
service providers to potentially increase their revenue.
• A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competitor service in order to
fulfil its promises to customers.
1.5 Foundation/ Evolution of cloud computing:
Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the 1950s.
In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role. These are
distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and
utility computing.

• Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted
as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share
resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems
possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availability,
heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this
system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location. Thus, to solve this problem, distributed computing led to
three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster
computing, and grid computing.

• Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such
as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk
processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no
downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased
the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To
reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
technology.
• Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were
equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to
the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some
extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To
solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

• Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different
systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all
were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different
organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it
solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the
nodes increased. The main problem which was encountered was the low
availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated
issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid
computing”.

• Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a
virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances
simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2,
VMware V-Cloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualizations.

• Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the
clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web
pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web
2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media
is possible because of this technology only. In gained major popularity in 2004.

• Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible,
and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the
SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

• Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services
such as compute services along with other major services such as storage,
infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.
1.6 Cloud and other computing paradigms (Distributed, Cluster, Grid):
Over the years different computing paradigms have been developed and used. In fact,
different computing paradigms have existed before the cloud computing paradigm. Let us
take a look at all the computing paradigms below.
1. Distributed Computing:
• Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple
computer systems work on a single problem. Here all the computer systems
are linked together and the problem is divided into sub-problems where each
part is solved by different computer systems.
• The goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and
efficiency of the system and ensure fault tolerance.
In the below diagram, each processor has its own local memory and all the
processors communicate with each other over a network.

2. Cluster Computing:
• A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to perform the
tasks given.
• Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two or more
independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together to execute tasks as a
single machine.
• The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability and
simplicity of the system.
As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of whether they are a
parent node or child node), act as a single entity to perform the tasks.
3. Grid Computing:
• Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it is constitutes a network
of computers that work together to perform tasks that may be difficult for a single
machine to handle. All the computers on that network work under the same
umbrella and are termed as a virtual super computer.
• The tasks they work on is of either high computing power and consist of large data
sets.
• All communication between the computer systems in grid computing is done on the
“data grid”.
• The goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational problems in less
time and improve productivity.

1.7 Essential Features of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has many features that make it one of the fastest growing industries at
present. The flexibility offered by cloud services in the form of their growing set of tools and
technologies has accelerated its deployment across industries. This blog will tell you about the
essential features of cloud computing.
1. Resources Pooling:
Resource pooling is one of the essential features of cloud computing. Resource pooling
means that a cloud service provider can share resources among multiple clients, each
providing a different set of services according to their needs. It is a multi-client strategy
that can be applied to data storage, processing and bandwidth-delivered services. The
administration process of allocating resources in real-time does not conflict with the
client's experience.
2. On-Demand Self-Service:
It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This enables the
client to continuously monitor server uptime, capabilities and allocated network
storage. This is a fundamental feature of cloud computing, and a customer can also
control the computing capabilities according to their needs.
3. Easy Maintenance:
This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and downtime is
minimal or sometimes zero. Cloud computing powered resources often undergo several
updates to optimize their capabilities and potential. Updates are more viable with
devices and perform faster than previous versions.
4. Scalability and Rapid Elasticity:
A key feature and advantage of cloud computing is its rapid scalability. This cloud
feature enables cost-effective handling of workloads that require a large number of
servers but only for a short period. Many customers have workloads that can be run
very cost-effectively due to the rapid scalability of cloud computing.
5. Economical:
This cloud feature helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In cloud
computing, clients need to pay the administration for the space used by them. There is
no cover-up or additional charges that need to be paid. Administration is economical,
and more often than not, some space is allocated for free.
6. Measured and Reporting Service:
Reporting Services is one of the many cloud features that make it the best choice for
organizations. The measurement and reporting service is helpful for both cloud
providers and their customers. This enables both the provider and the customer to
monitor and report which services have been used and for what purposes. It helps in
monitoring billing and ensuring optimum utilization of resources.
7. Security:
Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services make a
copy of the stored data to prevent any kind of data loss. If one server loses data by any
chance, the copied version is restored from the other server. This feature comes in
handy when multiple users are working on a particular file in real-time, and one file
suddenly gets corrupted.
8. Automation:
Automation is an essential feature of cloud computing. The ability of cloud computing
to automatically install, configure and maintain a cloud service is known as automation
in cloud computing. In simple words, it is the process of making the most of the
technology and minimizing the manual effort. However, achieving automation in a
cloud ecosystem is not that easy. This requires the installation and deployment of virtual
machines, servers, and large storage. On successful deployment, these resources also
require constant maintenance.
9. Resilience:
Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of a service to quickly recover from
any disruption. The resilience of a cloud is measured by how fast its servers, databases
and network systems restart and recover from any loss or damage. Availability is
another key feature of cloud computing. Since cloud services can be accessed remotely,
there are no geographic restrictions or limits on the use of cloud resources.
10. Large Network Access:
A big part of the cloud's characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access cloud data
or transfer data to the cloud from any location with a device and internet connection.
These capabilities are available everywhere in the organization and are achieved with
the help of internet. Cloud providers deliver that large network access by monitoring
and guaranteeing measurements that reflect how clients access cloud resources and
data: latency, access times, data throughput, and more.

1.8 Characteristics of cloud computing:

There are basically 5 essential characteristics of Cloud Computing.
1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user
themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as
needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and
heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and
in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user requires services, it is
provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted
manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant; it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has
been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective
use of resource.
1.9 Advantages of cloud computing:

Advantages of Cloud Computing: As we all know that Cloud computing is trending

technology. Almost every company switched their services on the cloud to rise the
company growth.

1. Back-up and restore data: Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-
up and restore that data using the cloud.

2. Improved collaboration: Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing

groups of people to quickly and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3. Excellent accessibility: Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information
anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud
infrastructure increases organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our
data is always accessible.

4. Low maintenance cost: Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software
maintenance costs for organizations.

5. Mobility: Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6. iServices in the pay-per-use model: Cloud computing offers Application

Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on the cloud and pays
the charges as per the usage of service.
 7. Unlimited storage capacity: Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for
storing our important data such as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8. Data security: Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing.
Cloud offers many advanced features related to security and ensures that data is
securely stored and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing: A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is

given below -

1) Internet Connectivity: As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image,

audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through the
cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good internet
connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way
to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in: Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud
computing. Organizations may face problems when transferring their services
from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms,
that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control: As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned,
managed, and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less
control over the function and execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security: Although cloud service providers implement the best security
standards to store important information. But, before adopting cloud
technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's
sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider.
While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
1.10 Cloud computing challenges:
Cloud computing, an emergent technology, has placed many challenges in different
aspects of data and information handling.

1. Security and Privacy: Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to
cloud computing. Security and privacy issues can be overcome by employing
encryption, security hardware and security applications.
2. Portability: This is another challenge to cloud computing those applications should
easily be migrated from one cloud provider to another. There must not be vendor
lock-in. However, it is not yet made possible because each of the cloud provider uses
different standard languages for their platforms.
3. Interoperability: It means the application on one platform should be able to
incorporate services from the other platforms. It is made possible via web services,
but developing such web services is very complex.
4. Computing Performance: Data intensive applications on cloud requires high
network bandwidth, which results in high cost. Low bandwidth does not meet the
desired computing performance of cloud application.
5. Reliability and Availability: It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and
robust because most of the businesses are now becoming dependent on services
provided by third-party.
6. Cost: Cloud computing is affordable but modifying the cloud to the customers
demand can be sometimes expensive. Moreover, it can cause burden to the small-
scale organization is modifying the cloud as per their demand can sometimes cost
more. In addition, transferring of data from the cloud to the premise can also
sometimes be costly.
7. Downtime: Downtime is the common challenges of cloud computing as no cloud
provider guarantees a platform that is free from downtime. Internet connection also
plays an important role as if a company has an untrustworthy internet connection
them there may be a problem as they can face downtime.

1.11 Ubiquitous cloud and the Internet of Things:

What is ubiquitous? existing or being everywhere, especially at the same time.

What is ubiquitous computing?

• An environment in which people interact with embedded computers

(processors) and in which, networked devices are aware of their surroundings.
• ubiquitous computing is the method of enhancing computer use by making
many computers available throughout the physical environment, but making
them effectively invisible to the user. - Mark Weiser

1. Ubiquitous computing (or ‘ubicomp’) is concept in software engineering and

computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere.
In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any
device, in any location, and in any format.
 2. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms,
including laptop, computers, tables and terminals in everyday objects such as a
refrigerator or a pair of glasses.
3. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include internet,
advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code, sensors, microprocessors,
new I/O and user interfaces, computer networks, mobile protocols, location and
positioning, and new materials.
4. Ubiquitous computing touches on distributed computing, mobile computing,
location computing, mobile networking, sensor networks, human computer
interaction, smart home technologies, and artificial intelligence.

The Internet of Things (IoT):

• The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided
with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
• A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant,
a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-
in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or
man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is
able to transfer data over a network.
• Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate
more efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer
service, improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.

How does IoT work?

• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded

systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect,
send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analysed or analysed locally.
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on
the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work
without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices
• for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

1.12 Ethical Issue in Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is based on a paradigm shift with profound implications on

computing ethics. The main elements of this shift are:

1. The control is relinquished to third party services;

2. The data is stored on multiple sites administered by several organizations;
3. And multiple services interoperate across the network.
• Unauthorized access, data corruption, infrastructure failure, or unavailability are some
of the risks related to relinquishing the control to third party services; moreover, it is
difficult to identify the source of the problem and the entity causing it. Systems can
span the boundaries of multiple organizations and cross the security borders, a process
called reparameterization. As a result of de-parameterisation “not only the border of
the organizations IT infrastructure blurs, also the border of the accountability becomes
less clear”.
• The complex structure of cloud services can make it difficult to determine who is
responsible in case something undesirable happens. In a complex chain of events or
systems, many entities contribute to an action with undesirable consequences, some of
them have the opportunity to prevent these consequences, and therefore no one can be
held responsible, the so-called “problem of many hands.”
• Ubiquitous and unlimited data sharing and storage among organizations test the self-
determination of information, the right or ability of individuals to exercise personal
control over the collection, use and disclosure of their personal data by others; this
tests the confidence and trust in today’s evolving information society. Identity fraud
and theft are made possible by the unauthorized access to personal data in circulation
and by new forms of dissemination through social networks and they could also pose
a danger to cloud computing.
• The question of what can be done proactively about ethics of cloud computing does
not have easy answers as many undesirable phenomena in cloud computing will only
appear in time. But the need for rules and regulations for the governance of cloud
computing are obvious. The term governance means the manner in which something
is governed or regulated, the method of management, the system of regulations.
Explicit attention to ethics must be paid by governmental organizations providing
research funding; private companies are less constraint by ethics oversight and
governance arrangements are more conducive to profit generation.
• Accountability is a necessary ingredient of cloud computing; adequate information
about how data is handled within the cloud and about allocation of responsibility are
key elements to enforcing ethics rules in cloud computing. Recorded evidence allows
us to assign responsibility; but there can be tension between privacy and
accountability and it is important to establish what is being recorded, and who has
access to the records.
• Unwanted dependency on a cloud service provider, the so-called vendor lock-in, is a
serious concern and the current standardization efforts at NIST attempt to address this
problem. Another concern for the users is a future with only a handful of companies
which dominate the market and dictate prices and policies
1.13 Evaluating the Cloud Business: Evaluating the cloud business impact
and economics: -

• So far you have learned that the cloud is bringing with the new business
models and economics. Large companies are saving cost, reducing staff, and
improving system scalability by moving from on-site data centres to the
cloud.
• Small companies are leveraging pay-on-demand models to right size their
computing needs quickly and cost effectively. The cloud business, large and
small.
• The impact of the cloud business model on businesses and the resulting
economic opportunities. By the time we can evaluate the clouds businesses.
• You will able to do the following:
➢ Discuss the total cost of ownership for an IT solution.
➢ Compare and contrast the capital expenses and operational expenses
of an IT solution.
➢ Describe and discuss the right sizing process.
➢ Describe supply- side saving mode available through large-scale,
cloud- based, data centres.
➢ Describe and discuss the efficiencies gained to providers through
multitenant applications.
➢ Identify the primary costs of a data centre.

1.14 Current Trends and Future of the Cloud Computing:

Trends & Prediction about Cloud: Today, we can connect everything digitally to
Cloud Computing. It provides a whole new world of jobs, applications, services, and
platforms. We can see the future of Cloud computing as a combination of cloud-
based software products and on-premises compute which will help to create hybrid
IT solutions.
The modified cloud is scalable and flexible, which will provide security and control
over data centre. One of the integral parts of cloud computing will be the organized
process and a better way of processing data.

Cloud has many features, which makes its future brighter in the IT sector. Below
are some trends or prediction for Cloud computing. Let’s explore to see how Cloud
will be better for business.

1. Increase Storage Capacity: Today, data is generating in a high volume and it’s
difficult to store it with security. Most of the companies require a place where
they can securely store their data. So many businesses are adopting cloud
computing and it has been predicted that the Cloud providers will provide more
data centres at a lower price as there is a large competition between them. With
the help of the more in your company will be able to store the data.

2. Enhanced Performance of Internet: With the help of the Internet of Things, the
quality of the internet can be increased. With the help of the IoT and Cloud
 Computing, we can store data in the cloud, for further analyse & provide
enhanced performance. The users expect high-quality fast-loading services and
application. The network provided will be faster and the ability to receive and
deliver that data will be quick.

3. Modular Software Will Be Priority: The size of an individual program along with
the complexity is increasing regularly. This leads to the fact that Cloud
technology will soon require advance system thinking.
We can see software development from many angles because in the future
applications will store in places other than the cloud. This application will store
on different modules, on servers of different Cloud Service. This can also reduce
the cost of software as placing components of the program on different storage is
economical.

4. Internet of Things Along with Cloud Computing: The internet of things is also one
of the leading Technology is it comes with continuous innovation in real time Data
Analytics and cloud computing. There are many machine-to-machine communication,
data, and process occurring. We can do it easily with the help of cloud computing.

5. Data Shows How Future Changes: The cloud computing market is growing at 22.8
percent and will exceed $127.5 after 2018. By 2018, 62% of all CRM software will be
cloud-based. Moreover, 30% of all application spending is for software as a service-
based applications.

6. Improvement in Cloud Services: Cloud Computing includes:

• Infrastructure as a service
• Platform as a service
• Software as a service

With this service, we can achieve our desired goals. There are many researchers
which have proved that Cloud Computing will be one of the leading technologies in
the future as the software as a service solution will account for more than 60% of the
workload.

It also has been predicted that the platform as a service and infrastructure as
a service will increase gradually as it has been used in most of the
organizations. Cloud Computing is user-friendly and is compatible for both
new as well as old organizations.

7. Security: The data which are stored in the cloud is secure but not fully. The small
companies which are providing cloud services may or may not provide proper
security to the data. So, in the future, we can prevent from cyber-attacks by
providing better security. The cloud providers provide better security measures
opening balance ways to prevent cyber-attacks.

8. Modular Software: Companies are using much software, which is yet to modify.
This leads to the fact that cloud computing requires modified software, which will
 provide better security and facilities. This software will be more user-friendly and
flexible to use.
One of the major advantages of this software will be that it will save the overall cost as
well as time. We can see from the below graph, companies providing services and
software are also improving.
9. Economic: If cloud computing will continue to evolve the use of hardware will be
less as most of the work will be done with the help of cloud computing and
virtualization. We can save the setup cost of software by dividing it and this will
lead to decreasing the use of hardware.
If the evolution continues the data stored in the cloud will get analysed with the
help of a machine and it won’t require any human help.

Future of cloud computing

Cloud computing itself is an emerging technology and for many years it provides
benefits to companies and organizations. The world is moving into an age of
serverless architecture very quickly. There are many technologies which are related
to cloud such as cloud shared infrastructure. These technologies get modified day-by-
day and providing several benefits. This technology is a self-establishing compute
that means the appliances and Internet of Things will have connectivity to the
internet.

There are few technologies, which can be kept in mind either the upgrade versions of
cloud or the technologies. These technologies can solve our query “what’s next after
cloud computing”. These technologies are mentioned below:

• Edge Computing: edge computing is opposite of cloud computing, because it

is used to compute the data not to store the data.
Edge computing is a new technology or concept, which allows the data
produced by the Internet of Things to be processed. In this, the computation is
largely performed on distributed nodes, which are known as devices or
machines.
This edge can be known as geographic distribution of computing nodes. It
plays a major role in smart cities, cloud gaming, computing, and the
realization of physical computing, multimedia application such as the Internet
of Things (IOT). IOT and edge computing can also be known as sub-
disciplines of the order.

• Growth of complexity: people nowadays are more familiar with technical

complexities rather than growth of IT. There are two types of complexities,
which we have to deal in the future of cloud computing:

➢ Technical complexities: technical complexities are increasing day-

by-day. So, in cloud computing the people will keep on learning the
new technology to eliminate these complexities and will fix it. There
are many technicians that can help us when the technical issues will
strike.
➢ Management complexities: these are several management issues
which are faced by the companies. These issues can be eliminated
 with the help of skilled technicians. There are different mobile devices
which are either owned by the company or by the individual
employees. These can be attached to the company’s network and
utilize the resources of the companies.

• Specialized cloud: special cloud is designed to perform a limited task for a

limited audience. These clouds are public and private. And will appear to a
limited audience with known demographic characteristics (age, race, gender,
religion, income, education, etc.).
It also includes interactive clouds, which are used for a transactional system
with getting into full computation capabilities.
There is an analytic cloud, which is used to process a large amount of data
and break down the data into measurable statistics within a second.

• Different Pattern of Technology: the movement of data is fluctuating

rapidly and has changed throughout the years. In the last few years, it has
been observed that there has been returned to centralized philosophies with
the cloud.
There are self-driving cars, which has its own data store when did the car
need to make a decision the data can be retrieved with no amount of latency is
given to be acceptably safe for a tragic car accident or the traffic. So, there are
various patterns of technology and they are gradually expanding.

• Distributed Ledger: the distributed ledger or shared ledger technology is a

agreement of virtual shared and synchronized digital data which is spread
across multiple locations. A blocking system is also a form of the distributed
ledger and it can be either public or private.
Distributed Ledger can also be called as a database, which allows the
transactive to have public witnesses which will make the cyber attacks more
difficult. The distributed ledger can be either permission or permission less in
which the approved people can validate transactions. Distributed nature also
helps to revolutionize the government, institution and corporate work.

• Supporting Analytics: when the customers are using the applications the
companies can support analytics to get familiar with the customer experience.
They also make sure that the cloud solutions are up to the mark. Analytics
plays an important role in a company as it become more effective and enables
the monetization (is to convert something into money.) of network
infrastructure.
Analytics also controls the investment whether to invest more or pull back as
it monitors the activity and software which can use on a network to determine
it.

• Internet of Things: The Internet of Things (IOT) is also one of the most
important technologies and is gradually growing. With the help of the Internet
of Things (IOT), the devices which are near to you will learn what they need
to know.
Internet of Things is an advanced technology and with the proper research, we
can lead It to the better results which will provide ease to perform tasks.
 • Cryptocurrency:
➢ cryptocurrency is electronic money, create with the help of special
technology which controls its creation and protects transaction with the
identity of the user (hidden).
➢ Cryptocurrency or digital cash is quick, cheap and reliable than our
government issued money.
➢ With the help of cryptocurrency, we can send the money fast and it is
affordable without the involvement of the third party.
➢ The first cryptocurrency was bitcoin.

1.15 Research Issues in Cloud Environment: Cloud computing moved

away from personal computers and the individual enterprise application server to
services provided by the cloud of computers.
The emergence of cloud computing has made a tremendous impact on the
Information Technology (IT) industry over the past few years. Currently IT industry
needs Cloud computing services to provide best opportunities to real world. Cloud
computing is in initial stages, with many issues still to be addressed.
The different issues of cloud computing and identify important research opportunities
in this increasingly important area. The different design challenges categorized under
security challenges, Data Challenges, Performance challenges and other Design
Challenges.

• Data Issues: In this section we exploit some of the Data issues in Cloud
Environment.

➢ Data Lock-In: Software stacks have better interoperability between

platforms, but customers feel difficult to extract their programs and
data from one location to run on another. Some organizations are
concerned about extracting data from a cloud due to which they don’t
opt for cloud computing. Customer lock-in seems to be striking to
Cloud Computing providers. Cloud Computing users are more worried
about increase in price, consistency problems, or even to providers
leaving out of business.

➢ Data Transfer: Applications maintain to be converted into additional

data-intensive. The applications are moved across the boundaries of
clouds may complicate data placement and transport. Cloud providers
and users have to feel about to minimize costs on the concept of the
traffic and the implications of placement at each level of the system.
One provision is to overcome the high cost of bandwidth transfers is
to ship disks. It is one more provision to keep maintains data in the
cloud.
• Security Issues:
➢ Availability of Service: Most of the Organizations are some cautions
of cloud computing and sufficient availability is existing in Utility
Computing services.
❖ In this view, all available SaaS products have a high
standard. Users expect high accessibility from cloud
facilities; it is very attractable for large customers with
business-continuity opportunity to transfer to Cloud
Computing in critical situations.
❖ It is possible to accept for different companies to
provide independent software stacks for them, but it is
very hard for single organization to justify maintain and
creates more than one stack in the name of software
dependability.
❖ And one more availability problem is Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks Attackers makes use
of large botnets to reduce the profits of SaaS providers
by DDoS by making their services unavailable. A long
botnet attack may be difficult to maintain, since the
longer an attack lasts the easier it is to uncover and
defend against, and on the same provide, these attacking
bots could not be immediately re-used for other attacks.
❖ These attacks are shifts by cloud computing to the
Utility Computing provider from the SaaS provider. In
this, who can more willingly absorb it and it also
maintains DDOS protection in this competency.

➢ Data security: Data security is another important research topic in

cloud computing. Since service providers does not have permission
for access to the physical security system of data centres. But they
must depend on the infrastructure provider to get full data security. In
a virtual private cloud environment, the service provider can only
specify the security setting remotely, and we don’t know exactly those
are fully implemented. In this Process, the infrastructure provider must
reach the following objectives:
❖ confidentiality, for secure data transfer and access,
❖ auditability, whether applications security setting has
been tampered or not.
Confidentiality is usually achieved using cryptographic protocols,
unencrypted data in a local data centre in not secure compare to the
encrypted data in before place into cloud. Auditability can be achieved
using remote attestation techniques and it could be added as an extra
level away from of the virtualized guest Operating System, in one
logical layer maintain some responsible software related to
confidentiality and auditability.
• Performance Issues: cloud performance issues mainly stem from overall
availability, network latency and application processing delays. The end users
experience is an important part of cloud, and performance monitoring tools
can help prevent potential problems.
Factors affecting cloud computing performance:
➢ Security: the impact of security on cloud computing performance may
seem lightly strange but the impact of security on network
infrastructure has been proven.
For example, DDOS attacks have wide impact on network
performance and if happen, it will greatly reduce network
performance and also be effective on response time too.
➢ Service level agreements: the better, more optimal and timelier the
agreed requests the higher performance will be.
➢ Recovery: cloud performance may be affected due to the time
required for the data retrieval and amount of data which are
recoverable.
➢ Storage Capacity: physical memory can also be effective on the
performance.
➢ Buffer capacity: if the buffer capacity is low many requests will be
rejected and therefore performance will be low.
➢ Network Bandwidth: if the network bandwidth is too low to provide
the services to client’s performance will be low and vice-versa.
➢ Fault tolerance: if the data centre is able to provide minimum
services, this can increase the performance.
➢ Number of users: increase in the number of the users will reduce the
performance of services.

• Cloud Computing Services Issues: The basic services of cloud have been
considered as the following:

➢ Data Security concern: When we talk about the security concern of

the cloud technology, then a lot of questions remain unanswered.
Multiple serious threats like virus attack and hacking of the client’s
site are the biggest cloud computing data security issues.
Entrepreneurs have to think on these issues before adopting cloud
computing technology for their business. Since you are transferring
your company’s important details to a third party so it is important to
ensure yourself about the manageability and security system of the
cloud.
➢ Selecting the perfect cloud set-up: Choosing the appropriate cloud
mechanism as per the needs of your business is very necessary. There
are three types of clouds configuration such as public, private, and
hybrid. The main secret behind successful implementation of the
cloud is picking up the right cloud. If you are not selecting the right
cloud then maybe you have to face some serious hazards. Some
companies having vast data so they prefer private clouds while small
organisations usually use public clouds. A few companies like to go
for a balanced approach with hybrid clouds. Choose a cloud
computing consulting service which is aware and clearly disclose the
 terms and conditions regarding cloud implementation and data
security.

➢ Real time monitoring requirements: It is required to monitor their

system in real time. It is compulsory term for their business that they
continuously monitor and maintain their inventory system. Banks and
some government agencies need to update their system in real time but
cloud service providers are unable to match this requirement. This is
really a big challenge for cloud services providers.

➢ Dependency on service providers: For uninterrupted services and

proper working, it is necessary that you acquire a vendor service with
proper infrastructural and technical expertise. An authorized vendor
who can meet the security standards set by your company’s internal
policies and government agencies. While selecting the service
provider you must carefully read the service level agreement and
understand their policies and terms and provision of compensation in
case of any outage or lock in clauses.

• Other Design Issues

➢ Energy management: Energy management Improving energy
efficiency is another major issue in cloud computing. It has been
estimated that the cost of powering and cooling accounts for 53% of
the total operational expenditure of data centres.
Infrastructure providers are to reduce energy consumption under
enormous pressure. In data centres, the aim is only to reduce energy is
cost. Data centres are recently received considerable attention on
designing energy-efficient data centres.
This approach leads to several directions. For example, energy
efficient hardware architecture that enables slowing down CPU speeds
 and turning off partial hardware components has become
commonplace. Energy-aware job scheduling and server consolidation
are two other ways to reduce power consumption by turning off
unused machines. Current research on energy-efficient network
protocols and infrastructures.
To achieve a good trade-off between energy savings and application
performance is key challenge. Some of the researchers have recently
work on the solutions for performance and power management in a
dynamic cloud environment.

➢ Software frameworks: Cloud computing provides a believable

platform for hosting significant data-intensive applications. In this,
Hadoop (open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed
computing.) for scalable and fault tolerant data processing by using
applications leverage Map Reduce frameworks concept.
A MapReduce job is highly dependent on the type of the application
and show that the performance and resource consumption. All Hadoop
nodes have heterogeneous characteristics which are allocated by
Virtual Machine. Hence, it is possible to optimize the performance
and cost of a MapReduce application by carefully selecting its
configuration parameter values and designing more efficient
scheduling algorithms. The design challenges include performance
modelling of Hadoop jobs in all the possible cases, and dynamic
conditions in adaptive scheduling. MapReduce frameworks energy-
aware is another approach to turn Hadoop node into sleep mode after
it has finished its work while waiting for new assignments. Made
energy-aware are Hadoop and HDFS. Some researchers are still
working on a trade-off between performance and energy-awareness.